f 


FOREIGN  MISSIONS 
YEAR  BOOK 

OF 

NORTH  AMERICA 
1920 


BV  2050 

.F67  1920 

Foreign  missions  y 
of  North  America, 

ear  book 
1920 

Foreign  Missions  Year  Book 

OF 

North  America 
1920 

(Covering  the  year  19 19) 


Edited  by 
RODERICK  BEACH 

Assistant  Director 

OF  the 

Bureau  of  vStatistics  and  Research 


Committee  of  Reference  and  Counsel 

OF  THE 

FOREIGN  MISSIONS  CONFERENCE  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  Inc. 

25  MADISON  AVENUE 

NEW  YORK 


Copyright,  1920,  by 

COMMITTEE    OF   REFERENCE   AND   COUNSEL 

OF   THE 

FOREIGN  MISSIONS  CONFERENCE  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  INC. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

A  Foreword John  F.  Goucher. ...  5 

The  Home  Base 

The  North  American  Home  Base Charles  R.  Watson. .  9 

The  British  Home  Base Miss  G.  A.  Gollock. .  12 

The  Continental  Home  Base 17 

The  South  African  Home  Base Amos  Burnet 19 

The  Australasian  Home  Base 20 

Field  Reviews 

Latin  America Samuel  Guy  Inman.  23 

Asia 

China Lewis  Hodous 33 

Chosen William  E.  Lampe. .  38 

French  Indo-China Lewis  Hodous 41 

India John  Clark  Archer .  .  42 

Japan William  E.  Lampe. .  50 

Malaysia John  R.  Denyes ....  54 

Siam Hugh  Taylor 59 

Former  Turkish  Empire  and  Persia. . .  .  Stanley  White 61 

Turkey  in  Europe,  Armenia,  Anatolia .  James  L.  Barton ....  61 

Syria  and  Palestine Stanley  White 63 

Arabia  and  Mesopotamia William  I.  Chamber- 
lain    67 

Persia Robert  E.  Speer  ....  69 

Africa 

Egypt James  G.  Hunt 71 

Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan "             73 

Negro  Africa John  M.  Springer  . .  74 

Oceania 

The  Philippines P.  H.  J.  Lerrigo.,. .  89 


4  TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

General  Articles  page 

Missions  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  .  .  Joseph F.McGlmchey  97 

Geography  and  Missions Samuel  W.  Boggs. .  .  104 

Selected  Bibliography  of  Recent  Literature 

Relating  to  Foreign  Mission  Work .  .  . MissHollisW.Hering  in 

Miscellaneous  Information 

The  Treaty  of  Peace  as  Affecting  Foreign 

Missions Bureau  of  Statistics .  149 

General  Tables .  .  ■. .  ^, .  i  f^r  —^^1-  .  1  :y rfV  '  *  .155 

Postal  Rates **                .  157 

Directory 

Canadian  Societies Bureau  of  Statistics .  162 

United  States  Societies "                 .  170 

International  Societies "                 .  232 

Foreign  Societies '*                 .  233 

Statistics 

Table  L       Incomes Bureau  of  Statistics.  265 

Table  IL      Missions  to  Europe "  -274 

Table  III.    Missions  to  Latin  America .. .  "  -274 

Table  IV.     Missions  to  the  Non-Christian 

World "                 .  280 

Indexes 

Directory  of  Mission  Society  Officers 293 

International  System  of  Initials 301 

Index 314 

The  Continental  Home  Base J.  W.  Gunning  342 


A    FOREWORD 

"The  Foreign  Missions  Year  Book  of  North  America"  for  1919, 
issued  by  the  Committee  of  Reference  and  Counsel  by  order  of  the 
Foreign  Missions  Conference  of  North  America,  received  such  an 
appreciative  welcome  that  the  entire  edition  was  exhausted  in  a 
surprisingly  short  time,  and  all  through  the  year  applications  were 
received  for  additional  copies  which  could  not  be  supplied.  This  was 
a  gratifying  return  for  the  laborious  task  involved  in  assembling, 
from  so  wide  a  range,  the  record  of  such  a  variety  of  facts  and 
classifying  the  material  for  ready  reference  in  the  initial  volume 
of  what  it  is  hoped  may  prove  to  be  a  continuous  series  reaching  far 
into  the  future. 

Its  varied  and  inclusive  content,  its  brevity  of  statement,  its 
accuracy  of  detail  seem  to  serve  a  growing  demand  of  this  busy, 
progressive  and  increasingly  scientific  age.  In  the  evolution  of  the 
Kingdom  of  Christ,  the  various  branches  of  the  Church  and  the 
different  peoples  of  the  World  are  drawing  closer  together.  Every 
ethical  organization  is  becoming  interested  in  similar  organizations 
and  their  activities  and  accomplishments  are  matters  of  concern  to 
all  others.  Therefore,  the  demand  for  such  a  compilation  seems  to 
be  a  normal  one. 

Facts  are  fundamental  to  conclusions  and  the  fuel  of  enthusiasm. 
The  inexhaustible  reservoir  of  facts  in  the  "incomparable  Mis- 
sionary Research  Library,"  its  corps  of  experts,  working  with  Mr. 
Burton  St.  John,  Director  of  its  Bureau  of  Statistics  and  Research, 
the  cooperation,  available  on  call,  of  the  Secretaries  of  all  Boards  in 
America  engaged  in  Foreign  Missions  work,  and  the  special  commit- 
tee in  charge  of  preparing  and  issuing  the  Year  Book,  together  with 
their  growing  experience  in  this  particular  work,  make  possible 
continual  improvement.  Some  evidence  of  this  may  be  found  in 
the  present  volume. 

While  it  is  not  as  perfect  as  its  compilers  hoped  it  might  be,  nor 
as  it  is  hoped  its  successors  may  be,  it  will  prove  valuable  to  the  very 
busy  leaders  of  thought  and  strategists  in  method  who  appreciate 
accuracy  and  prize  the  most  up-to-date  information  available. 

Cordial  thanks  are  extended  to  all  who  have  assisted  and  especially 
to  those  who  have  given  their  generous  cooperation  by  preparing 
the  articles  to  which  their  names  are  attached. 

John  F.  Goucher, 
Chairman,  Committee  on  Bureau  of  Statistics  and  Research. 


THE  HOME  BASE 


THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  HOME  BASE 

Rev.  Charles  R.  Watson,  D.D. 
The  Methodist  Centenary 

One  of  the  most  powerful  influences  affecting  the  programs 
and  activities  of  foreign  missionary  agencies  in  North  America 
during  the  year  1919  was  the  remarkable  success  achieved  by  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  its  Centenary  Movement.  Aiming 
originally  at  $80,000,000  for  a  five  year  program,  the  splendid  figure 
of  $113,000,000  was  reached  in  gifts  and  pledges  by  the  Northern 
Church;  while  the  Southern  Church  reached  the  high  figure  of 
$54,000,000.  Such  success  became  a  challenge  to  all  the  Churches. 
Nor  was  it  the  financial  result  that  constituted  the  chief  challenge. 
Long  before  the  final  financial  result  was  known,  the  high  aims,  the 
comprehensive  program  and  the  thoroughgoing  educational  methods 
adopted  by  the  Methodist  Centenary  Movement  had  stimulated  other 
bodies,  so  that  in  a  great  number  of  churches  Forward  Movements 
were  launched.  The  distinctive  characteristics  of  these  movements 
were:  first,  a  unification  of  the  plans  of  the  several  Boards  within 
such  Churches,  resulting  in  a  unified  budget,  a  unified  campaign  of 
education  and  a  unified  canvass  for  funds,  within  each  Church ; 
second,  a  serious  effort  to  survey  the  responsibilities  of  each  Church 
so  as  to  discover  the  full  scope  of  the  task,  measured  in  money, 
workers  and  spiritual  dynamic ;  third,  an  attempt  to  work  out  a  five 
year  program  looking  toward  the  accomplishment  of  the  task. 

The  Interchurch  World  Movement 

The  logical  result  of  the  wide  adoption  of  these  conceptions, 
methods  and  plans  was  the  proposal  for  an  Interchurch  Movement 
which  would  unite  all  the  Churches  of  North  America  in  a  survey 
of  the  task  of  American  Protestantism,  in  a  campaign  of  education 
and  finally  in  a  campaign  for  funds,  whose  national  character,  united 
appeal  and  comprehensive  scope  w^ould  make  it  irresistible.  The 
proposal  was  submitted  to  the  Foreign  Missions  Conference  at  its 
annual  meeting  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  January  14-17,  1919, 
and  received  hearty  endorsement.  It  was  similarly  endorsed  by 
other  missionary  and  Church  conferences  and  became  organized 
under  the  title  of  "The  Interchurch  World  Movement."  As  its 
program  affected  the  home  base  programs  and  activities  of  all  the 
Churches,  this  Movement  may  properly  be  said  to  constitute  the  most 
outstanding  and  determining  feature  of  the  Home  Base  activities  of 
all  the  missionary  agencies  of  North  America  for  the  year  1919. 
The  record  of  the  varied  undertakings  of  this  Movement,  both  upon 


10  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  HOME  BASE 

its  own  initiative  and  through  the  Forward  Movements  of  the  coop- 
erating Churches,  would  constitute  a  volume,  for  which  there  is  not 
even  space  for  a  summary  here.  The  following  may  be  enumerated 
among  the  most  important  services  being  rendered  by  the  Movement 
to  foreign  missions :  it  is  carrying  still  farther  forward  the  surveys 
of  foreign  mission  fields,  previously  undertaken  by  individual 
missions  or  by  inter-mission  agencies ;  it  is  forcing  a  definition  of 
the  requirements  of  the  task  for  a  period  of  five  years ;  it  is 
accordingly  challenging  the  Churches  to  make  adequate  provision 
for  these  defined  needs ;  it  is  coordinating  as  never  before  in  a 
unified  plan  the  separate  foreign  missionary  efforts  of  North  Ameri- 
can Protestantism ;  it  is  suggesting  cooperation  at  the  Home  Base 
in  innumerable  directions  never  contemplated  before;  it  is  develop- 
ing among  the  Churches  of  America  a  wholesome  sense  of  spiritual 
unity  as  they  labor  for  world  evangelization. 

Canadian  Advance  and  Cooperation 

A  separate  organization  of  the  Interchurch  Movement  was  effected 
in  Canada  with  much  the  same  methods  and  objectives.  With  char- 
acteristic effectiveness,  the  Canadian  societies  were  working  in  practi- 
cal cooperation  some  time  before  the  organization  of  the  Interchurch 
World  Movement, 

Peace  Conference  Negotiations 

American  missionary  boards  followed  with  much  interest  and 
anxiety  the  negotiations  of  the  Paris  Peace  Conference.  Recogniz- 
ing that  property  interests  representing  millions  of  dollars  were 
invested  in  lands  affected  by  the  Peace  settlements,  steps  were  taken 
to  make  representations  such  as  might  safeguard  religious  and 
missionary  liberties  in  the  future,  particularly  in  ex-German  and 
ex-Turkish  territory.  The  Emergency  Committee  of  Cooperating 
Missions  was  charged  with  this  task,  and  Drs.  Barton,  Mott  and 
Watson  represented  the  American  section  of  this  Committee  at 
Paris.  Unsuccessful  efforts  were  made  to  secure  a  paragraph  in 
the  Covenant.  A  clause  in  the  Treaty  with  Germany  saves  the 
properties  of  German  missions  from  confiscation  and  makes  them 
"trust  property"  which  will  be  entrusted  to  approved  missionary 
agencies  for  carrying  on  the  work  in  behalf  of  the  native  populations. 
It  is  expected  that  when  the  Mandates  are  issued  there  likewise  will 
be  a  section  inserted  to  safeguard  missionary  liberties.  The  whole 
future  of  the  League  of  Nations  bears  a  vital  relationship  also  to  this 
question. 

British  Regulations  Governing  Missions 

As  a  result  of  War  experiences  and  the  War  situation  the  British 
Government  enacted  certain  regulations  governing  the  admission  of 
missions  and  missionaries  to  British  territories.  These  regulations, 
which  exclude  German  missionaries,  commit  to  the  Committee  of 
Reference  and  Counsel  of  the  Foreign  Missions  Conference  of 
North  America  the  task  of  scrutinizing  the  applications  of  American 
missionaries  for  admittance  to  British  territories. 


THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  HOME  BASE  ii 

Special  Aid  from  American  Societies 

German  missionary  work  in  areas  from  which  German  missions 
were  excluded  continued  to  be  the  object  of  special  assistance  from 
America,  in  part  by  funds  contributed  through  the  Committee  of 
Reference  and  Counsel  and  in  greater  part  by  assistance  extended 
directly  by  American  societies  operating  in  the  same  countries,  as  the 
Presbyterians  in  Kamerun  and  the  Lutherans  in  India.  The  famine 
in  India  led  to  a  special  appeal  for  funds  and  over  $220,000  were 
sent  over  to  relieve  the  suffering.  Aid  to  devastated  areas  in 
France  came  within  the  scope  of  the  appropriations  of  several 
churches. 

Deputations  to  Foreign  Fields 

With  the  termination  of  the  War,  a  great  number^  of  boards 
recognized  the  imperative  necessity  of  sending  abroad  their  executive 
secretaries  or  still  larger  deputations,  to  study  the  changed  situation 
in  the  mission  fields  committed  to  their  care.  The  survey  work  of 
the  Interchurch  World  Movepient  stimulated  such  special  investiga- 
tions. An  Educational  Commission  went  to  India  consisting  of 
Principal  A.  G.  Eraser  and  Miss  M.  M.  Allan  from  Great  Britain 
and  Prof.  D.  J.  Fleming,  Ph.D.,  representing  America.  The  Federa- 
tion of  Woman's  Mission  Boards  arranged  to  send  a  large  deputa- 
tion, made  up  of  representatives  of  the  leading  woman's  boards,  to 
China  and  Japan,  to  study  problems  there  in  connection  with  work 
for  women,  and  it  is  planned  that  another  deputation  later  should 
go  out  to  India.  These  groups  will  both  work  in  close  cooperation 
with  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  and  the  Continuation  Com- 
mittees on  the  fields.  The  Committee  of  Reference  and  Counsel 
released  Mr.  C.  H.  Fahs,  secretary  of  the  Library  Committee, 
for  a  trip  which  carried  him  to  Japan,  China,  India,  Africa  and 
Great  Britain  and  yielded  large  returns  in  material  of  priceless 
value  for  research  purposes.  Among  the  executive  officers  of  lead- 
ing missionary  boards  who  went  abroad  for  purposes  of  missionary 
investigation  and  survey  were  the  following :  James  L.  Barton,  C.  H. 
Patton,  Stanley  White,  Stephen  J.  Corey,  J.  H.  Franklin,  Paul  de 
Schweinitz,  F.  M.  North,  and  A.  E.  Armstrong. 

The  Young  Men's  Christian  Association 

The  War  work  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  led  to 
the  extension  of  the  work  of  this  Movement  to  a  number  of  foreign 
lands,  such  as  Poland,  Czecho-Slovakia,  Rumania,  Greece,  and  to  the 
necessity  of  enlarging  the  scope  of  the  work  in  fields  previously 
entered,  such  as  China,  India  and  sections  of  Africa. 

Student  Volunteer  Movement 

The  Student  Volunteer  Movement  holds  its  delayed  Quadrennial 
Convention  at  Des  Moines,  la.,  December  31,  1919,  to  January  4, 1920. 


12  THE  BRITISH  HOME  BASE 

General  Financial  Record 

Reports  from  the  larger  Churches  indicate  a  marked  increase  in 
gifts  to  foreign  missions  for  the  year  ending  in  1919.  The  total 
for  North  America  is  $30,872,882  which  is  an  advance  of  $8,690,059 
over  the  report  for  1918.  It  is  noteworthy  that  about  one  half  of 
this  advance  was  in  the  mission  boards  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church.  In  Canada,  despite  the  much  heavier  drains  caused  by 
her  longer  participation  in  the  war,  there  was  an  advance  of  over 
sixteen  per  cent.  _ ^ 

THE  BRITISH  HOME  BASE 

Miss  G.  A,  Gollock 
Situation  Among  the  Societies 

The  year  1918-19,  which  has  seen  the  close  of  the  world-war  and 
the  slow  and  troubled  dawning  of  the  day  of  Peace,  has  been  a 
period  of  lights  and  shadows  in  British  missionary  wopk.  The 
"Survey  of  the  Effect  of  the  War  upon  Missions,"  the  first  chapters 
of  which  appear  in  the  October  number  of  the  International  Review 
of  Missions,  will  give  within  the  next  four  issues  some  idea  of  the 
extent  to  which  missionary  operations  were  interrupted  and  plans 
put  out  of  line  during  the  period  of  the  war. 

The  Year's  Finance 

On  the  one  hand  the  income  of  the  larger  mission  boards  shows 
an  increase.  The  Baptist  Missionary  Society  reports  a  gain  of 
ii4,400  on  their  general  funds  and  nearly  £2,000  on  their  Women's 
Association.  The  China  Inland  Mission  received  in  Great  Britain 
in  1918  over  i2,6oo  more  than  in  the  previous  year.  The  Church 
Missionary  Society,  not  including  its  Thankoffering  Fund,  increased 
by  over  ii2,ooo.  The  income  of  the  London  Missionary  Society 
from  ordinary  sources  was  £9,600  above  that  of  the  previous  year, 
though  that  income  was  a  record  one.  The  Society  for  the  Propa- 
gation of  the  Gospel  reports  an  advance  of  £19,000,  the  income  from 
donations,  subscriptions  and  collections  for  the  General  Fund  being 
fifty  per  cent  above  that  of  fifteen  years  ago.  The  United  Free 
Church  of  Scotland  shows  a  very  small  increase  in  income  from 
living  donors,  but  the  funds  of  the  Women's  Committee  have  gone 
forward.  The  Wesleyan  Methodist  Missionary  Society  has  risen 
more  than  £14,400  over  a  record  income  of  last  year.  A  five  per  cent 
increase  was  asked  for ;  a  ten  per  cent  increase  has  been  given.  The 
Women's  Auxiliary  has  also  gone  forward  in  receipts. 

But  on  the  other  hand  growing  expenditure  constitutes  a  grave  and 
pressing  problem.  At  a  time  when  every  Society  hears  the  call  to 
move  forward  the  heavy  loss  on  exchange  cripples  advance  and  bids 
fair  to  imperil  the  maintenance  of  existing  work.  The  China  Inland 
Mission  reports  that  £1,000  will  not  now  buy  as  much  silver  in  China 


•    THE  BRITISH  HOME  BASE  13 

as  could  be  bought  for  ^400  in  191 5.  The  Church  Missionary  Society 
states  that  its  loss  on  exchange  in  the  past  year  amounts  to  £58,000. 
The  London  Missionary  Society  finds  the  cost  of  silver  exchange 
particularly  has  amounted  to  iio,ooo  in  the  year.  Loss  under  this 
heading  has  sent  the  expenditure  of  the  United  Free  Church  of 
Scotland  up  £2,400  in  its  Manchuria  Mission  alone.  The  Wesleyan 
Mission  reports  that  owing  to  exchange  they  lose  in  China  £79  on 
every  £100,  and  in  India  £25  on  every  £100.  During  1919  it  is 
estimated  that  the  Society  will  lose  in  this  way  about  £39,000.^  When 
to  all  this  is  added  the  fact  that  the  increased  cost  of  living  is  press- 
ing so  heavily  upon  missionaries  that,  at  the  request  of  several  of 
the  societies,  a  committee  has  been  appointed  to  report  on  the  whole 
situation  as  to  their  salaries,  it  becomes  apparent  that  missionary 
finance  is  facing  problems  more  serious  than  any  which  confronted 
it  during  the  war. 

There  has  been  in  Great  Britain  no  parallel  to  the  Interchurch 
World  Movement  in  America.  The  London  Missionary  Society, 
however,  is  sending  its  Home  Secretary  to  America  to  gather  sug- 
gestions for  a  strong  new  propaganda  at  the  British  Home  Base. 
Meantime,  general  societies  have  initiated  thankoffering  schemes. 
The  Church  Missionary  Society  is  asking  for  a  Peace  Thankoffering 
of  lives  and  £500,000 ;  the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel 
for  a  Peace  Thankoffering  Fund  of  not  less  than  £250,000. 

Missionary  Forces 

Tabular  Statements  in  the  "Survey  of  the  Effect  of  the  War  upon 
Missions,"  to  which  reference  has  already  been  made,  show  how 
seriously  the  forces  of  British  Missions  have  been  lessened  during 
the  war.  Twelve  of  the  larger  British  Societies  had  actually  on  the 
field  in  1918  a  foreign  staff  of  4630  as  against  4899  at  the  beginning 
of  the  war.  The  new  missionaries  sent  out  in  1917-18  by  the  same 
twelve  societies  were  sixty-three  as  against  two  hundred  and  forty- 
five  at  the  earlier  date.  In  1918  India  received  from  them  a  rein- 
forcement of  twenty-eight  as  against  a  previous  ninety-six,  China 
nine  as  against  fifty-four,  Africa  seventeen  as  against  fifty-four,  the 
Near  and  Middle  East  four  as  against  fourteen.  And  now,  when 
recruiting  work  begins  to  be  active  and  all  societies  are  urging  the 
need  of  men  and  women  for  waiting  work,  the  terrible  effect  of  the 
loss  of  so  much  of  the  best  young  life  of  the  Church  is  being 
realized  to  the  full.  A  long  and  responsible  task  in  the  preparation 
of  missionaries  lies  ahead. 

The  Passage  Problem 

During  the  war  period  it  was  so  difficult  to  obtain  permits  for 
women  missionaries  that  a  Missionary  Passport  Committee  was 
formed  and  succeeded  in  getting  over  two  hundred  and  fifty  pass- 
ports up  to  July,  1919.  By  that  time,  however,  the  problem  of 
shipping  accommodation  became  so  acute  that  the  societies  found  it 
necessary  to  take  concerted  action.    At  the  time  of  writing  steps  are 


14  THE  BRITISH  HOME  BASE  ' 

being  taken  to   see  what  provision  can  be   made  for  the  autumn 
contingent  of  British  missionaries  waiting  to  proceed  to  their  fields. 

Other  Matters  of  Interest 

Among  other  matters  of  interest  in  home  organization  may  be 
noted  the  amalgamation  effected  by  the  Baptist  Missionary  Society 
with  its  Women's  Missionary  Association  and  its  Medical  Auxiliary ; 
the  union  of  the  Home  and  Foreign  Committees  of  the  Church  Mis- 
sionary Society  and  the  large  increase  of  provincial  representation 
on  the  new  body ;  the  appointment  by  the  same  Society  of  a  Mission- 
ary Missioner  to  conduct  "Days  of  Prayer  and  Gifts,"  and  the 
holding  of  a  number  of  "Days  of  Information  for  Missionary 
Speakers"  in  different  parts  of  the  country;  the  opening  of  a  new 
Hostel  for  the  Training  of  Women  Teachers  and  Nurses,  also  by 
the  C.  M.  S.,  the  formation  of  a  Candidates'  Board  by  the  Baptist 
Missionary  Society  and  of  a  Candidates'  Sub-Committee  of  Men  and 
Women  by  the  China  Inland  Mission ;  the  development  of  corporate 
fellowship,  as  illustrated  by  the  general  conference  of  the  workers 
of  the  London  Missionary  Society  followed  by  a  three  days'  con- 
ference of  missionaries  in  the  autumn  of  1919,  the  holding  of  the  first 
conference  of  missionaries  by  the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the 
Gospel  and  the  first  Summer  School  of  the  China  Inland  Mission; 
and  the  raising  of  an  Earthquake  Restoration  Fund  by  the  English 
Presbyterian  Missions  for  the  devastated  area  in  South  China  and 
the  initiating  of  a  campaign  fund  for  £100,000  by  the  Women's 
Auxiliary  of  the  Wesleyan  Methodist  Mission.  A  twelve-days 
United  Medical  Missions  Exhibition,  in  which  a  number  of  Societies 
took  part,  was  held  in  London  in  June  and  July.  Among  the 
visitors  to  it  were  the  Queen  and  Princess  Mary. 

Changes  in  Personnel 

The  outstanding  changes  in  Missionary  personnel  during  the  year 
have  been  the  resignation  of  Bishop  Montgomery  after  a  seventeen 
year's  secretaryship  of  the  S.  P.  G.  and  the  appointment  of  Bishop 
King  of  Madagascar  as  his  successor,  and  the  death  of  Sir  Andrew 
Eraser,  K.C.S.I.,  late  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Bengal,  a  trusted 
leader  and  an  honored  friend  whose  service  to  the  cause  of  missions 
was  valued  throughout  the  world.  Mr.  Kenneth  Maclennan  has 
resumed  his  work  as  joint  Secretary  with  Mr.  J.  H.  Oldham  of  the 
Conference  of  Missionary  Societies  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
after  two  and  a  half  years'  absence  in  Government  service. 

Conference  of  Missionary  Societies,  June,  1919 

The  eighth  annual  meeting  of  the  Conference  of  Missionary 
Societies  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  sat  at  Norwood  from  June 
i8th  to  20th.  It  was  reported  that  three  further  societies — the 
Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel,  the  Jerusalem  and  the 
East  Mission,  and  the  Representative  Church  Council  of  the  Episco- 


THE  BRITISH  HOME  BASE  15 

pal  Church  of  Scotland — being  eligible  for  membership  under  the 
rules  of  1912  had  decided. to  join,  increasing  the  number  of  societies 
constituting  the  Conference  to  forty-six.  The  main  addresses  at  the 
Conference  were  on  Missions  and  Governments  and  Relations  with 
American  and  Continental  Missions  (Mr.  J.  H.  Oldham),  Educa- 
tional Opportunity  at  the  Close  of  the  War  (Sir  Michael  Sadler, 
Chairman  of  the  Bengal  University  Commission),  and  Co-operation 
in  the  Mission  Field  (Rev.  H.  Anderson,  Secretary  of  the  National 
Missionary  Council  of  India,  and  Rev.  E.  C.  Lobenstine,  Secretary 
of  the  China  Continuation  Committee).  The  principles  of  co-oper- 
ative finance  were  also  considered  at  length  and  an  important 
memorandum  was  sent  forward  to  the  mission  boards  (See  pp.  11 
and  12  of  the  Conference  Report). 

Financial  Statement  of  the  Conference 

The  financial  statement  showed  that  during  1918-19  British  mis- 
sionary societies  had  contributed  the  sum  of  ^2,672-0-7  to  co-oper- 
ative finance  by  means  of  a  levy  at  the  rate  of  33s  per  ii,ooo  of 
income  on  the  general  account,  plus  £233-1-9  for  the  National  Mis- 
sionary Council  in  India  (us  per  ii,ooo  expenditure  for  the  societies 
working  in  that  field)  and  £254-11-0  for  the  China  Continuation 
Committee  (22s  per  ii,OGo).  The  Conference  voted  to  invite  the 
societies  to  approve  a  budget  of  £3,565  for  1919-20.  Of  this,  £2,050 
is  for  the  Standing  Committee  of  the  Conference,  to  cover  salaries, 
rent,  office  expenses  (including  removal  from  Edinburgh)  etc.,  £465 
for  the  Board  of  Study  for  the  Preparation  of  Missionaries,  £300  for 
the  proposed  Press  Bureau  and  £750  for  the  British  share  of  the 
Emergency  Committee  Budget.  Contributions  at  the  rate  of  40s 
per  £1,000  of  income  will  be  required  from  the  co-operating  societies 
if  this  budget  for  1919-20  is  to  be  met.  Up  to  the  date  of  writing 
the_  Societies  have  been  responding  well.  It  was  also  agreed  to 
invite  further  contributions  for  the  National  Missionary  Council  of 
India,  and  the  China  Continuation  Committee  from  the  Societies 
working  in  those  fields,  the  amount  for  which  each  board  is  re- 
sponsible being  calculated  on  their  expenditure  in  the  mission  field 
concerned.  The  amount  recommended  for  India  was  the  rupee  value 
of  £300  at  par,  and  for  China  £1,000. 

Other   Recommendations 

Amongst  other  matters,^  the  plan  for  a  Press  Bureau  submitted 
by  the  Home  Base  Committee  was  approved,  the  necessary  support 
was_  granted,  and  Mr.  Basil  Mathews  of  the  London  Missionary 
Society  was  invited  to  devote  part  of  his  time  to  the  work.  The 
Conference  also  generally  approved  of  plans  put  forward  by  the 
Horne  Base  Committee  for  the  establishment  of  a  general  illustrated 
rnissionary  magazine  for  British  readers  with  a  view  to  enlarging  the 
circle  of  those  interested  in  missions.  The  London  Missionary 
Society  has  generously  released  Mr.  Basil  Mathews  to  edit  this 
paper  in  addition  to  his  work  for  the  Press  Bureau.     The  Con- 


i6  THE  BRITISH  HOME  BASE 

ference  has  no  financial  liability  for  the  proposed  magazine.  The 
United  Council  for  Missionary  Education  was  encouraged  by  resolu- 
tion of  the  Conference  to  enter  the  field  of  more  general  missionary 
literature  (whether  on  its  own  account  or  as  a  publishing  agency  for 
the  mission  boards)  in  addition  to  its  large  scheme  for  graded  text 
books  for  mission  study.  The  Standing  Committee  was  instructed 
to  keep  in  touch  with  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  of  North 
America — reports  of  which  were  presented  by  Mr.  F.  H.  Hawkins 
and  the  Rev.  E.  C.  Lobenstine — in  order  to  consider  whether  there 
are  any  ways  in  v^hich  missionary  societies  in  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland  can  collaborate. 

Work  of  Committees   of   the    Conference:   Missionary   Liberty 

The  responsibilities  of  the  Standing  Committee  in  regard  to  the 
relations  between  missions  and  governments  entered  a  new  and  more 
critical  stage  when  the  Armistice  was  signed  and  steps  were  begun 
towards  a  final  settlement.  After  careful  inquiry  into  the  actual 
situation,  representations  were  made  during  the  year  to  the  proper 
authorities  as  to  the  place  of  missions  in  the  political  resettlement 
of  Syria  and  Palestine,  and  as  to  safeguards  for  freedom  of  con- 
science and  the  carrying  on  of  missionary  work  in  any  new  interna- 
tional agreements  as  to  tropical  Africa.  In  conjunction  with  Dr.  J.  R. 
Mott  and  Dr.  Charles  R.  Watson,  representing  the  Foreign  Missions 
Conference  of  North  America,  a  statement  was  submitted  to  the 
British  and  American  delegations  at  the  Peace  Conference  in  Paris, 
urging  that  in  all  mandates  for  the  administration  of  former 
German  and  Turkish  territories  "(i)  Freedom  of  conscience  and 
religion  should  be  guaranteed  to  the  followers  of  all  religions,  includ- 
ing expressly  (a)  the  right  to  choose  freely  the  form  of  religious 
belief  and  to  make  a  change  of  faith  without  incurring  any  political 
or  civil  disability,  and  (b)  liberty  to  exercise  all  forms  of  divine 
worship  publicly  as  well  as  privately;  (2)  that  Christian  missionaries 
and  other  persons  engaged  in  charitable  and  philanthropic  effort 
should  not  be  hindered  in  the  peaceable  pursuit  of  their  calling  and 
should  be  allowed  to  purchase  and  hold  land  and  erect  buildings  for 
religious  and  philanthropic  purposes;  (3)  that  there  should  be  no 
discrimination  against  missionary  schools  and  that  there  should  be 
equality  of  educational  opportunity  as  between  private  and  public 
schools." 

Provision  for  German   Missions 

The  Standing  Committee  has  given  careful  and  detailed  attention 
to  the  needs  of  missions  formerly  carried  on  by  German  societies. 
In  particular  special  and  successful  efforts  have  been  made  to  ensure 
that  German  mission  i)roperty  should  be  held  in  trust  for  missionary 
purposes.  The  British  Government  having  decided  to  exclude  the 
Basel  Mission  from  India,  the  Standing  Committee  guaranteed  the 
sum  of  ii,ooo  to  enable  the  National  Missionary  Council  of  India 
to  take  over  the  work  in  the  South  Mahratta  area,  and  made  repre- 
sentations   which    led    the    London    Missionary    Society    and    the 


THE  CONTINENTAL  HOME  BASE  17 

United  Free  Church  of  Scotland  jointly  to  guarantee  a  sum  of  £1,250 
for  five  years  and  enable  the  South  India  United  Church  to  carry  on 
the  work  of  the  Basel  Mission  in  the  Malabar  area. 

Constitutional  Reforms  in  India 

An  influential  committee  has  been  appointed  to  consider  the  effects 
of  the  proposed  constitutional  reforms  in  India  on  missionary  work, 
and  especially  on  Christian  education.  This  committee  is  in  close 
touch  with  the  various  missionary  educational  organizations  in  India. 

Educational  Commission  to  India 

One  of  the  outstanding  events  of  the  year  has  been  the  sending 
of  an  Educational  Commission  to  India  to  study  the  needs  of 
village  education,  more  especially  in  mass  movement  areas.  This 
enterprise  has  been  undertaken  in  conjunction  with  missionary  leaders 
in  North  America.  The  Commission  has  as  British  members  the 
Rev.  A.  G.  Fraser,  of  Trinity  College,  Kandy,  (Chairman),  and  Miss 
M.  M.  Allan,  Principal  of  Homerton  College,  Cambridge.  The 
American  member  is  Professor  D.  J.  Fleming,  D.D.,  Union  Theo- 
logical Seminary,  New  York.  Mr.  K.  T.  Paul  and  probably  another 
will  be  the  Indian  members.  Mr.  Samuel  Nasir  and  Mr.  Olcott  are 
also  of  the  party.  The  Commission  left  the  United  States,  after  a 
careful  study  of  rural  education  there,  in  the  end  of  July,  traveling 
via  Japan  and  the  Philippines  to  India.  Plans  are  laid  for  un- 
hurried visits  to  many  centers,  and  for  conference  with  experienced 
missionaries,  Indian  workers,  government  educational  officials  and 
others.  The  Report  of  the  Commission  will  he  written  in  India,  so 
that  expert  advice  may  be  secured. 

THE  CONTINENTAL  HOME  BASE* 

The  Continent  of  Europe — even  more  than  America — is  suffering 
from  a  period  of  unreliable  information.  The  world  has  been  given 
not  facts,  but  what  our  Governments  have  felt  it  wise  for  us  to 
accept  as  facts.  This  has  been  true  to  a  marked  degree  even  in  the 
neutral  countries  of  Europe.  At  times  there  seems  to  have  been  a 
deliberate  endeavor  even  in  Christian  circles  to  create  a  distrust  of 
the  Christian  leaders  of  other  lands.  Moreover,  the  suspected  un- 
trustworthiness  of  published  statements  has  given  rise  to  a  decided 
uneasiness  as  to  what  the  real  status  of  missionary  work  is,  or  as  to 
what  may  be  looked  for  in  the  future. 

The  Continental  leaders  of  missionary  thought,  together  with  some 
British  leaders  and  a  few  from  America,  fastened  great  hopes  upon 
the  theory  of  the  supernationality  of  missions.  This  thought  seemed 
to  be  a  natural  concomitant  of  the  idealism  so  strongly  emphasized 


♦An  article  on  the  Continental  Home  Base  by  Dr.  J.  W.  Gunning  of  Holland  was 
received  too  late  for  inclusion  here.     It  has  been  inserted  after  the  index. 


i8  THE  CONTINENTAL  HOME  BASE 

by  America.  The  Peace  Conference  shattered  the  hopes  of  these 
leaders;  in  fact  it  took  from  the  German  Missionary  Societies  five- 
sixths  of  their  foreign  work,  and  left  them  not  the  shadow  of  a  hope 
that  this  condition  would  be  revoked. 

What  more  natural  than  that  the  leaders  of  the  neutral  countries 
should  therefore  wonder  as  to  whether  or  not  the  British,  and  par- 
ticularly the  American  leaders,  had  done  all  that  could  have  been 
done  to  urge  action  which  would  have  preserved  to  the  German 
Societies  the  fruits  of  their  Christian  labors  of  years?  Moreover, 
if  it\is  an  established  principle  that  missionaries  may  have  their  work 
overturned  at  the  word  of  the  controlling  Government,  what 
assurance  is  there  that  a  mission  enterprise  may  be  built  up  with 
any  sense  of  permanency?  If  the  missionaries  must  individually  pass 
in  review  before  the  governmental  authorities,  may  not  the  missions 
themselves  become  the  tools  of  scheming  officials  and  cease  to  be 
independent  religious  organizations  standing  fearlessly,  even  against 
"spiritual  wickedness  in  high  places"? 

The  supernationalism  of  missions  became  a  lost  cause,  ims  was 
a  rude  shock  to  the  once  rapidly  growing  sense  of  international 
fellowship  in  world  wide  endeavor.  In  its  place  there  arose  doubt  as 
to  the  future  standing  of  the  whole  missionary  enterprise.  Notwith- 
standing this  there  has  been  a  steady  growth  in  missionary  conviction. 
Though  definite  data  are  not  at  hand  there  seems  to  have  been  every 
promise  of  substantial  increase  in  the  incomes  of  the  societies  with 
headquarters  in   Norway,   Sweden,  Denmark  and  Holland. 

France  has  been  so  occupied  with  the  intense  task  of  living,  that 
her  Protestant  groups,  at  least,  have  not  been  disturbed  by  these  con- 
siderations of  international  relationships.  It  was  to  be  expected  that 
in  this  country  there  would  be  a  falling  off,  both  of  interest  and  of 
contributions.  The  contrary  has  been  true.  The  Pans  Society,  the 
great  Protestant  Missionary  Society  of  France,  which  is  just  begin- 
ning the  one-hundredth  year  of  her  history,  seems  to  have  shown  a 
devotion  beyond  anything  she  has  before  known  The  receipts  of 
the  Society  were  greater  than  ever.  Although  the  deficit  also  was 
increased,  this  was  due  to  the  responsibilities  assumed  m  the  care 
of  the  former  German  Missions  in  French  territory.  From  France 
one  gets  a  clearly  optimistic  note,  while  from  the  countries  to  the 
north,  the  spirit  would  seem  to  be  rather  that  of  determined  persist- 
ency in  the  face  of  an  unsatisfactory  future. 

In  Germany  the  spirit  runs  to  the  opposite  extreme.  Ihe  sting 
of  military  defeat,  the  chagrin  in  the  loss  of  the  greater  part  of  her 
missions,  the  failure  of  the  theory  of  supernationality  of  missions, 
has  engendered  not  suspicion  alone  but  bitterness.  This  has  not  been 
palliated  by  the  persistent  though  unsubstantiated  report  that  Ureat 
Britain  has  lifted  the  embargo  on  all  Roman  Catholic  missionaries, 
of  whatever  nationality.  There  has  come  a  dire  falhng  off  of  inter- 
est if  one  may  judge  by  the  appeals  being  made  to  the  missionary 
constituency.  There  is  even  a  distinct  questioning  as  to  whether 
German  missions  within  the  next  generation  can  be  of  any  use 
whatever  in  the  world. 


THE  SOUTH  AFRICAN  HOME  BASE  19 

Having  given  up  hope  as  to  their  missions  in  territory  controlled 
by  Great  Britain  or  France,  they  sadly  turn  to  the  contemplation  of 
the  possible  places  for  future  expansion.  The  Dutch  East  Indies, 
South  America  and  China  are  the  fields  most  frequently  mentioned. 
The  larger  number  look  to  a  building  of  their  missionary  future 
in  the  Republic  of  China. 

The  Basel  Missionary  Society,  the  great  missionary  organization 
of  Switzerland,  met  the  same  fate  as  did  those  in  Germany  itself. 
This  Society  was  supported  alike  by  a  constituency  in  Germany  and 
in  Switzerland — chiefly  among  the  German-Swiss.  Consequently,  in 
Switzerland,  there  is  found  much  the  same  temper  of  mind  as  exists 
in  Germany.  Since  there  was  not  the  terrible  depression,  following 
as  an  aftermath  of  war,  there  seems  to  be  a  more  ready  adjustment 
to  the  new  conditions  and  a  greater  cheerfulness  in  meeting  the 
future  of  their  missionary  work. 

THE  SOUTH  AFRICAN  HOME  BASE 

Rev.  Amos  Burnet 

It  would  be  useless  to  deny  the  fact  that  for  a  long  time  the 
European  Churches  in  South  Africa  did  not  do  what  might  be  ex- 
pected in  the  task  of  evangelising  their  heathen  neighbours.  There 
are  many  historical  and  sentimental  reasons  to  account  for  this  state 
of  things.  The  last  generation  had  a  very  vivid  recollection  of  all 
the  horrors  of  the  great  Kaffir  Wars.  Perhaps  it  was  not  surprising 
that  their  attitude  towards  the  native  people  was  not  always 
sympathetic  and,  indeed,  not  always  Christian.  The  Dutch  people  of 
the  Cape  still  remember  the  days  when  they  held  the  natives  in  a 
state  of  slavery.  They  resented  the  abolition  of  slavery  by  the 
British  Government,  and  this  to  a  large  extent  aflfected  their  atti- 
tude towards  missionaries  and  mission  work.  One  is  glad,  however, 
to  be  able  to  say  that  there  are  signs  on  every  hand  of  a  very  great 
improvement  in  the  growth  of  a  very  real  and  influential  missionary 
spirit.  The  Dutch  Reformed  Church,  which,  in  numbers  and  influ- 
ence, stands  at  the  head  of  all  the  churches,  has  lately  developed  a 
very  praiseworthy  and  extensive  missionary  work.  This  work  is 
carried  on  not  only  in  South  Africa  itself,  but  also  in  Nyasaland, 
where  excellent  results  have  been  achieved.  The  Wesleyan 
Methodist  Church,  which,  in  numbers  of  adherents  and  members, 
comes  next  to  the  Dutch  Church,  has  a  Missionary  Society  of  its 
own.  The  income  last  year  was  about  £14,000.  About  half  of  this 
amount  was  given  by  European  Churches  and  the  rest  by  native  and 
coloured  congregations.  There  is  a  very  real  missionary  spirit  in 
many  English  Congregations,  and  many  of  the  native  members  are 
exceedingly  zealous  in  spreading  the  gospel  amongst  their  own 
countrymen.  Other  Churches,  especially  the  Anglican  and  many 
smaller  bodies,  have  done  work  which  deserves  honourable  mention. 
The  change  in  the  attitude  of  European  people  in  South  Africa 
towards  missionary  work  has  been  very  great  during  the  last  twenty- 


20  THE  AUSTRALASIAN  HOME  BASE 

five  years,  and  there  seems  to  be  a  growing  sense  of  responsibility 
for  the  condition  of  the  heathen  peoples.  The  position  of  the 
country  is  quite  unique.  Great  masses  of  heathen  people  are  found 
here  and  there  and  English  communities  are  interspersed.  ^  It 
follows  that  many  Europeans  see  the  most  repulsive  side  of  native 
life,  and  unless  they  themselves  are  convinced  Christians  they  are 
not  likely  to  be  enthusiastic  in  regard  to  missionary  work.  Still 
the  change  has  been  so  marked  and  so  general  that  many  of  the 
best  people  in  the  country,  led  by  officials  such  as  Lord  Selborne 
and  others,  have  spoken  out  so  strongly  as  to  the  duty  of  the 
European  people  who  dominate  South  Africa,  that  we  may  fairly 
expect  a  very  happy  increase  in  the  missionary  spirit  and  a  very 
rapid  growth  in  missionary  work.  In  connection  with  all  the 
churches  there  have  been  cases  of  Europeans  born  in  South  Africa 
giving  themselves  to  missionary  labor  and  their  example  has  not 
been  without  a  very  wonderful  effect.  The  Dutch  Churches  draw 
all  their  workers  from  local  sources,  and  this  is  a  state  of  things 
which  other  bodies  might  very  well  emulate. 

THE  AUSTRALASIAN  HOME   BASE 

The  Missionary  Societies  of  Australia  and  New  Zealand  have 
given  especial  attention  to  work  among  the  Aborigines  of  Austral- 
asia and  among  the  people  of  the  Islands  of  the  Southern  Pacific. 
In  large  measure  they  have  inherited  the  work  of  European  Soci- 
eties. Little  by  little,  as  they  have  grown  in  strength,  they  have 
assumed  added  responsibility.  At  the  present  time  nearly  all  their 
work  is  independently  conducted.  Several  of  the  Boards  have  work 
in  India.  A  few  of  their  missionaries  are  to  be  found,  also,  in 
China,  Japan  and  Korea.  The  Bolivian  Indian  Mission  had  its 
beginning  in  New  Zealand,  and  the  Sudan  United  Mission  has  a 
council  with  headquarters  at  Melbourne. 

Before  the  war  the  income  of  these  societies  was  about  three 
quarters  of  a  million  dollars.  During  the  war  there  was  a  decided 
increase.  In  iQig  the  rate  of  increase  apparently  was  not  kept  up, 
and  there  was  fear  of  a  slight  decline  for  the  year.  This  uncertainty 
is  laid,  not  so  much  to  a  decline  in  interest  in  the  Missionary  enter- 
prise, as  to  a  condition  due  to  the  epidemic  of  unrest  everywhere 
prevailing. 

Notwithstanding  this  note  of  uncertainty  there  was  a  general  call 
for  advance,  and  several  writers  wrote  hopefully  of  the  prospect  of 
a  good  increase  in  the  incomes. 

All  societies  seem  to  be  facing  a  most  urgent  need  of  candidates. 
Here,  again,  there  is  a  spirit  of  confidence  in  looking  to  the  future. 
The  return  of  the  troops  from  Europe,  the  augmented  enrollment  in 
schools,  and  the  general  spirit  of  progress  all  buttress  the  conviction 
that  within  two  or  three  years  the  young  men  and  young  women  will 
offer  themselves  in  numbers  entirely  adequate  to  meet  the  demands 
of  the  Missionary  Societies. 


FIELD  REVIEWS 


LATIN  AMERICA 

Rev.   Samuel  Guy  Inman 

Growing  Interest  in  Latin  America 

With  the  signing  of  peace  the  attention  of  the  economic  world  is 
shifting  from  Europe  to  Latin  America.  Food,  room  for  over- 
crowded populations,  and  a  market  for  surplus  goods  and  capital 
are  the  great  quests  of  the  world,  which  will  compel  the  wooing  of 
these  twenty  great,  rich,  undeveloped  nations  to  the  South. 

The  "Continent  of  Opportunity" 

Beginning  at  the  Rio  Grande  and  stretching  down  through  Mexico, 
Central  America,  across  Panama,  over  Venezuela,  Colombia,  Brazil, 
Peru,  and  the  abounding  plains  of  Argentina  to  the  Straits  of 
Magellan  is  the  largest  stretch  of  undeveloped  fertile  land  in  the 
entire  world.  All  the  population  of  the  world  could  find  place  here 
and  be  only  one-third  as  crowded  as  is  Porto  Rico.  Argentina,  far 
more  capable  than  New  York  of  sustaining  a  dense  population,  would 
have  two  hundred  and  twenty  million  people  instead  of  eight  million, 
if  it  were  as  densely  populated  as  that  State.  Little  Cuba  has  more 
foreign  commerce  than  China.  This  is  why  capitalists,  manufactur- 
ers, steamship  directors,  food  economists,  and  political  leaders  in 
Europe,  North  America  and  even  Japan  are  so  intently  fixing  their 
attention  on  these  fallow  lands.  A  great  part  of  our  newly  built 
merchant  marine  is  being  assigned  to  Latin  America. 

The  Need  of  Mission  Work 

This  forward  position  which  Latin  America  is  coming  to  occupy  in 
human  affairs  forces  upon  the  Christian  agencies  of  the  world  a 
condition  which  must  be  met  quickly  and  adequately  if  religion  is  to 
exert  the  supreme  influence  in  the  further  development  and  solidifica- 
tion of  these  relationships. 

Mexico.  Republic.  Area,  767,198  square  miles.  Population  (census  of 
1910),  15,115,612;  (estimated  for  1912),  15,501,684,  of  whom  about  3,000,000 
are  Whites,  7,000,000  Mestizos  and  5,000,000  Indians.  Prevailing  religion, 
Roman  Catholic.  There  is  no  state  church  and  all  religions  are  tolerated. 
No  ecclesiastical  body  may  acquire  landed  property. 

British  Honduras.  British  Crown  Colony.  Area,  8,598  square  miles. 
Population    (census    of    1911),    40,458;    (estimated,    1916),    42,323. 

Canal  Zone.  United  States  Possession.  Area,  502  square  miles.  Population 
(1917).  35.049-  Of  these,  18,840  are  Americans.  Prevailing  religion,  Prot- 
estant. 

Costa  Rica.  Republic.  Area,  about  23,000  square  miles.  Population  (esti- 
mated for  1916),  441,342.  Of  these,  almost  all  are  Whites,  although  there 
are  about  5,000  Indians  and  26,000  Negroes;  (18,000  are  colored  British  West 
Indians.)  The  religion  of  the  state  is  the  Roman  Catholic,  but  entire  religious 
freedom  exists. 

23 


24  LATIN  AMERICA 

For  centuries  these  countries  have  been  in  the  main  exploited  by 
outsiders;  made  to  yield  of  their  riches  to  benefit  people  other  than 
their  own.  Marked  by  motives  of  self-interest  and  unfair  dealing, 
materialistic  forces  from  without  have  made  paramount  issues  the 
possession  of  such  things  as  gold  and  silver  mines,  oil  lands,  rubber 
forests  and  sugar  plantations.  Imbued  from  within  with  a  spirit 
peculiar  to  themselves  and  living  until  recently  in  semi-isolation, 
misunderstood  and  misunderstanding  alike,  they  have  been  suspicious 
and  distrustful  of  each  other  and  fearful  of  us.  Experience  with 
Roman  Catholicism  has  caused  untold  numbers  of  the  intelligent  and 
educated  classes  to  discard  religion,  disavow  allegiance  to  the  Church 
and  become  open  skeptics,  agnostics  and  free  thinkers.  Millions 
more  have  never  even  heard  the  Gospel  and  are  still  bound  up  in 
their  old  superstitions  and  practice. 

If  Christian  forces  fail  to  take  advantage  of  the  present  situation 
it  will  mean  that  materialism  will  triumph  and  the  radiating  influ- 
ences of  spirituality  will  have  no  part  in  shaping  the  interactions  of 
Latin  American  future  civilization  and  growth. 

The  Land  and  the  People 

Latin  America,  popularly  so  called,  is  composed  of  the  twenty 
republics  south  of  the  Rio  Grande  River:  Mexico;  Guatemala, 
Honduras,  Salvador,  Costa  Rica  and  Panama  in  Central  America; 
Cuba,  Haiti  and  Santo  Domingo  in  the  West  Indies ;  and  the  coun- 
tries of  Venezuela,  Brazil,  Bolivia,  Paraguay,  Uruguay,  Argentina, 
Chile,  Peru,  Ecuador  and  Colombia  in  South  America.  These  com- 
bined countries  have  an  area  of  8,321,081  square  miles  and  a 
population  of  80,000,000  roughly  divided  as  follows :  Whites, 
18,000,000;  Indians,  17,000,000;  Negroes,  6,000,000;  Mixed  White  and 
Indian,  30,000,000;  Mixed  White  and  Negro,  8,000,000;  Mixed 
Negro  and  Indian,  700,000;  East  Indian,  Japanese  and  Chinese, 
300,000. 

The  Language  and  Its  Literature 

Eighteen  of  the  twenty  republics  of  Latin  America  are  predom- 
inately Spanish  speaking.  Haiti  uses  French  and  the  24,000,000 
Brazilians,  with  the  exception  of  their  few  hundred  thousand  un- 

GuATEMALA.  Republic.  Area,  about  48,290  square  miles.  Population  (1903), 
1,842,134;  (estimated  for  1914),  2,003,579.  Of  these,  about  60  per  cent  are 
Indians,  the  rest  being  half-caste.  Prevailing  religion,  Roman  Catholic.  All 
other  creeds   have  complete   freedom. 

Honduras.  Republic.  Area  44,275  square  miles.  Population  (1910),  553»- 
446;  (estimated  for  1914),  562,000.  Chiefly  Indians,  vi^ith  an  admixture  of 
Spanish  blood.  On  the  north  coast  there  is  a  considerable  proportion  of 
negroes.  Prevailing  religion,  Roman  Catholic.  The  church  is  not  aided  by 
the   state,   and   freedom   is   guaranteed   to   all   creeds. 

Nicaragua.  Republic.  Area,  estimated  at  49,200  square  miles.  Population 
(estimated  for  1914),  703,540.  Of  these  about  400,000  are  Whites  and 
Mestizos,  and  about  250,000  Indians  and  Negroes.  Prevailing  religion,  Roman 
Catholic. 

Panama.  Republic.  Area,  32,380  square  miles.  Population  (census  of 
1912),  336,742;  (estimated,  1916),  450,000,  of  whom  about  300,000  are  Whites 
and  Mestizos,   and  30,000   Negroes.     Prevailing  religion,   Roman   Catholic. 


LATIN  AMERICA  25 

civilized  Indians,  speak  Portuguese.  There  are  about  10,000,000 
Indians  who  can  only  be  reached  by  their  own  tribal  languages,  of 
which  there  are  a  number  of  varieties.  As  some  of  these  have  not 
yet  been  reduced  to  writing  the  situation  is  a  difficult  one,  requiring 
vigorous  treatment  if  conditions  among  these  people  are  not  to  drift 
along  as  they  have  ever  since  the  white  man  came. 

The  Latin  languages,  of  course,  present  no  serious  barriers  to 
interchange  of  ideas  and  experience,  but  it  is  a  lamentable  fact  that 
in  the  Spanish  and  Portuguese  there  is  practically  no  Christian 
literature.  For  centuries  the  people  have  been  taught  that  the  Bible 
is  a  dangerous  book,  not  to  be  owned  or  read  except  under  priestly 
guidance.  The  Roman  Catholic  Church  even  today  does  not  stimu- 
late good  reading  and  produces  but  little  good  literature. 

Races  and  Social  Groups 

A  social  grouping  of  the  people  may  place  them  in  three  classes: 
the  Indians,  the  peons,  and  the  aristocratic  or  landed  class. 

Although  there  have  been  some  Indians  who  have  risen  to  promi- 
nence and  some  tribes  which  are  noted  for  the  high  degree  of  their 
civilization  before  they  were  subdued  by  the  Latin  invaders,  most 
of  them  are  today  in  a  primitive  state,  ignorant,  and  almost  wholly 
neglected  by  social  and  religious  forces.  They  are  absolutely  with- 
out knowledge  of  the  laws  of  health  and  live  in  unsanitary  conditions 
which  cause  a  high  death  rate. 

The  peons,  although  the  class  above  the  Indians,  cannot  be  con- 
sidered the  "middle  class"  such  as  exists  in  the  United  States  and 
Europe,  as  they,  too,  are  ignorant  and  live  in  squalor.  They  are 
generally  oppressed  by  the  upper  classes;  work  for  small  wages,  in 
some  cases  barely  enough  to  exist  upon ;  are  too  poor  to  own  prop- 
erty and  are  usually  in  debt.  This,  if  they  are  unable  to  meet  it,  is 
made  a  charge  upon  their  families  and  their  children  are  forced  to 
inherit  it. 

The  third  class  includes  the  wealthy  people,  the  professional  men 
— lawyers,  engineers,  physicians,  journalists,  etc.,  those  whose  tastes 
and  interests  ally  them  with  the  upper  classes,  rather  than  with  the 
people  beneath  them.     The  rich,  of  course,  control  everything,  live 


Salvador.  Republic.  Area,  13,176  square  miles.  Population  (estimated 
1916),  1,271,336.  Of  these,  234,648  are  Indians  and  772,200  Ladinos  or 
Mestizos.     Prevailing  religion,   Roman   Catholicism. 

Santo  Domingo.  Republic.  Area,  estimated,  18,045  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion variously  estimated  at  between  600,000  and  700,000,  chiefly  Mestizos, 
Indian  and  Negro  blood  being  largely  represented.  Prevailing  religion,  Roman 
Catholicism.     This  is  the  state  religion,  but  other  forms  of  religion  are  permitted. 

Bahama  Islands  (including  Turks  Islands  and  Caicos  Islands).  British 
Colony.  Area,  4,628  square  miles.  Population  (census  of  191 1),  61,559; 
(estimated,    191 7),   64,538.     Prevailing  religion,   Protestantism. 

Cuba.  Republic.  Area  44,215  square  miles.  Population  (1916),  2,627,536. 
About  680,000  of  these  are  negroes,  the  rest  Whites  and  Mestizos.  Prevailing 
religion,  Roman  Catholicism. 

Haiti.  Republic.  Area,  estimated,  10,204  square  miles.  Population  (esti- 
mated for  1912),  2,500,000,  the  great  majority  of  whom  are  negroes.  Prevailing 
religion,    Roman    Catholicism. 


26  LATIN  AMERICA 

in   luxury,   and   give   their   children   every    advantage   as   in    other 
countries. 

Religious   Conditions 

Roman  Catholicism  of  the  type  which  flourished  in  the  middle  ages 
has  been  the  dominant  religion.  Since  it  has  opposed  all  progress 
and  all  democratic  movements  it  has  largely  failed.  The  thinking 
people  of  the  nations,  especially  the  young  people,  the  students,  are 
dissatisfied  with  it,  realizing  that  it  provides  no  way  by  which  they 
may  be  Christians  and  yet  true  to  the  laws  of  the  mind,  and  to  the 
accepted  forms  of  modern  knowledge  with  which  their  best  institu- 
tions are  abreast.  In  practically  every  one  of  the  large  cities  the 
educated  classes  either  have  turned  in  violent  opposition  to  the 
Church  of  their  fathers,  or  have  grown  so  indifferent  to  it  that  it 
has  no  influence  upon  their  lives.  You  speak  to  men  who  are  leaders 
in  philanthropic  and  educational  enterprises  about  religion  and  they 
will  say :  "What !  Religion  ?  That  is  the  thing  above  all  things  for 
which  we  have  no  use.  Religion  has  been  the  cause  of  our  revolu- 
tions ;  religion  has  opposed  our  progress ;  on  account  of  religion 
from  fifty  to  eighty  per  cent  of  our  people  are  unable  to  read  or 
write.  In  the  name  of  progress  deliver  us  from  religion!"  A  uni- 
versity professor  lecturing  on  the  "Conception  of  God"  in  one  of 
the  leading  schools  in  Brazil,  said: 

"The  Catholic  faith  is  dead.  There  is  no  longer  confidence  in 
Christian  dogma.  The  supernatural  has  been  banished  from  the 
domain  of  science.  The  conquests  of  philosophy  have  done  away 
with  the  old  conception  of  spirituality.  Astronomy,  with  Laplace, 
has  invaded  the  heavenly  fields  and  in  all  celestial  space  there  has 
not  been  found  a  kingdom  of  God.  .  .  .  We  are  in  the  realm  of 
realism.  The  reason  meditates  not  on  theological  principles,  but 
upon  facts  furnished  by  experience.  God  is  a  myth,  he  has  no 
reality,  he  is  nbt  an  object  of  science.  .  .  .  Man  invented  gods  and 
God  that  the  world  might  be  ruled.  These  conceptions  resulted  from 
his  progressive  intelligence.  The  simple  spirit  refrains  from  all 
criticism    and    accepts    the    idea    of    God    without    resistance.     The 


Jamaica  (.not  including  Turks  Islands  and  Caicos  Islands,  hut  including 
Cayman  Islands,  Pedro  and  Movant  Cays).  British  Colony.  Area,  4,207 
square  miles.  Population  (census  of  19"),  831,383;  (estimated  for  1917), 
906,485.  Of  these,  15,605  are  Whites,  163,201  coloured,  630,181  black,  17,380 
East  Indian,  2,111   Chinese.     Prevailing  religion.   Protestantism. 

LtssER  Antilles.  United  States  Possessions,  Virgin  Islands.  Area,  132 
square  miles.  Population  (estimated),  23,000,  mostly  negro.  British  Posses- 
sions, Leeward  Islands  (Antigua,  Barbuda  and  Redonda,  Virgin  Islands  (Br.), 
Dominica,  St.  Kitts,  Nevis,  Anguilla,  Montserrat).  Area,  715  square  miles. 
Population  (census  of  19"),  127,193.  Prevailing  religion.  Protestantism. 
Windward  Islands  (Grenada,  St.  Vincent,  .St.  Lucia).  Area,  516  square  miles. 
Population  (census  of  191 0,  157,264;  (estimated  for  1917),  175.278.  Bar- 
bados. Area,  166  square  miles.  Population  (census  of  1911),  171,982;  (esti- 
mated for  1917),  184,259.  Government  Grants  in  aid  are  made  to  the  Church 
of  England,  Wesleyans,  Moravians,  and  Roman  Catholics.  Trinidad  and 
Tobago.  Area,  1,868  square  miles.  Population  (census  of  191 1);  333,552; 
(estimated  for  1917),  371,876.  Of  these,  about  one  third  are  East  Indians, 
the  remainder  being  of  mi.xed  negro  and   white   descent. 


LATIN  AMERICA  2^ 

cultured  spirit  repels  the  idea  in  virtue  of  its  inherent  contradic- 
tions." 

Any  strength  which  Christianity  possesses  among  the  well  informed 
seldom  comes  from  a  sense  of  personal  allegiance  through  faith  in 
God  and  the  saving  Christ,  but  is,  rather,  based  upon  political  ex- 
pediency, class  interest  and  inherited  religious  sentiment.  The 
great  mass  of  womankind,  whose  educational  opportunities  have 
been  prescribed,  are  still  loyal  to  the  Church  and  Roman  Catholicism 
remains  the  axis  on  which  turns  the  elite  social  order  in  most  of  the 
countries. 

Indifference  to  Religion 

Recent  investigations,  however,  have  been  startling  in  their  revela- 
tion of  the  way  the  working  classes  are  abandoning  the  Church  and 
drifting  into  extreme  socialism  and  an  antagonism  to  all  forms  of 
religion. 

In  Mexico  the  revolution  has  brought  about  a  widespread  propa- 
ganda in  favor  of  anti-Christian  socialism,  the  result  of  which  is 
seen  in  the  new  constitution,  which  contains  the  most  drastic  restric- 
tions on  religious  activities  ever  written  into  a  state  document.  In 
Cuba,  a  recent  book,  which  attacks  Christianity,  known  as  "La 
Religion  al  Alcance  de  Todos"  ("Religion  in  the  Reach  of  All"),  has 
reached  a  circulation  of  50.000  copies.  It  is  said  that  agnosticism  is 
found  even  among  field  laborers.  In  Chile  there  are  continued  labor 
disturbances,  and  a  growing  opposition  of  the  working  classes  to 
the  ruling  classes  and  to  the  Church  which  many  believe  must  end 
in  a  bloody  revolution.  In  Argentina  anarchists  are  very  active 
among  the  workmen.  The  Roman  Church  is  so  concerned  about  this 
movement  that  their  priests  are  addressing  meetings  of  workmen  on 
the  street  corners.  In  Brazil  there  have  been  strikes  and  food  riots 
in  almost  all  parts  of  the  country.  In  a  strike  at  Sao  Paulo,  one 
thousand  rioters  were  killed. 

Limited  Evangelical  Work 

If  one  visits  only  the  capital  and  port  cities  of  Latin  America,  he 
will  be  impressed  with  the  smallness  of  the  evangelical  work,  but 
when  he  visits  the  smaller  cities  and  towns  he  will  be  appalled  at  the 
lack  of  strength.    In  Mexico  there  are  states  with  as  many  as  a 

French  Possessions  {Guadeloupe,  Marie  Galante,  Les  Saintes,  Desirade,  St. 
Barthelemy.  St.   Martin).     Area,   688  square  miles.     Population,    1912,    212,430. 

Dutch  Possessions  (Curacao  Bonaire,  Aruba,  St.  Martin,  St.  Eustache, 
Saba).  Area,  403  square  miles.  Population,  1917,  57,381.  Prevailing  religion, 
Roman  Catholicism.  There  are  50,117  Roman  Catholics,  6,616  Protestants  and 
613   Jews. 

PoRTO   Rico.     United   States   Possession.     Area,   3,606   square   miles.     Popula- 
tion   (census   of   1910),    1,118,012;    (estimated   for    1914),    1,184,489.     Of   these 
50,245    were  negroes   and   335,192   mulattoes,   and   732,555    whites. 

Argentine  Repubt.ic.  Republic.  Area,  1,153,119  square  miles.  Population 
(census  of  1914),  7,885,237;  (estimated  for  1917),  8,574,000.  Chiefly  Mestizos, 
but  there  are  about  1,750,000  foreigners,  the  majority  of  whom  are  Italians  and 
Spaniards.  Prevailing  religion,  Roman  Catholic;  there  are  about  55,000 
Protestants  and  30,000  Jews.  The  Roman  Catholic  Church  receives  state 
support,  but  there  is  no  state  church,  and  all  other  creeds  are  tolerated. 


28  LATIN  AMERICA 

million  population  where  no  foreign  missionary  works.  There  are 
only  two  hundred  ordained  ministers,  both  foreign  and  native,  to 
preach  the  gospel  to  fifteen  million  people — a  parish  for  each  of  75,000 
souls.  Yet  a  representative  of  the  Guggenheim  interests  said  before 
the  revolution  that  practically  a  million  Mexicans,  one  out  of  fifteen 
of  the  population,  were  dependent  on  that  and  allied  corporations. 
To  help  Mexico  teach  the  eighty  per  cent  illiterate  in  her  popula- 
tion, there  are  altogether  one  hundred  and  seventy-seven  mission 
schools.  American  capital  has  invested  a  billion  dollars  in  Mexico. 
We  have  invested  for  missionary  purposes  little  more  than  a  five 
hundredth  part  of  that  amount.  Panama  is  the  center  of  one  of  the 
most  backward  parts  of  the  globe.  In  two  of  the  five  republics  of 
Central  America  there  is  no  organized  Mission  Board  doing  work. 
Our  missions  support  four  schools  and  one  hospital  in  all  of  Central 
America.  In  little  Panama,  which  owes  its  very  existence  to  the 
United  States,  there  is  only  one  missionary  preaching  the  simple 
gospel  of  Jesus  to  three  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  Spanish-speak- 
ing Panamanians.  There  are  eight  ordained  missionaries  in  the 
Republic  of  Venezuela,  trying  to  serve  a  population  of  nearly  three 
million.  To  educate  the  eighty-five  per  cent  of  her  population  who 
cannot  read  and  write,  there  are  two  little  primary  schools  with  a 
small  enrollment.  In  the  whole  history  of  this  Republic  only  one 
building  has  ever  been  erected  for  school  purposes  either  by  Church 
or  State,  and  that  was  a  military  academy.  In  Colombia,  which  is 
larger  than  Germany,  France,  Spain  and  Italy,  there  are  only  two 
ordained  Protestant  ministers  to  every  million  of  the  population. 
In  Ecuador  there  is  practically  no  established  mission  work,  and  no 
Protestant  church  building  has  ever  been  erected  in  that  country. 
In  the  northern  half  of  Peru,  a  stretch  of  territory  larger  than  our 
original  thirteen  states,  there  is  not  one  evangelical  missionary. 
There  are  ten  provinces  in  this  historic  Republic,  all  larger  than 
Holland,  where  there  is  no  evangelical  work.  In  Bolivia  the 
Evangelical  Church  has  only  one  hundred  members.  Great  areas  in 
Chile  and  Argentina  are  still  untouched  by  evangelical  missionaries, 
and  only  the  fringes  along  the  ocean  and  river  fronts  of  Uruguay 
and  Brazil  are  occupied.  One  missionary  couple  has  recently  been 
sent  to  Paraguay  as  the  first  step  toward  facing  the  great  problem 
that  country  presents.  The  greatest  stretch  of  unevangelized  terri- 
tory in  the  world  is  in  the  center  of  South  America,  including  the 
interior  of  Brazil,  Venezuela,  Colombia,  Ecuador,  Peru,  Bolivia,  and 
Paraguay.     An  irregular  figure  two  thousand  miles  long  and  from 


Bolivia.  Republic.  Area,  514,155  square  miles.  Population  (census  of 
1900),  1,744,568;  (estimated  for  1915),  2,889,970.  Of  these  (census  of  190.0). 
920,864  are  Indians,  231,088  Wliitcs,  3,945  Negroes,  486,018  mixed.  Prevailing 
religion,  Roman  Catholic.  The  Roman  Catholic  is  the  recognized  religion  of 
the  state,  but  the  exercise  of  other   forms  of  worship  is  permitted. 

Brazil.  Republic.  Area,  3,290,564  square  miles.  Population  (census  of 
1900),  17,371,069,  (estimated  for  1915),  26,542,402,  of  wliom  8,000,000  are 
Whites,  8,000,000  mixed  (Whites  and  Negroes),  4,000,000  Negroes  and 
2,500,000  Indians.  Prevailing  religion,  Roman  (Catholic.  Absolute  equality 
exists  between  all  creeds. 


LATIN  AMERICA  29 

five  hundred  to  fifteen  hundred  miles  in  width  would  only  include 
two  or  three  missionaries.  In  Northern  Brazil  there  are  seven 
states,  with  populations  ranging  from  that  of  Maine  to  that  of  New 
Jersey,  with  no  foreign  missionary. 

Among  the  Indians 

Large  numbers  of  the  native  Indians  and  negro  ex-slave  descend- 
ants in  given  sections  of  Latin  America  are  pagan,  in  some  areas 
without  any  contact  whatever  with  Christianity,  and  in  many  others 
with  too  little  to  affect  appreciably  either  their  religious  conceptions, 
their  character  or  their  low  economic  state.  They  constitute  a  field 
of  pure  missionary  endeavor  as  apostolically  conceived,  which  no 
body  of  Christians  can  ignore  who  accept  responsibility  for  the 
world's  evangelization.  There  are  3,500,000  Indians  on  the  plateaus 
of  Ecuador,  Peru  and  Bolivia,  including  the  former  Inca  Empire. 
Practically  nothing  is  being  done  for  them.  Going  down  into  the 
valley  of  the  Amazon  and  through  the  lowlands  of  Bolivia  and  Para- 
guay, there  are  many  other  millions  of  Indians — no  one  knows  how 
many — who  still  live  in  their  savage  state,  with  no  efforts  made 
for  them  except  those  of  the  splendid  little  band  of  missionaries  of 
the   South   American   Missionary   Society. 

There  are  some  three  million  Indians  living  the  tribal  life  in 
Mexico  and  two  million  more  in  Central  America.  No  American 
missionary  society  is  conducting  any  comprehensive  work  for  any 
of  these  tribes.  It  is  one  of  the  most  imperative  problems  before 
the  American  Church. 

Strategic  Centers  for  Missionary  Work 

For  South  America  the  following  six  centers  are  suggested  for 
strategic  stations  from  which  the  work  could  spread:  (i)  Central 
Peru;  (2)  Highlands  of  Bolivia;  (3)  Matto  Grosso,  interior 
Brazil;  (4)  on  the  Rio  Negro,  Brazil;  (5)  on  the  eastern  slope  of 
the  Andes,  Colombia;  (6)  Upper  Orinoco,  in  Venezuela. 

Unprecedented  Opportunity  for  Enlarging  Our  Christian  Work 
in  Latin  America 
The  people  of  Latin  America  are  doing  more  fundamental  think- 
ing than  ever  before  in  their  history.  They  have  hitherto  been 
ruled  more  by  sentiment  than  reason.  They  have  rested  on  the 
glorious  past  of  the  Latin  race,  have  magnified  the  differences  be- 

British  Guiana.  British  Colony.  Area,  89,480  square  miles.  Population 
(census  of  191 1,  including  an  estimate  of  13,000  aborigines  in  unfrequented 
parts),  309,000;  (estimated  for  Dec.  31,  1916),  313,859.  Of  these,  about 
136,000  are  East  Indians,  120,000  Negroes,  11,600  Portuguese  and  4,300  other 
Europeans.  The  Church  of  England  and  the  Church  of  Scotland  are  estab- 
lished by  law,  and  grants  are  made  to  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  and  the 
Wesleyan   Church  and  several  others. 

Chile.  Republic.  Area,  289,829  square  miles.  Population  (1917),  3,870,002. 
The  majority  of  these  are  of  European  descent;  (Whites,  1,500  000,  Mestizos, 
2,100,000,  Indians,  1,400,000).  Prevailing  religion,  Roman  Catholicism.  The 
Church  is  maintained  by  the  state,  but  all  religions  are  respected  and  protected. 


30  LATIN  AMERICA 

tween  Latin  Catholics  and  Anglo-Saxon  Protestants,  and  have 
minimized  the  great  economic  moral  bases  of  American  solidarity. 
They  had  ceased  to  regard  religion  as  a  real  factor  in  a  modern  life 
as  they  were  developing  it.  But  this  world  war,  with  its  rude  shock 
to  their  economic  progress  and  to  many  of  their  philosophic  theories, 
supposedly  beyond  attack,  has  compelled  them  to  re-examine  their 
individual  and  national  relationships  and  to  restate  their  theories. 
This  spirit  of  inquiry  impresses  one  profoundly  as  he  talks  with 
men  of  every  status  from  university  professors  to  laboring  men. 

One  of  the  evidences  of  this  openmindedness  and  interest  in  spir- 
itual things  is  found  in  the  magnificent  welcome  given  to  the  North 
American  fleet  when  visiting  Alontevideo.  The  Dean  of  the  literati 
of  Uruguay,  Dr.  Juan  Zorilla  de  San  Martin,  said,  in  speaking  to 
the  boys :  "We  love  the  United  States  as  a  great  collectivity ;  we  love 
you  as  citizens  of  the  United  States,  but  we  want  you  to  understand 
that  we  love  you  as  individuals.  We  talk  of  our  common  mother — 
democracy;  there  is  some  one  else  still  dearer  to  us — our  common 
Father."  Then,  leaving  the  interpreter,  he  repeated  in  a  charming 
broken  English  the  Lord's  Prayer.  It  is  worth  while  to  note  that 
Dr.  Zorilla  is  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Catholic  party  in  Uruguay. 
Such  a  man  speaking  such  sentiments  on  the  platform  of  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association  is  significant  of  a  new  day  in  South 
America. 

Growing  Friendship  with  the  United  States 

In  the  past  Latin  America  has  been  ruled  by  Latin  sentiment ;  her 
people  have  considered  themselves  apart  from  Anglo-Saxons  and 
opposed  to  their  philosophy  of  life.  They  have  held  it  to  be  un- 
patriotic to  adopt  the  religion  or  any  other  features  of  North  Ameri- 
can life.  This  attitude  is  surely,  though  slowly,  undergoing  a  change. 
North  America's  sacrifice  of  her  profits  on  munitions  with  her 
unselfish  entrance  into  the  World  War  as  a  crusade  for  Democracy 
has  given  the  Latins  a  real  appreciation  of  her  ideahsm  and  a  desire 
for  her  friendship.  "American  Solidarity"  has  come  to  be  the  most 
popular  phrase  in  Latin  America.  The  establishment  of  North 
American  banks,  steamship  lines  and  many  new  commercial  houses 
has  added  much  to  these  closer  relations.  Trade  between  the  United 
States  and  Latin  America  has  increased  more  than  a  billion  dollars 
in  the  last  four  years. 

Latin  American  Students  in  Our  Country 
The  great  increase  in  the  number  of   students   from  the   South 
coming  to  this  country  is  another  indication  of  this  growing  friend- 

CoLOMBiA.  Republic.  Area  (estimated),  440,846  square  miles.  Population 
(census  of  1912),  5,071,101,  not  including  about  30,000  uncivilized  Indians: 
(Whites,  700,000;  Mestizos,  2,300,000;  Indians,  800,000;  Negroes,  1,600,000). 
Prevailing  religion,   Roman  Catholicism.      Other  forms  of  worship  are  permitted. 

Dutch  Guiana.  Dutch  Colony.  Area,  46,060  square  miles.  Population 
(191 7),  91,622,  exclusive  of  Negroes  and  Indians  living  in  the  forests. 
Prevailing  religion  Protestant.  There  is  entire  religious  liberty.  There  were 
in  1916,  35,782  Protestants,  18,959  Roman  Catholics,  881  Jews,  11,985  Moham- 
medans, 20,231  Hindus. 


LATIN  AMERICA  31 

ship.  At  the  Student  Conferences  in  Northfield  and  Lake  Geneva 
there  were  enthusiastic  groups  of  these  students  earnestly  seeking 
to  solve  their  spiritual  problems.  The  Brazilian  government  has 
recently  sent  to  this  country  twenty-seven  graduate  students  who  are 
to  take  two  year  courses  in  agriculture,  forestry,  sanitation,  and 
engineering,  to  return  to  their  country  with  these  North  American 
methods  to  help  develop  the  marvelous  physical  resources  of  their 
country.  The  missionary  forces  have  impressed  Brazil  to  such  an 
extent  that  missionary  leaders  in  this  country  were  requested  to  meet 
the  students  and  advise  them  concerning  the  institutions  they  should 
attend  and  help  them  in  other  ways  to  get  the  most  out  of  their  stay 
in  this  country. 

Northern  Leadership  in  Latin  American  Education 

Many  national  leaders  are  turning  to  North  American  missionary 
forces  to  direct  either  new  institutions  or  old  ones,  which,  while  well 
equipped,  have  failed  because  of  lack  of  unselfish,  devoted  service 
on  the  part  of  the  directors.  Often  there  is  frank  acknowledgment 
that  they  have  not  the  altruistic  prepared  leadership  which  they 
realize  can  be  found  only  among  North  American  Evangelical  Chris- 
tians. 

The  new  day  is  well  expressed  by  a  word,  just  received  from  a 
leading  missionary  of  South  America,  who  has  an  open  door  in 
practically  every  University  of  South  America. 

"With  the  present  spiritual  unrest  that  signifies  a  deep  longing 
for  something  morally  and  spiritually  better  and  with  the  United 
States  standing  today  beside  France  in  the  affections  of  the  South 
American  peoples,  one  longs  to  see  every  North  American  agency 
that  can  make  a  genuine  contribution  to  the  moral  and  spiritual 
progress  of  South  America  give  itself  wholeheartedly  to  this  oppor- 
tunity for  Christian  effort  in  South  America.  No  such  time  has 
existed  since  the  days  following  the  gaining  of  their  political 
independence.** 

Once  the  Most  Neglected  of  Fields 

Five  years  ago  Latin  America  was  one  of  the  most  neglected  and 
least  known  of  all  fields.  There  had  never  been  held  a  conference 
where  all  the  forces  came  together  to  consider  common  problems. 
There  was  not  a  union  school,  union  paper  or  union  administrative 

French  Guiana.  French  Colony.  Area,  about  32,000  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion   (191 1 ),   49,009.     Prevailing  religion,   Roman   Catholic. 

Paraguay.  Republic.  Area  (estimated),  65,000  square  miles.  Population 
(estimated  for  1917),  1,050,000.  Of  these,  the  larger  portion  is  of  Indian 
blood.  Prevailing  religion,  Roman  Catholicism.  This  is  the  state  church, 
but   the  exercise   of   all   other   forms   of   religion   is   permitted. 

Peru.  Republic.  Area,  722,461  square  miles.  Population  (census  of  1876), 
2,660,881.  (This  is  the  last  official  census  return.  An  estimate  for  1896 
places  the  population  at  4,620,201,  and  for  1908  at  4,500,000,  but  these  figures 
are  not  trustworthy.)  There  are  about  700,000  Whites,  800,000  Mestizos, 
3,000,000  Indians.  Prevailing  religion,  Roman  Catholicism.  This  is  the  state 
religion,  but  full  religious  liberty  is  permitted. 


32  LATIN  AMERICA 

committee  in  all  Latin  America.  With  the  exception  of  Porto  Rico, 
there  was  no  definite  dehmitation  of  territory.  There  was  no 
co-operative  committee  of  the  Boards  to  consider  its  needs.  The 
home  Church  was  ignorant  of  and  indifferent  to  its  claims.  North 
and  Latin  America  had  few  commercial  relations  and  political  rela- 
tions were  very  unsatisfactory.  Little  intercourse  was  had  between 
intellectual  leaders  of  the  two  Americas.  Few  visitors  from  either 
people  were  found  among  the  other. 

The  Committee  on  Cooperation  in  Latin  America 

Today  all  is  different.  The  Committee  on  Cooperation  in  Latin 
America,  appointed  by  the  thirty  mission  boards  doing  work  in  those 
lands,  held  the  Panama  Congress  at  which  there  were  representatives 
from  more  than  fifty  different  organizations  interested  in  the  spir- 
itual life  of  Latin  America.  '  Seven  Regional  Conferences  in  the 
important  centers  of  Latin  America  immediately  following  Panama 
aided  in  outlining  a  comprehensive  program  for  the  whole  field. 
Combined  Christian  forces  found  in  these  twenty  nations  a  people 
united  by  a  similar  language,  history,  government,  social  structure 
and  ideals,  making  possible  a  joint  program  for  this  continent  and  a 
half.  This  program,  which  in  its  comprehensiveness  and  practica- 
bility is  astounding  to  those  who  have  not  followed  it  step  by  step, 
has  been  developed  by  the  Committee  on  Cooperation  in  Latin 
America. 

Accomplishments  in  Cooperation 

The  outstanding  accomplishments  for  cooperation  during  the  year 
of  1919  have  been: 

1.  The  consummation  of  the  proposals  of  the  Cincinnati  Confer- 
ence concerning  Mexico  and  the  development  of  a  most  inclusive 
cooperative  program  for  Mexico,  outlined  in  detail^nder  the  head- 
ing, Mexico. 

2.  The  Surveying  of  the  virgin  mission  fields  of  Hayti  and  Santo 
Domingo  and  the  development  of  a  union  plan  for  occupying  that 
field. 

3.  The  beginning  of  a  monthly  review,  "La  Nueva  Democracia," 
which  will  circulate  in  all  parts  of  Latin  America. 

4.  Cooperation  with  the  Interchurch  World  Movement,  making 
the  surveys  in  Latin  America  for  them,  and  drawing  up  for  them  a 
five  year  program,  budgeted  in  terms  of  men  and  money  for  each 
Latin  American  country. 

5.  Arranging  for  a  Regional  Conference  in  Central  America  for 
the  spring  of  1920. 

6.  Employment  of  a  Secretary  of  Literature  for  Brazil,  a  Secre- 
tary for  Education  in  Mexico  and  a  Secretary  for  the  Committee  on 
Cooperation   in   Mexico. 

Uruguay.     Republic.     Areas,     72,153  square     miles.     Population     (estimated 

1917).    1,378,808,    chiefly    Mestizos    and  Whites,    with    about    100,000    Indians. 

Prevailing  religion,  Roman  Catholicism.  There  is  no  state  religion,  and  com- 
plete   toleration    exists. 


CHINA  33 

7.  Publication  of  a  directory  of  missionaries,  mission  schools  and 
periodicals  in  Latin  America. 

8.  Preparation  in  Spanish  of  the  first  General  Commentary  on 
the  Sunday  School  Lessons  for  the  ensuing  year. 

9.  Beginning  the  publication  of  Temperance  literature  in  Spanish, 
which  will  become  an  increasingly  important  function  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Cooperation. 

10.  The  beginning  of  the  Union  Evangelical  Seminaries  in  Porto 
Rico  and  Brazil. 

11.  The  opening  of  the  Union  Book  Depository  in  Santiago,  Chile. 

Venezuela.  Republic.  Area,  about  398,594  square  miles.  Population  (offi- 
cial estimates  for  1917),  2,827,762,*  of  which  2,000,000  are  Mestizos  and 
Whites,  550,000  Indians,  200,000  Negroes  and  mixed.  Prevailing  religion, 
Roman  Catholicism.  This  is  the  state  religion  but  toleration  for  all  others 
exists. 

*  Very  much  questioned — most  say  that  2,250,000  is  nearer  the  truth. 

CHINA 

Rev.  Lewis  Hodous,  D.D. 

Political  Situation 

The  outstanding  event  of  the  year  was  the  awakening  of  public 
opinion  against  the  regime  of  the  military  governors,  especially  their 
subservience  to  Japan.  These  military  governors  or  tuchuns,  as  they 
are  called,  are  quite  independent  of  the  central  authority.  In  the 
northern  part  of  China  they  have  formed  a  coalition  and  are  back- 
ing up  the  Parliament  and  government  in  Peking.  In  the  south 
they  have  a  loose  organization  with  its  center  at  Canton.  During 
the  early  part  of  1918  these  two  governments  were  at  war  with  each 
other.  Japan  was  supplying  money  to  both  sides  and  was  not  deal- 
ing with  them  as  governments,  but  with  specially  selected  individuals. 
After  the  signing  of  the  armistice  in  Europe  Japanese  loans  for  war 
purposes  ceased  and  the  tuchuns  appointed  an  internal  peace  con- 
ference which  met  in  Shanghai.  This  worried  along,  hampered  by 
the  military  governors,  and  finally  the  members  resigned.  There 
are  now  plans  to  resume  the  peace  conference.  There  is  no  doubt 
that  this  will  be  done  and  peace  made  in  the  near  future. 

China  and  the  Peace  Conference 

The  meeting  of  the  Peace  Conference  in  Paris  aroused  high  hopes 
in  China.  The  delegates  representing  China  were  strong  men  and 
on  the  whole  did  their  work  well.     When  it  became  evident  that 


China.  Republic.  Area  (including  Mongolia  and  Tibet),  3,913,560  square 
miles.  Population  (Mr.  Rockhill's  estimate),  329,617,750.  The  prevailing 
religions  are  Confucianism,  Buddhism  and  Taoism.  "Probably  all  Chinese  (not 
Mohammedans  or  Christians)  profess  and  practice  all  three  religions."  There 
is  no  state  religion,  but  Confucianism  is  the  basis  of  the  ethical  teaching  in  the 
government  schools.  There  are  between  5,000,000  and  10,000,000  Mohamme- 
dans (Mr.  Marshall  Bromhall's  estimate),  1,956,205  Roman  Catholics,  654,658 
Protestants  and  5,500  Russian  Orthodox  Catholics.  In  the  south  of  China  are 
a  considerable  number  of  aboriginal  tribes  who  are  Animists. 


34  CHINA 

German  interests  in  Shantung  were  to  be  transferred  to  Japan  the 
merchants  and  students  of  China  and  Chinese  all  over  the  world  sent 
urgent  telegrams  to  Paris  advising  the  delegates  not  to  sign  the 
treaty  without  reservations  on  Shantung.  The  delegates  finding  it 
impossible  to  make  reservations  or  obtain  any  written  agreement 
from  Japan  as  to  the  return  of  Kiaochau  refused  to  sign  the 
treaty. 

When  the  failure  of  China  at  Paris  became  known  the  students 
and  merchants  organized  a  nation-wide  strike,  and  inaugurated  a 
boycott  of  Japanese  goods.  They  compelled  the  three  men  most 
responsible  for  putting  China  under  the  power  of  Japan  to  resign. 
The  strike  was  so  effective  that  the  military  governors  were  com- 
pelled to  sit  up  and  take  notice  because  this  national  spirit  was  pene- 
trating their  retainers  so  that  Japanese  borrowed  money  could  no 
longer  hold  them.  The  boycott  has  been  successful.  Those  who 
know  the  situation  intimately  state  that  Japanese  trade  was  cut 
fifty  to  seventy  per  cent.  The  serious  part  is  not  the  stoppage  of 
trade,  but  the  earnest  efforts  to  produce  goods  in  China  formerly 
imported  from  Japan. 

Awakening  of  the  National  Spirit 

The  most  pressing  problem  before  the  government  of  China  is 
the  disbandment  of  the  soldiers  and  the  dispossession  of  the  military 
governors  from  their  position  of  power  in  various  sections  of  the 
country.  More  than  fifty  per  cent  of  the  revenues  of  the  country 
are  being  used  for  military  purposes.  Last  year  the  deficit  was  two 
hundred  million  dollars. 

On  all  sides  the  awakening  of  the  national  spirit  is  regarded  as  a 
most  hopeful  factor  in  the  whole  situation.  The  movement  was 
nation-wide,  orderly,  well  organized  and  very  efficient.  If  rightly 
used  it  will  result  ultimately  in  the  relegating  of  the  military  gov- 
ernors to  their  proper  place  and  establishing  the  power  of  the  civil 
population. 

The  International  Consortium 

The  formation  of  the  International  Consortium  to  finance  China 
is  a  sign  of  progress.  It  is  hoped  that  the  operation  of  this  body 
will  tend  to  obliterate  the  spheres  of  influence,  bring  about  the  inter- 
nationalization of  China's  railways  and  put  the  country  on  a  sound 
financial  basis. 

Industrial  Progress 

Industry  is  progressing.  Chinese  raise  now  two  and  a  half 
million  bales  of  cotton.  They  have  in  operation  over  a  million 
and  a  half  spindles  and  five  thousand  power  looms  besides  tens  of 
thousands  of  hand  looms  in  the  villages.  The  government  dockyard 
at  Shanghai  is  building  four  ten  thousand  ton  boats  for  the  United 
States.  The  silk  industry  is  being  revived  and  efforts  are  being 
made  to  resuscitate  the  tea  trade. 


CHINA  35 

Foreign  Trade 

The  foreign  trade  of  China  reached  its  highest  record  in  1918, 
amounting  to  $1,241,645,903  in  U.  S.  currency.  This  record  was  at- 
tained in  spite  of  internal  disorganization  and  the  high  silver  ex- 
change. The  U.  S.  dollar  has  dropped  to  $.86  Mex.  A  few- 
years  ago  it  exchanged  for  $2.50  Mex.  Of  this  trade  more  than  two- 
fifths  was  with  Japan.  The  United  States  holds  second  place  with 
12.96  per  cent  to  its  credit. 

Education 

The  statistics  of  government  education  for  1915-1916,  the  latest 
available,  reveal  some  advance  in  education.  In  this  year  there 
were  4,294,251  students  in  schools  of  all  grades  as  compared  with 
2,933,387  in  1912-1913.  Not  only  in  numbers,  but  in  scope  and  effi- 
ciency some  progress  has  been  made.  Vocational  and  physical  edu- 
cation has  been  promoted.  Popular  education  has  been  extended  by 
means  of  libraries,  lecture  halls  and  public  reading  rooms.  Teacher 
training  has  been  emphasized.  The  Boy  Scout  movement  is  taking 
root  in  the  schools.  The  use  of  Phonetic  Script  is  spreading.  Near 
Peking  over  100,000  have  learned  to  use  the  new  Script.  Just  re- 
cently the  governor  of  Shansi  ordered  two  million  and  a  half 
primers  for  teaching  this  Script.  The  frequent  educational  missions 
to  foreign  lands  reveal  the  desire  of  the  government  for  improve- 
ment. The  ending  of  civil  war  and  retrenchment  of  military  ex- 
penditure should  stimulate  educational  progress. 

Opium  Reform 

In  January  the  government  purchased  the  remaining  stocks  of 
opium  from  the  Opium  Combine  for  twenty-four  million  dollars 
Mex.  currency  and  consigned  it  to  the  flames.  The  International 
Anti-opium  Association  was  organized  with  branches  in  different 
parts  of  the  country.  It  has  prevailed  upon  the  Paris  Peace  Confer- 
ence to  adopt  the  Hague  opium  convention. 

Social  Ferment 

On  all  sides  there  are  evidences  of  social  ferment.  The  cities  are 
improving  their  roads  and  installing  electric  lighting  plants.  Over 
eighty  cities  are  now  lighted  by  electricity.  They  are  adopting 
measures  which  will  gradually  improve  the  sanitary  conditions.  A 
new  literary  movement  on  the  part  of  the  younger  men  is  attracting 
attention.  It  favors  the  use  of  the  vernacular  in  literature.  The 
men  of  wealth  are  promoting  education  for  boys  and  girls,  establish- 
ing trade  schools  and  enterprises  for  social  amelioration.  This 
social  awakening  is  bound  to  make  itself  felt  in  the  political  life  of 
the  nation. 

Missionary  Work — Expansion 

The  missions  have  been  looking  toward  the  regions  beyond. 
Durinsr  the  war  the  missions  from  the  neutral  countries,  Norway, 


36  CHINA 

Sweden,  and  Denmark  have  been  increasing  their  staffs  and  enlarg- 
ing their  work.  Tibet  is  opening  up  to  missionary  activity.  The 
C.  I.  M.  and  the  Foreign  Christian  Missionary  Society  have  begun 
work  in  this  long  closed  country.  The  Tibetan  Tract  Society  was 
established  and  printed  and  circulated  50,000  tracts  among  Tibetans. 
The  Presbyterians  are  opening  work  among  the  Tai  races  in  Yunnan. 
The  Christian  and  Missionary  Alliance  has  been  extending  its  work 
in  French  Indo-China.  The  Salvation  Army  has  occupied  several 
cities  in  North  China.  Its  paper,  the  War  Cry,  has  reached  a 
circulation  of  over  six  thousand  copies  all  paid.  The  American 
Board  has  set  off  Shaowu,  formerly  a  station  of  the  Foochow 
mission  in  western  Fukien,  as  a  mission.  The  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  is  on  the  eve  of  a  great  forward  movement  in  evangelistic 
and  educational  work.  China  is  ready  for  the  Interchurch  World 
Movement.  The  Chinese  merchants  of  Singapore  recently  promised 
about  a  million  dollars  for  a  college  in  response  to  the  Methodist 
Centenary. 

Mission  Universities  and  Medical  Schools 

During  the  year  two  union  Universities  have  completed  their 
organization.  Peking  University  elected  Rev.  J.  Leighton  Stuart, 
D.D.,  as  its  first  president.  The  Fukien  Christian  University  elected 
Professor  Edwin  C.  Jones,  M.A.,  as  its  first  president.  The  latter 
institution  also  conferred  the  degree  of  B.A.  on_  five  graduates 
under  its  charter  from  the  Regents  of  the  University  of  the  State 
of  New  York.  The  Christian  Educational  Association  has  outlined 
a  large  policy  in  teacher  training  and  vocational  education.  The 
survey  of  Christian  education  is  progressing.  The  total  number  of 
students  in  Christian  schools  reported  for  the  year  1917  was  194,624. 
The  China  Medical  Board  is  completing  the  buildings  of  the  Medical 
School  at  Peking.  The  first  class  was  admitted  this  fall.  The 
Board  is  considering  plans  for  a  medical  school  at  Shanghai.  ^  It  is 
supporting  premedical  departments  in  St.  John's  University  at 
Shanghai  and  in  the  Fukien  Christian  University. 

Facing  the  Cities 

The  Protestant  forces  in  the  large  cities  have  been  getting  together 
and  facing  the  problems  of  the  city  as  a  unit.  ^  At  Nanking  they 
have  formed  a  Provisional  Church  Council  uniting  the  work  of 
eleven  different  missions.  They  plan  a  headquarters,  a  survey  of  the 
city,  a  definite  evangelistic  program  and  the  organization  of 
Chinese  laymen  for  civic  reform.  Similar  cooperation  is  taking 
place  at  Canton,  Tientsin,  Foochow,  Hangchow,  and  other  large 
cities. 

Church   Union 

The  Lutheran  churches  have  made  progress  toward  organic  union. 
Several  of  the  home  Boards  have  assented  to  the  proposed  consti- 
tution adopted  by  the  General  Conference,  Kikungshan,  in  1917.  The 
various   committees   on   the   field  on   organization,    ritual,   and   the 


CHINA  37 

hymn  book,  will  finish  their  work  before  1920  and  it  is  hoped  that 
the  second  General  Lutheran  Conference  will  be  held  then. 

The  preliminary  work  to  establish  a  union  Lutheran  college  in 
central  China  has  been  completed  and  proposals  have  been  made  for 
the  founding  of  a  Lutheran  University  at  Hankow. 

The  Lutheran  paper  published  at  Hankow  which  has  been  circu- 
lating among  the  Lutheran  constituency  for  the  last  five  years  has 
been  made  into  a  weekly. 

In  South  Fukien  the  Presbyterian  Synod  and  the  Congregational 
Provincial  Council  have  adopted  a  plan  for  the  union  of  the  two 
bodies.  There  is  now  in  South  Fukien,  barring  the  Seventh-Day 
Adventists,  one  union  church,  indigenous,  self-administering  and 
practically  self-supporting. 

The  representatives  of  the  Presbyterian  churches,  the  churches 
established  by  the  London  Missionary  Society  and  the  American 
Board  met  at  Nanking  in  January  and  adopted  a  plan  which  will 
eventuate  in  the  organic  union  of  these  churches.  A  preliminary 
doctrinal  basis  has  been  adopted.  The  Presbyterian  Synods  and  the 
Congregational  churches  all  over  China  are  giving  their  hearty 
approval  to  the  union.  The  union  has  also  been  approved  by  the 
United  Brethren  and  the  English  Baptists.  The  spirit  of  union  is 
in  the  air  and  several  denominations  are  carefully  considering  their 
attitude  toward  the  whole  movement.  The  broad  evangelical  basis, 
the  local  church  autonomy  and  the  possibility  of  local  and  national 
cooperation  make  the  plan  flexible  and  practical  and  commend  it  to 
many  denominations  who  are  realizing  the  need  of  a  united  witness 
for  Christ  in  China. 

The  Survey  of  the  Continuation  Committee 

The  survey  of  Christian  work  by  this  committee  has  made  sub- 
stantial progress  and  plans  are  being  made  for  a  conference  of 
leaders  in  1920  to  consider  the  findings  of  this  survey. 

The  Christian  Literature  Council  has  been  organized  and  is  making 
plans  for  the  promotion  of  the  production  and  distribution  of 
Christian  literature  in   China. 

The  Committee  on  Work  among  Moslems  of  China  has  appointed 
Rev.  C.  L.  Ogilvie  as  secretary.  The  Committee  has  published  a 
book  of  Moslem  terms  and  the  Gospel  of  Matthew  and  a  Primer 
prepared  by  Dr.  Zwemer, 

Social  Application  of  the  Gospel 

The  emphasis  on  the  social  application  of  the  gospel  is  growing. 
The  churches  are  realizing  that  they  must  do  something  toward  the 
transformation  of  the  environment  in  which  they  live.  At  the  same 
time  there  is  a  deepening  conviction  that  it  is  not  sufficient  to  change 
the  mechanism  of  society.  The  ideals,  values,  the  motives  must  be 
enlarged  and  the  spiritual  life  of  the  individual  and  society  must  be 
recreated  by  the  living  gospel  of  Christ. 


38  CHOSEN 

Missions  Building 

The  site  of  the  Missions  Building  at  Shanghai  has  been  purchased 
and  plans  are  being  drawn  for  the  building.  This  building  will  serve 
as  headquarters  for  the  Christian  agencies  serving  all  China  center- 
ing at  Shanghai.  It  will  promote  cooperation  in  the  evangelization 
of  China. 

Union  Version  of  the  Bible 

The  year  has  been  marked  by  the  publication  of  the  union  version 
of  the  Bible  in  Mandarin  and  one  in  Wenli,  the  classical  language, 
authorized  by  the  General  Missionary  Conference  of  1890.  Dr. 
Chauncey  Goodrich  has  the  honor  of  seeing  the  completed  work 
begun  twenty-nine  years  ago.  The  versions  have  the  approval  of 
Chinese  scholars  for  their  fidelity  to  the  original  and  felicity  of 
style.    A  concordance  based  on  the  new  versions  is  being  published. 

The  Yunnan  Mission 

The  company  of  men  and  women  sent  by  the  Chinese  churches  to 
Yunnan  reached  the  province  and  was  received  enthusiastically  by 
the  Christians,  the  missionaries  and  the  officials.  They  are  investi- 
gating conditions  with  a  view  to  starting  home  missionary  work 
supported  by  the  churches  of  China.  The  "Gospel  Bell,"  an 
occasional  bulletin  in  English  and  Chinese,  is  keeping  the  movement 
before   the  public. 

The  Outlook 

The  religious  situation  is  full  of  promise.  The  leading  members 
of  the  middle  class  are  turning  toward  Christianity  and  are  finding 
it  a  source  of  strength  for  their  emerging  personality  and  a  broad 
foundation  for  the  new  social  life.  The  incoming  of  this  class  is 
revolutionizing  missionary  work.  There  is  a  growing  national 
consciousness.  There  is  a  deepening  sense  on  the  part  of  the  church 
leaders  that  the  church  has  a  mission  to  serve  the  nation  and  bear  a 
united  witness  for  Christ. 

CHOSEN 

Rev.   William   E.   Lampe,  Ph.D. 

A  Year  of  Disturbance 

All  Christian  missionary  work  in  Chosen  during  1919  was  pro- 
foundly affected  by  political  disturbances.  Reports  and  letters 
written  before  the  first  of  March  had  little  reference  to  the  condi- 
tions which  came  to  a  head  that  day.  It  would  seem  that  the  native 
Christians,  wishing  to  not  involve  the  foreign  missionaries,  went 
ahead  with  their  plans  without  confiding  in  the  missionaries.     The 

Chosen.  An  integral  part  of  the  Japanese  Empire.  Area  (estimated), 
84,000  square  miles.  Population  (census  of  1915),  16,278,389.  Of  these, 
about  12,000,000  are  Confucianists  and  Ancestor-worshippers,  3,000,000  arc 
Buddhists,  and  800,000  Animists  (estimated  only).  There  were  (1917), 
219,000    Protestants   and   87,000    Roman    Catholics. 


CHOSEN  39 

storm  broke  on  the  first  of  March  and  for  the  next  six  weeks  terror 
reigned. 

Causes  of  the  Uprising 

Following  a  series  of  preliminary  steps,  as  a  result  of  which  her 
hold  was  more  and  more  strengthened,  Japan  practically  annexed 
Chosen  in  August,  1910.  There  is  no  question  that  the  land  has  been 
benefited  and  all  of  the  people  have  been  greatly  helped  under 
Japanese  rule.  There  is  hardly  one  item  that  enters  into  the  physical 
welfare  of  the  people  in  which  there  has  not  been  very  commendable 
progress.  The  Koreans  claim,  however,  not  without  some  degree 
of  right,  that  moral  conditions  have  greatly  deteriorated  since  the 
advent  of  the  Japanese.  There  is  no  denying  that  Japan  has  been 
almost  ruthless  in  her  treatment  of  the  people  of  Chosen.  Possibly 
it  has  been  necessary  to  rule  with  a  firm  hand.  Japan's  military 
system,  as  it  worked  itself  out  in  Chosen,  brought  suffering  and 
wretchedness  to  the  people,  and  called  forth  expressions  of  indigna- 
tion from  the  whole  civilized  world.  There  is  no  space  in  this  brief 
review  to  give  a  bill  of  particulars,  but  the  facts  are  on  record  and 
admitted  even  by  fair-minded  Japanese. 

Manifesto  of  Independence 

A  proclamation  of  independence  in  behalf  of  the  people  of  Chosen 
was  signed  and  issued  on  March  i,  1919,  by  thirty-three  persons, 
fifteen  of  whom  were  members  of  the  native  cult  Chundo  Kyo, — 
the  Heavenly  Way  Association, — fifteen  Christians  and  three  Bud- 
dhists. The  movement  had  been  so  secretly  organized  that  even  the 
secret  police  of  the  government  did  not  know  what  was  going  to 
happen.  In  a  very  few  days  it  spread  to  all  parts  of  the  land  and 
police,  gendarmes  and  soldiers  were  called  out  to  disperse  the  crowds 
and  arrest  the  leaders.  During  the  first  few  days  no  very  rough 
methods  were  used,  but  gradually  more  and  more  brutal  methods 
were  employed.  Official  records  show  that  at  least  five  hundred 
Koreans  were  killed  and  several  thousand  wounded,  and  it  is  likely 
that  the  number  was  very  much  larger.  Scores  of  churches  were 
burned  and  more  than  half  of  all  of  the  Korean  pastors  were  thrown 
into  prison.  The  Church  is  strongest  along  the  Manchurian  border 
provinces,  and  there  are  some  thousands  of  Korean  Christians  living 
across  the  border  in  Manchuria.  Very  many  of  the  churches  of 
these  latter  were  also  destroyed. 

Intent  of  the  Japanese 

It  is  only  natural  that  the  Japanese  should  look  upon  the  Christian 
Church  in  Korea  with  somewhat  of  suspicion  and  even  with  fear.  The 
Christians  have  been  leaders  among  the  people.  The  growing  power 
of  any  organization  would  attract  the  most  careful  scrutiny  of  the 
government.  The  native  Church  took  no  part  in  the  movement  for 
independence,  but  the  pastors  and  many  of  the  Christians  did  so 
as  individuals.     Eight  years  ago  at  the  time  of  the  "conspiracy"  case, 


40  CHOSEN 

when  native  Christians  were  tortured  and  imprisoned,  the  Japanese 
seemed  bent  upon  total  extermination  of  the  Christian  Church.  The 
developments  of  the  last  few  years  and  the  treatment  of  the  Chris- 
tians in  these  last  few  months  indicate  that  the  Japanese  fear  the 
growth  of  the  Christian  Church  in  Chosen  and  would  be  very  glad 
to  uproot  it  altogether. 

Result  and  Present  Status 

The  "revolution"  has  been  conducted  without  resorting  to  the  use 
of  arms,  the  method  being  that  of  passive  resistance.  The  only 
thing  accomplished  has  been  in  whatever  impression  may  have  been 
made  upon  the  Japanese  and  the  outside  world. 

The  Japanese  Government  was  subjected  to  great  pressure  from 
the  people  of  Japan  and  other  nations.  Christians  in  America  joined 
in  the  protests  against  Japanese  rule  in  Chosen.  In  August  Admiral 
M.  Saito  succeeded  General  Hasegawa  as  the  Resident  General.  Mr, 
Saito  was  appointed  to  conduct  a  civil  and  not  a  military  administra- 
tion. Control  of  the  soldiers  and  all  authority  for  using  them  was 
taken  from  him.  He  has  begun  his  administration  in  a  very  com- 
mendable manner.  He  has  received  callers  in  civilian  dress  and 
gives  assurance  that  he  intends  to  help  the  people  of  Chosen  in  every 
possible  way. 

Effect  on  Missionary  Work 

Christian  work  has  gone  on  despite  the  interruption.  Of  course 
it  has  not  been  possible  to  hold  the  regular  services  of  worship,  nor 
to  conduct  schools  in  the  same  way  as  before.  Native  pastors  have 
been  away  from  their  flocks.  Yet  with  it  all  the  Christians  have 
manifested  a  wonderful  spirit  in  their  suffering  and  in  their  martyr- 
dom. They  have  shown  themselves  worthy  of  their  Master.  They 
are  more  highly  respected  than  ever  before  and  many  now  look  upon 
Christianity  as  their  only  hope,  if  not  in  this  world  at  least  in  the 
world  that  is  to  come. 

Bible  Study 

The  people  of  Korea  have  been  devoted  students  of  the  Bible, 
but  there  is  now  a  greater  desire  than  ever  before  to  hear  and  study 
the  Word  of  God.  They  travel  long  distances  to  attend  a  Bible 
Institute  and  after  spending  several  days  together  in  study  and 
prayer  go  away  strengthened  and  more  determined  than  ever  to 
lead  others   to   Christ. 

Sunday-school  work  too  is  progressing.  At  first  the  Sunday-school 
was  for  the  adult  Christians  and  their  children.  Now  the  so-called 
"ragged  Sunday-schools"  are  being  organized  and  a  much  larger 
number  of  children  is  being  reached. 

Self-support  and  Expansion 

The  church  in  Chosen  was  begun  on  the  principle  of  self-support. 
These  native  Christians  out  of  their  poverty  have  supported  the  work 
to  a  degree  that  is  almost  incredible.     They  are  carrying  on  home 


FRENCH  INDO-CHINO  41 

missionary  work  on  a  large  scale  and  have  sent  out  several  foreign 
missionaries. 

Christian  Work  among  the  Japanese 

The  dearth  of  workers  has  left  without  pastors  nearly  one-third 
of  the  churches  and  preaching  places  where  work  is  carried  on 
among  the  Japanese.  In  spite  of  this  fact  there  has  been  steady 
growth,  several  new  stations  have  been  opened  and  additional  work- 
ers, Japanese  and^mericans,  have  been  assigned  to  the  work  among 
the  Japanese  in  Chosen. 

FRENCH  INDO-CHINA 

Rev.   Lewis  Hodous^   D.D. 

French  Indo-China  is  one  of  the  largest  single  countries  as  yet 
practically  untouched  by  Protestant  missions.  The  country  is 
divided  into  protectorates  and  possessions.  The  protectorates  con- 
sist of  the  vassal  kingdoms  of  Annam,  Cambodia,  Tong-King  and 
Laos.  They  are  governed  technically  by  the  treaties  made  with 
France  and  according  to  these  treaties  only  the  Roman  Catholics 
have  freedom  to  promulgate  their  religion.  The  possessions  consist 
of  the  cities  of  Hamoi,  Haiphong,  Tourane  and  the  colony  of 
Cochin-China.  The  colony  is  represented  in  Parliament  by  one 
deputy.  These  are  governed  by  the  laws  of  Paris  which  allow  the 
Protestants  to  preach  their  religion. 

Occupation 

The  Christian  and  Missionary  Alliance  has  three  main  stations : 
Tourane,  in  Annam,  opened  seven  years  ago ;  Hanoi,  the  capital  of 
Tong-King,  opened  three  years  ago ;  Saigon,  in  Cochin-China,  opened 
in  1918.  There  are  two  out-stations,  Haiphong,  the  sea-port  of 
Hanoi,  and  Haichow,  a  village  near  Tourane.  The  Mission  owns 
property  at  Tourane.  Last  year  property  was  purchased  in  Hanoi 
and  the  first  building  erected.  This  gives  a  sense  of  security  and 
permanency  to  the  work. 

At  present  this  society  has  ten  missionaries  with  three  more  under 
appointment  to  go  forth  this  fall.  The  Rev.  R.  A.  Jaffray,  of  Wuchow 
in  the  province  of  Kwangsi,  is  acting  Superintendent,  making  two  or 
thr*ee  trips  a  year.  The  membership  at  present  numbers  ninety. 
Most  of  these  belong  to  the  oldest  church  at  Tourane,  which  has 
recently  become  self-supporting. 

In  Laos,  which  has  become  a  part  of  French  Indo-China,  there  are 

French  Indo-China  (not  including  Kwang-Chau-Wan).  Consists  of  one 
colony  and  four  protectorates;  total  area,  about  256,000  square  miles,  popula- 
tion (1914),  16,722,229.  French  Cochin-China,  a  direct  French  colony,  area, 
20,000  square  miles  and  a  total  population  of  3,050,785,  among  whom  are  some 
Chinese,  Indians,  and  Malays.  Annam,  protectorate,  area,  about  52,100  square 
miles,  population,  5,200,000.  Cambodia,  protectorate,  area,  45,000  square  miles, 
population,  1,634,252.  Tonking,  protectorate,  area,  46,400  square  miles,  popu- 
lation, 6,119,720.  The  Laos  Territory,  protectorate,  area,  98,000  square  miles, 
population,    640,887. 


42  INDIA 

three  workers  of  the  Swiss  Plymouth  Brethren.    They  have  two 
stations  and  about  thirty-nine  members. 

Bible  Translation 

The  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  has  helped  in  the  publishing 
and  the  distribution  of  Scriptures.  The  four  Gospels,  the  Acts  and 
the  Epistle  to  the  Romans  in  Annamese  are  now  ready.  The 
Plymouth  Brethren  have  completed  the  translatioudof  the  New  Testa- 
ment into  the  language  of  the  Laos. 

Outlook 

The  missionaries  on  the  field  are  hoping  that  necessary  permis- 
sion from  Paris  or  from  local  officials  will  be  obtained  to  enter  the 
other  parts  of  the  country  from  which  they  are  now  restricted.  In 
view  of  this  hope  the  missionaries  of  the  Christian  and  Missionary 
Alliance  are  asking  for  six  new  missionaries  a  year  so  that  at  least 
three  new  stations  may  be  opened  each  year. 


INDIA 

Prof.  John  Clark  Archer,  M.A.,  B.D. 

No  year  as  significant  as  this  has  ever  come  round  in  the  Indian 
calendar.  This  brief  record  of  it  is  arranged  under  conventional 
headings  in  an  order  suggestive  of  their  relative  importance  in  the 
mind  of  India,  and  indicative  of  the  extent  of  the  movements 
enumerated. 

The  Reform  Bill 

The  British  promise  of  August  20,  1917,  issued  ultimately  in  a 
comprehensive  scheme  of  reform  which  came  before  Parliament  last 
June  as  the  Indian  Reform  Bill,  passed  two  readings,  and  now  rests 
in  the  hands  of  a  Joint-Committee.  With  the  formulation  of  this 
definite  scheme  and  its  consideration  by  Parliament  has  come  oppor- 
tunity for  comment  and  interpretation.  The  ends  in  view  are 
self-government  for  India  within  the  Empire  and  the  union  of  India 
into  one  political  whole  as  a  nation.  These  ends  are  not  so  much  in 
dispute  as  are  the  means  of  securing  them.  Leading  Indians  insist 
that  the  experiment  should  have  to  do  not  only  with  the  Provinces 
but  with  the  Indian  Government  itself.  They  desire  for  themselves 
and  the  people,  so  they  say,  participation  at  the  very  top  as  an  in- 

India.  British  provinces  and  native  states  more  or  less  under  'British  con- 
trol, five  French  colonies  and  Portuguese  India.  Area  (including  French  India, 
196  square  miles,  and  Portuguese  India,  1,638  square  miles,  hut  not  including 
Aden),  1,804,463  square  miles.  Population,  315,9731667,  including  French 
India,  with  268,499,  Portuguese  India,  with  548,772,  and  the  colonies  and 
native  states  with  315,156,396  (census  of  1911).  Of  these,  217,586,892  were 
Hindus,  3,014,466  .Sikhs,  1,248,182  Jains,  10,721,453  Buddhists,  100,096 
Parsis,  66,647,299  Mohammedans,  20,980  Jews,  10,295,168  Animists  and 
3,876,203  Christians  (1,490,863  Roman  Catholics,  1,625,018  Protestants,  and 
732,368  members  of  various  Ea.stern  churches). 


INDIA  43 

centive  to  ambition  along  the  way.  The  Bill  and  the  Report  on 
which  it  is  based  have  furnished  much  political  capital  in  both 
England  and  India.  In  India  definite  political  parties  are  assuming 
form.  Nationalists  criticise  the  Report  as  defective — because  it  does 
not  measure  up  to  the  extreme  demands  of  the  India  National 
Congress  and  the  All-India  Moslem  League,  in  both  of  which  bodies 
social  and  personal  enmities,  ethnocentrism,  and  anti-British  senti- 
ment are  very  conspicuous.  The  Moderates  in  general  favor  the 
Report  but  are  fearful  of  the  acquisition  of  power  by  the  Extremists, 
in  whose  hands,  they  believe,  reform  might  be  a  new  form  of 
tyranny.  The  Liberals  support  the  scheme.  They  met  in  their 
first  All-India  Conference  last  October  and  declared  themselves  in 
favor  of  it  and  of  communal  representation,  thus  speaking  out,  in 
the  latter  case  particularly,  on  a  really  grave  issue. 

The  communal  method — by  caste  or  sect  rather  than  by  territorial 
arrangement — would  provide  representation  for  the  Depressed 
Classes  and  non-Brahmins,  and  for  the  Christian  community.  The 
Council  of  the  All-India  Christian  Conference  submitted  last  Novem- 
ber to  the  India  Government  a  request  for  communal  representation 
as  necessary,  at  least  pro  tempore.  Christian  representatives  to  be 
designated  either  by  election  or  by  nomination.  With  reference  to 
all  classes,  it  is  not  always  easy  to  define  "communities,"  or  to  say 
how  many  shall  be  represented. 

Special  committees  of  Parliament  have  reported  on  various  aspects 
of  the  Reform  Bill.  One,  in  favor  of  a  relaxation  of  Home  control 
over  the  India  Government,  the  India  Council  to  be  purely  advisory, 
and  the  Secretary  of  State  for  India  to  be  relieved  of  finance  by  a 
High  Commissioner.  Another,  that  women  may  not  vote.  Another 
has  inquired  into  the  administration  and  organization  of  the  Indian 
Army,  Although  the  Bill  leaves  many  things  to  be  desired,  its 
passage  will  mark  tremendous  advance  in  the  reform  of  a  "wooden 
inelastic,  and  antediluvian  Government."  Various  associations, 
parties,  and  interests  seek  modifications  and  additions,  but  in  general, 
in  so  far  as  India  is  articulate,  she  speaks  in  favor  of  the  Scheme 
and  looks  with  hopeful  expectancy  for  better  days  as  a  self-govern- 
ing nation  of  the  British  Empire.* 

Unrest  throughout  the  Country 

This  year  has  seen  more  than  "silent  revolution" :  disturbances  and 
outbreaks  have  not  been  infrequent,  particularly  in  the  Pan  jab.  Last 
March  a  conservative  Englishman,  v/ell-acquainted  with  India  and 
well-disposed  toward  her,  wrote,  "It  can  scarcely  be  doubted,  how- 
ever sadly  we  deplore  the  fact,  that  relations  between  Indians  and 
Europeans  are  at  the  moment  less  happy  than  they  have  ever  been." 


*  The  Bill  has  become  law  as  this  article  goes  to  press.  The  center  of  the 
scheme  is  a  diarchy  of  a  nominated  executive  council  and  ministers  chosen  from 
an  elected  legislative  body.  Communal  representation  is  provided  for;  and 
the  matter  of  woman  suffrage  is  left  with  the   Provincial  governments. 


44  INDIA 

The  Government  of  India  had  to  meet  political  danger  on  several 
occasions  by  a  rigorous  application  of  the  Defense  of  India  Act. 
These  "least  happy  relations,"  however,  developed  in  connection  with 
the  Rowlatt  Act  (the  Anarchical  and  Revolutionary  Crimes '  Act, 
passed  in  March  as  an  extension  of  the  purely  war-time  Defense 
Act).  All  the  Indian  members  of  the  Council  opposed  its  passage, 
and  as  law  it  aroused  immediate  protest  throughout  the  country. 
Opposition  has  seemed  to  be  directed  not  so  much  at  the  theory  of 
the  Act  as  at  the  practice  of  it,  at  "the  putting  of  such  powers  into 
the  hands  of  high-handed  executives  and  unscrupulous  police." 
Because  of  its  passage  the  Education  Member  (a  non-Brahmin 
Indian)  of  Government  resigned.  Because  of  the  "severity"  of  its 
first  application  Rabindranath  Tagore  resigned  his  knighthood. 
Criticism  has  ranged  all  the  way  from  merely  "an  extraordinary 
emergency  measure  masking  as  judicial  procedure"  to  "unworthy  of 
a  civilized  government."  At  the  instigation  of  Mr.  Gandhi  and 
under  the  auspices  of  his  Satyagraha  Sabha  April  6th  was  observed 
as  a  day  of  fasting  and  prayer  in  silent  disapproval  of  the  Act. 
This  movement  remained  in  operation  until  July.  More  violent 
protests  issued  in  mobs  of  incendiary,_  robber,  and  murderous 
character,  the  immediate  occasion  for  which,  it  is  claimed,  was  the 
Panjab  Government's  arrest  and  deportation  of  Mr.  Gandhi  who  had 
come  from  Bombay  in  behalf  of  the  Sabha.  It  is  true  the  Act  be- 
came law  at  an  unfortunate  time  when  the  Moslems  were  uneasy 
regarding  the  final  treatment  of  Turkey  and  when  the  anti-Brahmin 
movement  was  under  way  in  Madras.  In  Amritsar,  for  example, 
there  was  the  looting  of  a  bank  and  the  murder  of  its  two  English 
officials— crimes  for  which  twenty  men  suffered  capital  punishment. 
Prompt  measures  were  taken  to  suppress  all  disturbances,  and  out- 
ward quiet  was  speedily  restored.  To  meet  the  charges  of  "severity" 
the  Home  offices  have  promised  to  investigate  the  occurrences.  In 
passing  it  may  be  noted  that  Mrs.  Besant  approves  of  the  Rowlatt 
Act.  And  Har  Dyal,  once  the  center  of  anti-British  propaganda  in 
America,  now  professes  to  find  in  British  government  due  considera- 
tion for  India's  welfare. 

After  all  is  said,  however,  it  appears  that  India  looks  on  England 
more  than  ever  as  an  alien  administration.  "Dominance,"  even  "for 
India's  good,"  is  called  undemocratic.  There  is,  nevertheless,  wide- 
spread satisfaction  in  India  over  the  recent  preservation  of  her 
integrity,  and  at  the  immediate  prospect  of  opportunity  and  incentive 
toward  self-realization. 

When  the  government  of  India  was  transferred  from  the  Company 
to  the  Crown,  it  was  declared  that  "administration  was  to  be  ac- 
companied by  Ministerial  responsibility"  to  "Parliament,  to  public 
opinion,  and  to  the  Crown."  The  India  Bill  now  declares  that 
responsibility  shall  be  concerned  not  only  with  the  Indian  peoples 
also,  but  actually  devolve  upon  them.  In  this  connection  it  is  of 
interest  to  know  that  India's  two  representatives  on  the  Imperial 
War  Council  sat  also  about  the  Peace  Table,  the  Maharaja  of  Bika- 
nir  for  the  Princes,  and  Sir  S.  P.  Sinha  for  the  Government  of 


INDIA  45 

India.  Since  last  January,  the  latter  has  been  Under-Secretary  of 
State  for  India  in  the  new  Lloyd  George  cabinet — "the  most  encour- 
aging political  happening  in  the  history  of  British  rule  in  India  for 
many  a  long  year." 

Economic  Distress 

India  needs  not  only  constitutional  reform  but  contentment  and 
prosperity,  in  the  words  of  Lord  Sinha.  India,  that  is,  the  ryot,  is 
very  poor.  Economic  pressure  is  keen  and  universal;  and  many 
would  trace  recent  political  outbreaks  to  it.  "Anna-paisa"  (coins) 
conversation  still  holds  its  place  of  common  currency  in  the  bazaar. 
Only  extraordinary  circumstances  have  forced  political  issues  into  a 
place  of  primacy. 

It  has  been  a  hard  year,  distressful  beyond  words.  One  mission- 
ary says  that  "in  forty-five  years  of  service  he  has  never  known  a 
time  of  so  painful  economic  distress."  Last  July  in  all  India  there 
were  a  million  and  a  quarter  persons  on  relief  works  or  receiving 
free  assistance.  In  Bombay  alone  there  were  64,000  homeless.  The 
price  of  grains  trebled  and  quadrupled.  Seven  dollars  bought  only 
eighty  pounds  of  rice  in  Bengal.  Salt,  kerosene,  and  cloth  rose  to 
such  heights  that  a  policy  of  State  control  had  to  be  resorted  to 
under  "Defense  of  India  Rules."  Exportation  of  grain,  insufficient 
rains,  influenza,  and  some  speculation  were  added  to  war  as  funda- 
mental causes  of  the  economic  extremity..  The  Government  esti- 
mates great  shortage  of  crops  this  year,  due  to  decreased  acreage 
cultivated,  and  decreased  yield.  For  example,  this  year  compared 
with  1917-18  stands  about  as  follows :  Sesamum :  19  per  cent  less 
acreage  cultivated,  43  per  cent  less  yield;  cotton:  decrease  of  19 
per  cent  and  8  per  cent  respectively;  sugar  cane:  slight  increase  in 
acreage,  but  29  per  cent  decrease  in  raw  crop ;  wheat :  same  acreage, 
but  prospect  of  very  short  yield;  rice:  5  per  cent  and  34  per  cent 
decrease. 

Industrial  Progress 

A  new  industrial  era  is  on  for  India.  Having  been  made  more 
self-dependent  by  the  war,  she  is  competing  for  Asiatic  and  world 
trade,  now  that  the  war  is  over.  Industrial  chemistry  departments 
are  being  opened  in  leading  colleges,  e.  g,  Forman  Christian  College, 
Lahore.  More  attention  is  being  given  the  working  classes.  Last 
November,  in  Bombay,  a  Workman's  Institute  was  begun.  It  ac- 
complished much  in  the  organization  of  cooperative  credit  societies 
in  the  mills,  the  opening  of  night  schools  and  reading  rooms,  the 
management  of  sports,  and  the  provision  of  medical  relief.  During 
the  year  beginnings  were  made  in  the  organization  of  labor ;  and  the 
first  labor-union  strikes  occurred,  e.  g.,  in  Bombay,  Madras,  and 
Ahmedabad. 

An  Anglo-American  Missionary  Commission  is  studying  this  year 
methods  of  work  among  villagers.  The  India  Y.  M.  C.  A.  is  giving 
added  attention  to  rural  work,  the  organizing  of  cooperative  credit 
societies,  etc.  The  issue  of  paper  rupee-notes  continues,  and  though 
they  may  be  had  now  in  books  of  twenty-five  each  for  greater  con- 


46  INDIA 

venience  and  safety,  they  are  still  objectionable  to  the  peasant  for 
they  will  not  ring,  and  are  subject  to  destruction  by  water,  fire,  and 
mice. 

Influenza  and  Famine 

Plague  losses  were  only  about  85,700  as  compared  with  recent 
averages  of  half  a  million  deaths  yearly.  Influenza,  however,  more 
than  made  up  the  figure.  Relief  was  not  at  all  comparable  with  the 
need  caused  by  famine  and  disease.  The  Famine  Relief  Committee 
of  the  National  Missionary  Association  distributed  Rs  200,000.  Vari- 
ous home  boards  and  agencies  contributed  when  possible.  The 
American  Red  Cross  was  appealed  to,  but  could  not  offer  assistance. 
Aside  from  the  general  situation,  "thousands  of  faithful  pastors, 
preachers,  and  teachers,  with  their  interesting  families  had  hardly 
half  enough  to  eat."  For  reasons  somewhat  connected  with  the  hard 
times  certain  of  the  Kunbi  groups  of  Kathiawad  resorted  to  the  sale 
of  their  daughters.  During  last  hot  season  ten  thousand  girls  were 
married  to  the  highest  bidders,  at  about  $325  per  head.  These 
cultivators  thus  found  means  to  buy  grain  and  implements,  to  pay 
taxes,  and — doubtless  a  considerable  and  symptomatic  motive — to 
live  above  their  humble  peasant  station. 

A  decrease  in  vital  resistance  for  1918  is  reported  for  Bombay 
by  the  Anti-Tuberculosis  Association,  being  due  to  overcrowding  and 
insanitation,  the  high  cost  of  rents  and  food,  and  to  intemperance. 
By  way  of  correction  for  all  India,  the  Government  made  its  first 
grant  in  May  toward  a  public  health  fund,  and  promises  more  ade- 
quate legislation. 

The  Temperance  Movement 

The  drink  evil  has  been  further  curbed.  The  Government  of  India 
has  raised  the  duties  on  liquor  and  closed  certain  liquor  shops.  The 
Indian  rulers  of  Bhopal,  Hyderabad,  Mysore,  and  Bhavnagar  issued, 
during  the  year,  pronouncements  favoring  prohibition.  The  last- 
named  ruler  actually  abolished  a  majority  of  the  shops  in  his  domain 
as  a  step  toward  total  prohibition — progressive  action  which  makes 
his  recent  death  seem  so  untimely. 

The  Caste  System 

The  spirit  of  swift  and  radical  change  which  exists  in  India  re- 
garding administration  is  seen  also,  although  in  less  emphatic  form, 
in  matters  of  social  import.  For  example,  there  is  strenuous 
advocacy  of  wholesale  inter-caste  marriage  and  the  break-up  of  the 
joint-family  system.  Indians  are  beginning  to  realize  that  village- 
loyalty  and  caste-  (or  sect-)  loyalty  may  harmonize  only  in  one 
supreme  loyalty  to  the  nation  as  a  whole,  to  humanity,  in  fact. 
There  is  hope  that  democratic  government  will  aid  in  the  achieve- 
ment of  democratic  customs,  and  that  caste  and  karma  may  not 
prove  insuperable  barriers. 

In  South  India  caste-feeling  grew  very  intense  during  the  year. 
Non-Brahmin   effort  toward  communal   representation   has   led   to 


INDIA  47 

anti-Brahmin  demonstrations.  The  effort  is  far  more  than  political ; 
it  was  likely  forced  into  being  by  Brahmin  inertia  and  opposition  to 
social  reform.  It  has  its  organ  in  the  new  Madras  "Justice,"  but 
is  certainly  wrong  in  its  conception  of  all  non-Brahmins  as  forming 
a  "community";  and  it  is  too  pronouncedly  a  Dravidian  movement. 
Its  leader,  Dr.  T.  M.  Nair,  recently  died  suddenly  in  London,  whither 
he  had  gone  to  espouse  the  cause. 

On  the  other  hand,  new  signs  of  inter-group  fraternity  have  ap- 
peared. Sir  Sankaram  Nair  is  a  leader  of  both  Brahmins  and  non- 
Brahmins  alike  in  South  India.  Two  Indian  Christians  have  been 
elected  to  the  Madras  legislature  by  Hindu  majorities.  Caste  is  held 
in  little  esteem  by  the  Bombay  Hindu  Missionary  Society.  A  Bengal 
Vaishnavite  movement  has  started  in  the  interest  of  inter-dining  and 
inter-marriage  among  castes.  At  the  twenty-fifth  anniversary 
dinner  of  the  Madras  Hindu  Social  Reform  Association  Brahmins 
and  non-Brahmins  ate  together.  The  League  of  Liberal  Brahmins 
readmits  to  Hinduism  converts  to  non-Hindu  faiths,  and  gives  aid 
to  "untouchables."  At  Jamalpur  a  Moslem  presided  at  a  Hindu  re- 
ligious gathering  and  laid  the  foundation  stone  of  their  new  temple. 
A  Hindu  spoke  for  the  first  time  from  the  pulpit  of  the  great  Friday 
Mosque  in  Delhi,  and  Moslems  have  been  permitted  inside  Hindu 
temples  in  Bombay,  Patna,  and  elsewhere,— all  this  due,  however, 
to  the  temporary  fellow-feeling  engendered  by  anti-British  propa- 
ganda. On  the  ground  that  public  school  funds  are  for  all,  the 
governments  of  Travancore  and  Mysore  admit  Depressed  Classes  to 
the  state  schools  and  do  not  isolate  them  in  separate  institutions. 
The  Patel  Bill  (now  before  the  India  Legislative  Council)  provides 
for  inter-caste  marriages, — phenomena  which  have  been  actually 
occurring  in  all  parts  of  India. 

The  Bill  is  criticised  for  not  touching  child-marriage  and  polygamy 
and  because  it  may  lead  to  a  multiplication  of  castes  by  the  formation 
of  new  castes  from  the  progeny  of  mixed  marriages.  Christian  mis- 
sionaries and  other  progressives  favor  the  Bill  if  it  be  made  to  insist 
upon  monogamy,  civil  marriage,  and  marriages  between  different 
religions  as  well  as  castes.  Among  conservative  Hindus  their  own 
marriage-reform  is  reducing  the  cost  and  time  of  the  ceremony, — a 
community  gain,  as  well  as  religious  concession. 

Indian  Prison  Reform 

An  India  Government  Commission  is  now  in  America  investigat- 
ing prison  administration.  Which  leads  us  to  note  that  the  Govern- 
ment is  renewing  its  social  program  which  the  war  interrupted,  and 
which  includes  not  only  the  improvement  of  the  penal  system,  but 
also  the  reclamation  of  criminals,  measures  to  deal  with  charitable 
and  religious  endowments,  and  the  protection  of  the  poor  and 
ignorant  from  usurers. 

The  Indian  Syrian  Church 

^  The  ancient  Syrian  Church  of  South  India  has  awakened  to  new 
life,  "has  harmonized  its  divided  elements."    Some  30,000  members 


48  INDIA 

met  in  convention,  listened  to  Dr.  Eddy  and  others,  and  enlisted  by 
thousands  for  Christian  service.  Priests  and  Bishops  have  planned  a 
program  in  the  interest  of  the  lower  classes,  whom  they  have  so 
long  ignored.  During  the  convention  a  coolie  outcaste  was  admitted 
to  fellowship. 

Mission  Advance  and  Union;  Deaths  and  Retirements 

Protestant  missions  continue  to  baptize  converts  at  the  rate  of 
10,000  a  month,  and  that  only  a  tenth  of  the  available  number. 
Evangelistic  efforts  of  note  have  occurred  during  the  year,  some 
purely  denominational,  some  of  more  personal  character,  e.  g.,  those 
of  Tamil  David,  and  of  Sunder  Singh,  others  cooperative.  Among 
the  last  were:  the  Mission  of  Service,  under  the  leadership  of  Dr. 
Eddy  and  a  composite  party,  at  various  centers ;  a  series  of  meetings 
for  both  Christians  and  non-Christians  at  various  points  in  Calcutta. 
Other  aspects  of  union  effort  appeared  in  the  conference  (Tran- 
quebar,  May,  1919)  between  the  South  India  United  Church  and 
the  Anglican  Church  which  recommended  "that  the  S.  I.  U.  C. 
choose  men  who  should  be  ordained  by  Anglican  bishops  together 
with  ministers  representing  the  United  Church";  in  the  union  of  the 
Basel  Mission  of  Malabar  with  the  S.  I.  U.  C,  and  the  Church  of 
the  Khassia  and  Lushai  Hills  with  the  Presbyterian  Church;  in  the 
transfer  of  the  Hermannsburg  Mission  to  be  a  "mission  of  the 
Joint  Synod  (Lutheran)  of  Ohio  in  the  U.  S.  A.,"  and  the  Leipsic 
Mission  to  be  the  Swedish  Diocesan  Mission.  In  this  last  body  a 
holding  company  was  formed  and  a  movement  begun  to  organize 
a  national  Indian  Church.  The  Chhota  Nagpur  Mission  has  become 
autonomous  under  a  committee  of  the  National  Missionary  Associa- 
tion. For  the  first  time  an  Indian  presided  at  the  S.  India  Wesleyan 
Synod.  An  Indian,  Dr.  S.  K.  Datta,  has  been  elected  Principal  of 
Forman  Christian  College.  Many  Indian  Christians — seven  in  one 
party,  including  a  deacon  of  the  Syrian  Church — have  come  to 
America  for  study. 

The  list  of  deaths  includes :  the  distinguished  Maratha  poet  and 
scholar,  and  a  devoted  Christian,  Narayan  Waman  Tilak,  Rev. 
Tukaram  Nathoji,  called  "the  most  helpful  Indian  preacher  of 
Western  India,"  Bishop  Lefray  of  Calcutta,  Metropolitan  of  India,  a 
Christian  statesman  and  friend  of  India  (Dr.  Foss  Westcott  has  been 
chosen  in  his  stead).  Commander  Booth  Tucker,  acknowledged 
specialist  in  the  India  Government  on  work  among  the  criminal 
classes,  has  retired. 

Non-Christian    Religious   Movements 

In  non-Christian  India,  the  Satyagraha  Sabha  (vide  above)  was  a 
Hindu  religious  movement,  but  for  political  ends  and  to  promulgate 
Swadeshi  vows  relating  to  trade.  Its  suspension*  was  preceded  by 
the  withdrawal  of  many  leading  Indians  from  membership.  They 
were  not  quite  sure  of  its  value  as  an  instrument  of  protest,  however 
cordial  they  might  have  been  toward  Mr.  Gandhi  himself,  in  whom 

*  It  was  resumed  in  the  fall. 


INDIA  49 

the  masses  also  have  great  confidence.  Hindus  by  the  hundred 
thousand  resorted  to  Allahabad  on  the  occasion  of  the  Kumbh  Mela 
(a  once-in-twelye-years'  festival).  The  second  All-India  Cow 
Conference  met  in  Calcutta,  ostensibly  in  the  interest  of  cow  culture, 
but  a  symptom  as  well  of  an  extensive  movement  which  is  being 
organized  secretly  against  cow-killing.  It  is  a  movement  of  the 
Brahmins,  who,  unlike  the  Samurai  of  Japan,  refuse  to  renounce  any 
right  to  special  privilege.  A  chair  of  Comparative  Religion  has 
been  established  in  Calcutta  University.  An  indication  of  the  extent 
of  Hindu  charities  may  be  had  from  Bombay's  record  for  the  year : 
$8,500,000  spent  on  759  objects,  such  as  temples  ($3,500,000),  medical 
relief  ($750,000),  and  education  ($2,500,000).  A  new  phase  of  re- 
ligious sanction  for  social  reform  has  appeared  in  the  policy  of 
certain  Indians  to  reinterpret  Karma  to  fit  the  newer  needs.  In  the 
words  of  one  of  them,  "only  when  Indians  as  individuals  and  as  a 
nation  realize  the  full  significance  of  this  great  doctrine  will  India 
be  finally  purged  of  all  her  social  and  other  evils,  of  which  the 
chief  is  caste."  This  is  interesting  to  the  Christian  not  only  as  an 
effort  to  root  social  reform  within  Hinduism,  but  to  universalize 
Hinduism. 

Educational 

The  loss  of  funds  (by  the  Roman  Catholics  especially) 
occasioned  by  the  war  resulted  in  serious  impairment  of  educational 
activity.  For  example,  though  not  merely  a  question  of  funds,  one 
enemy  mission  in  Madras  had  one  college,  four  hundred  and  seventy- 
seven  schools  and  31,000  pupils.  A  pronounced  tendency  has  ap- 
peared in  certain  mission  circles  to  decline  grants-in-aid  and  thus 
avoid  state  control,  and  to  question  the  soundness  of  the  policy  of 
compulsory  religious  instruction  for  non-Christians  in  mission 
schools.  Sunday  School  teacher-training  received  further  emphasis 
by  the  holding  of  two  training  schools  under  the  auspices  of  the 
India  S.  S.  Union,  each  for  a  month's  duration. 

Another  state  Quinquennial  Report  on  Education  has  appeared. 
Three  and  two-tenths  per  cent  of  the  population  is  at  school,  and 
three  and  eight-tenths  years  is  the  average  length  of  school  life. 
Only  one  and  three  one-hundredths  per  cent  of  the  female  popula- 
tion of  India  is  at  school.  Indian  Christians  rank  no  higher 
than  third  in  regard  to  the  education  of  their  girls.  Among  civilized 
nations  India  is  in  the  fourth  class  in  secondary  education,  and  tenth 
in  primary.  Sanskrit  and  Arabic  schools  are  in  decline.  A  start- 
ling increase  is  shown  in  university  education,  sixty-one  per  cent 
more  students  than  in  the  previous  five-year  period.  There  are  seven 
hundred  and  forty-two  women  students  in  the  eight  women's 
colleges.  Fifty-one  India  Educational  Service  men  and  one  hundred 
and  seventy-nine  teachers  went  to  war. 

Education  for  Women 

There  were  thirty-eight  graduates,  including  one  woman,  at  the 
first   convocation    of    the    Benares    Hindu    University.    The    India 


50  JAPAN 

Woman's  University  had  its  first  convocation  with  one  graduate. 
For  the  first  time  a  blind  student,  prepared  at  a  school  for  the 
blind,  sat  for  entrance  into  a  Provincial  University   (Calcutta). 

Plans  are  laid  for  enlarging  Queen  Mary's  College  for  Women, 
of  Madras,  into  a  Women's  University  for  Madras.  Mysore  held 
its  first  ladies'  conference,  and  considered  among  other  things  the 
higher  education  of  women.  The  Bombay  Female  Education  Sub- 
Committee  has  offered  six  scholarships  to  women  in  Bombay  institu- 
tions. The  Maharaj  Kumar  of  Tikari  bequeathed  seven  million 
dollars  to  found  schools  in  which  girls  from  five  to  sixteen  may 
study  in  residence  according  to  modern  methods.  The  last  All- 
India  Mohammedan  Educational  Conference  did  not  discuss  the 
education  of  women.  Its  president  was  not  able  to  note  any  advance 
at  all  in  Moslem  literacy. 

The  India  Government  has  not  yet  adopted  free  and  compulsory 
primary  education.  An  increase  in  the  number  of  private  schools  is 
significant  of  dissatisfaction  with  the  official  system  of  higher  educa- 
tion. India's  woful  illiteracy  and  mass  ignorance  is  a  heavy  weight 
upon  her  political  aspirations,  and  her  leaders  are  becoming  zealous 
for  the  education  of  the  common  people.  It  was  primary  education 
especially  which  suffered  from  the  influenza,  almost  all  of  the 
Baroda  schools,  for  example,  were  closed  from  two  to  six  months. 

India  and  the  War 

It  may  be  of  interest  to  include  within  this  arbitrary  selection  of 
data  some  facts  regarding  India's  war  personnel.  The  total  was 
1,457,000.  There  were  552,000  combatants  and  391,000  non-com- 
batants over  seas;  and  433,000  combatants  and  81,000  non-com- 
batants at  home.  The  106,594  casualties  included  36,696  deaths. 
Of  the  hundred  and  twenty-five  Indian  students  in  the  United  States, 
some  twenty  were  in  the  U.  S.  military  service,  a  number  as  com- 
missioned officers. 

Indirect  results  of  the  war  are  illustrated  by  events  bringing  India 
into  closer  communication  with  the  rest  of  the  world.  An  air  flight 
of  nearly  6,000  miles  was  made  from  Ipswich  to  Karachi  in  seventy- 
three  hours.  The  plan  is  under  way  for  a  rail  line  to  India  across 
her  northwest  frontier. 

JAPAN 

Rev.  William   E.   Lampe,  Ph.D. 

Japan  and  the  Close  of  the  World- War 

The  opening  of  the  year  1919  found  the  Japanese  bewildered 
and  confused.  The  Armistice  had  been  signed  and  the  Peace  Con- 
ference was  about  to  open.  Japan,  a  non-Christian  nation,  was  to 
sit  at  the  peace  table  as  one  of  the  five  great  powers  to  adjust  the 

Japan.  Limited  Monarchy.  Area,  148,756  square  miles.  Population  (1916), 
56,860,735.  There  is  no  state  religion  and  entire  religious  freedom  prevails. 
Shintoism   and   P>uddhism   are  the  prevailing  religions. 


JAPAN  51 

affairs  of  the  nations  in  the  new  world.  The  position  of  Japan  was 
one  of  not  only  tremendous  responsibility  but  also  of  stupendous 
difficulties.  No  other  one  of  the  five  nations  was  less  prepared 
and  ready  to  face  the  great  issues.  Was  Japan  willing  to  enter  a 
League  of  Nations, — and  who  knew  what  form  of  league  might  be 
proposed?  What  would  be  expected  of  Japan  as  the  dominating 
political  force  in  the  Orient?  In  how  far  would  the  principle  of 
"self-determination"  affect  Japan?  What  would  be  the  attitude  of 
the  other  nations  in  the  matter  of  Japan's  relations  to  China,  and 
possibly^  even  to  Korea?  Would  the  Peace  Conference  make  a 
declaration  of  race  equality,  and  if  not  would  the  Japanese  protest 
and  threaten  to  leave  the  Conference? 

Relations  with  China 

The  relations  between  Japan  and  China  have  been  strained  for 
many  years.  At  the  end  of  the  war  China  insisted  that  Japan  with- 
draw from  Shantung  and  surrender  all  territory,  rights  and  priv- 
ileges which  Japan  had  taken  or  assumed  after  driving  out  the 
Germans  in  1914.  Japan's  unwillingness  to  do  this  and  the  declina- 
tion of  the  other  Allies  to  compel  her  to  do  so,  led  China  to  refuse 
to  sign  the  treaty  of  peace.  The  effect  of  this  is  far-reaching.  To 
say  the  least  it  has  embarrassed  Japan.  On  her  decision  in  this 
matter  may  rest  not  only  the  future  peace  of  the  Orient,  but  also 
her  policy  as  to  international  brotherhood. 

The  Uprising  in  Chosen 

Chosen  has  been,  since  1910,  a  part  of  Japan.  On  March  i,  1919, 
a  manifesto  of  independence  was  issued  by  the  Koreans.  Within 
a  few  weeks  several  thousand  Koreans  were  killed  and  thousands 
more,  including  the  majority  of  the  Christian  pastors,  were  thrown 
into  prison.  Scores  of  churches  were  burned.  Representatives  of 
Chosen  made  an  appeal  to  the  Peace  Conference  that  was  not  recog- 
nized. It  is  to  the  credit  of  Christians  in  Japan  that  the  Federation 
of  Japanese  Churches  sent  a  deputation  to  Chosen  to  investigate  and 
that  the  Japanese  Christians  spoke  in  open  condemnation  of  the 
wrongdoing  of  their  countrymen  and  of  their  own  government  in 
Chosen.  The  demand  of  the  Christians  reenforced  the  demand  of 
other  high-minded  Japanese  for  improvement  in  the  administration 
of  Chosen,  and  was  productive  of  immediate  and  good  results. 

Japan  and  America 

There  is  no  disguising  the  fact  that  there  is  bitter  feeling  toward 
America  on  the  part  of  a  section  of  the  Japanese  people  and  that 
there  is  strong  antipathy  to  the  Japanese  in  certain  influential  circles 
in  the  United  States.  There  is  no  need  to  state  the  causes  for  this 
feeling,  but  it  is  well  to  call  attention  to  it,  for  it  has  an  important 
bearing  upon  missionary  work.  More  than  three-fourths  of  all  the 
missionaries  in  Japan  are  from  the  United  States.  Missionaries  are 
just  now  being  looked  upon  with  somewhat  of  suspicion  and  distrust, 


52  JAPAN 

but  let  us  hope  that  this  is  only  temporary.  The  Japanese  may  not 
know  and  some  of  them  might  be  unwilling  to  admit  the  fact,  but  the 
Christian  missionaries  are  Japan's  best  friends  and  are  rendering 
her  invaluable  service  in  maintaining  cordial  relations  between  Japan 
and  other  nations. 

World's  Sunday  School  Association 

The  holding  of  the  next  World's  Sunday  School  Convention  in 
Tokyo  in  October,  1920,  affords  a  most  excellent  opportunity  to  the 
Japanese  and  to  the  many  Christian  workers  from  other  lands  who 
will  go  to  Japan  for  the  Convention,  to  demonstrate  the  spirit  of  a 
Christian  world  brotherhood.  The  Convention  may  prove  of  great 
help  to  all  missionary  work  in  the  Orient. 

Democracy 

The  victory  of  the  Allies  was  quite  generally  regarded  in  Japan 
as  the  triumph  of  democracy.  Although  Japan  has  had  a  constitu- 
tion and  good  government,  the  very  limited  suffrage  (two  and  six- 
tenths  per  cent  of  the  population),  the  clan  control,  the  ascendancy 
of  the  military  party,  the  muzzling  of  the  press  and  check  upon  free 
speech,  and  the  fear  of  Christians  that  they  should  be  regarded  as 
lacking  in  patriotism,  have  suppressed  the  people.  They  rejoice  that 
the  end  of  militarism  in  Japan  has  come.  "Democracy,"  without 
translation,    is  a  very  popular   word. 

Ex-Minister  Ozaki,  the  most  progressive  leader  in  Japan,  said 
recently,  "I  wish  that  you,  young  men  of  Japan,  as  well  as  all 
foreigners,  would  fairly  understand  the  fact  that  Japan  was  origi- 
nally a  democratic  nation.  Japan  has  been  practically  Germanized 
in  the  last  few  decades  and  all  that  has  been  spoken  or  done  by 
the  militarists  in  this  country,  like  Count  Terauchi,  ex-Premier,  are 
as  the  Germans  would  have  often  spoken  and  done." 

Interpreters  of  Democracy 

Early  in  1919  the  Japanese  Federation  of  Churches  issued  a  strik- 
ing Declaration  in  which  the  statement  was  made  that  the  victory  in 
war  was  the  victory  of  democracy,  based  upon  international  right- 
eousness and  justice,  principles  which  Christianity  has  always  up- 
held. The  Declaration  named  five  points  as  the  fundamentals  of 
democracy  which  need  special  emphasis  at  this  time. 

Christian  Education 

Christian  schools  have  made  real  progress  during  the  past  year. 
The  influence  of  the  schools  is  increasing.  Large  gifts  were  made 
by  Japanese,  many  of  them  not  Christians,  for  the  promotion  of 
Christian   Education. 

The  new  Woman's  Christian  College,  a  union  institution  in  which 
six  Mission  Boards  are  cooperating,  has  completed  the  first  year  of 
its  work  and  has  met  with  a  success  which  surpasses  the  expectations 


JAPAN  53 

of  its  founders.  Nearly  150  students  were  enrolled.  Over  half  of 
the  students  are  professing  Christians.  Almost  all  of  the  members  of 
the  faculty  are  Christians  and  there  is  no  one  connected  with  the 
teaching  staff  who  is  not  friendly  to  the  Christian  ideals  for  which 
the  institution   stands. 

Government  Ordinances  for  Higher  Education 

The  promulgation  of  the  University  and  High  School  (Koto 
Gakko)  Ordinances  in  December,  1918,  has  a  great  bearing  upon 
the  problems  of  Christian  schools  in  Japan.  The  number  of  years 
of  the  courses  of  the  several  grades  of  schools  has  been  changed. 
There  have  been  thus  far  few  schools  above  the  Middle  School  grade 
under  Christian  auspices,  but  several  High  Schools  (the  equivalent 
of  smaller  colleges  in  America)  have  been  established.  Henceforth 
such  institutions  must  be  well  provided  with  general  equipment  and 
a  qualified  faculty  and  must  also  have  an  endowment  of  at  least 
yen  500,000  ($250,000)  in  the  form  of  cash,  national  bonds  or  such 
bonds  as  are  approved  by  the  Minister  of  Education. 

The  Church 

There  was  not  a  large  increase  in  baptisms  or  accessions  to  the 
Church  during  1919.  One  reason  for  this  is  that  for  several  years 
there  has  been  unusually  aggressive  opposition  toward  Christianity. 
Some  at  least  of  the  causes  of  this  opposition  have  already  disap- 
peared. The  victory  of  the  Allies  greatly  enhanced  the  prestige  of 
Christianity  in  the  eyes  of  the  Japanese. 

Evangelistic  work  has  been  carried  on  vigorously.  Mr.  Kanamori 
has  conducted  strenuous _  campaigns  and  many  thousands  of  his 
hearers  enrolled  as  "deciders"  for  Christianity.  There  are  many 
indications  that  the  time  is  ripe  for  a  great  harvest. 

The  middle  class,  which  has  been  the  main  support  of  the  Church, 
is  being  crushed  by  the  high  cost  of  living.  Prices  have  gone  up  and 
unless  salaries  soon  follow  Christian  work  may  suffer. 

Social  Service 

Christian  missionaries  have  been  recently  deeply  impressed  by  the 
call  to  social  service.  Japan  has  been  an  agricultural  nation,  but  a 
wave  of  industrialism  has  been  sweeping  over  the  land  and  has 
brought  new  and  in  some  respects  pitiable  conditions.  The  number 
of  industrial  workers  increased  nearly  fifty  per  cent  during  the  four 
years  of  the  war.  More  than  half  of  the  employees  in  the  private 
factories  of  Japan  are  women,  and  the  majority  of  them. are  under 
twenty  years  of  age.  Christians  are  now  strongly  agitating  the  mak- 
ing of  Sunday  a  rest-day  for  laborers. 

The  Future 

Japan  must  be  speedily  evangelized,  for  her  own  sake  and  that  of 
all  Asia.     Deputations  have  been  in  Japan  in  1919  and  surveys  are 


54  MALAYSIA 

being  made  to  determine  the  needs  in  men  and  money  that  Japan 
may  be  evangelized. 

The  missionaries  are  calling  loudly  for  reenforcements.  The 
Japanese  Christians  are  emphatic  in  their  appeals  for  more  workers 
from  America. 

There  never  was  a  time  in  missionary  history  when  Japan  was  so 
open  to  hear  the  message  of  Christianity. 

MALAYSIA 

Rev.  John  R.  Denyes^  D.D. 

The  term,  Malaysia,  properly  includes  the  Malay  Peninsula  and  the 
whole  of  the  archipelago  occupied  by  the  Malay  race.  But  for  the 
purposes  of  this  report  the  name  is  restricted  to  the  lower,  or 
British,  part  of  the  Peninsula  and  the  British  part  of  Borneo.  The 
upper  part  of  the  Peninsula  belongs  with  Siam  and  the  remaining 
part  of  the  island  world  is  covered  by  the  report  of  the  Netherlands 
East  Indies. 

Political  and  Social  Matters 

This  part  of  the  world  did  not  figure  much  in  the  war  telegrams, 
yet  it  felt  the  effects  of  the  war.  As  the  country  grows  most  of  its 
own  food,  there  was  little  hardship  during  the  first  two  years  of  the 
struggle.  But  as  this  is  the  great  tin  and  rubber  producing  part  of 
the  world,  the  commercial  life  of  the  country  depends  upon  the 
shipping.  By  the  beginning  of  1918  the  number  of  ships  com- 
mandeered by  the  government  made  it  impossible  to  dispose  of  the 
large  stocks  of  tin  and  rubber,  and  prices,  especially  of  rubber, 
dropped  fifty  per  cent.  Government  work  on  buildings  and  railway 
construction  was  stopped  by  the  lack  of  material.  Business  was 
pretty  much  at  a  standstill.  With  the  coming  of  the  armistice  and 
the  loosening  of  the  regulations  on  shipping  has  come  a  rapid  return 
of  prosperity.  All  this  has  its  direct  relation  to  mission  work,  for 
much  of  the  work  in  British  Malaysia  is  self-supporting  educational 
work,  and  progress  depends  somewhat  upon  commercial  conditions. 

Near  the  close  of  the  year  1917  the  government  railway  was  com- 
pleted from  Penang  on  the  west  side  of  the  Peninsula  to  connect 
with  the  railway  system  of  Siam.     This  makes  it  possible  to  travel 

British  Malaysia.  Including  the  Straits  Settlements  (British  Crown  Colony), 
the  Federated  Malay  States  (British  Protectorate),  and  Non-Federated  States 
(British  Protectorates,  except  Johore,  which  is  an  independent  Malay  state  within 
the  British  sphere  of  influence,  accepting  a  British  advisor).  Area,  51,592 
square  miles  (approximate).  Population,  2,659,525.  Of  these,  1,016,326  are 
Malays,  958,266  are  Chinese,  274,984  natives  of  India,  and  14,878  are  Siamese. 
Mohammedanism  and   Buddhism  are  the  prevailing  religions. 

British  North  Borneo.  Under  the  British  North  ]^.orneo  Company.  Area, 
about  31,106  square  miles.  Population  (191 1  census),  208,825,  including 
26,002  Chinese,  1,612  Malays,  5,511  East  Indians,  5,700  Filipinos,  and  170,000 
aborigines. 

Brunei.  British  Protectorate.  Area,  about  4,000  square  miles.  Population 
(estimated),  30,000. 

Sarawak.  British  Protectorate.  Area,  about  42,000  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion   (estimated),  600,000. 


MALAYSIA  55 

by  rail  all  the  way  from  Singapore  to  Bangkok,  Siam,  a  three  day 
journey.  The  coming  of  this  railway  opens  to  settlement  millions  of 
acres  of  extremely  fertile  land  where  now  there  are  scarcely  any 
people  at  all ;  and  also  opens  up  great  stretches  of  tin-bearing  terri- 
tory as  yet  scarcely  explored.  As  this  section  of  the  Peninsula 
becomes  settled  the  trade  will  naturally  flow  down  towards  Penang, 
for  the  railway  shortens  the  journey  from  Europe  for  passengers 
and  freight  by  seven  days  or  more. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  war  the  fear  of  complications  led  to  the 
stopping  of  immigration  and  the  repatriation  of  many  thousands  of 
Chinese  and  Indian  laborers.  But  as  the  prospects  of  trouble  de- 
creased the  bars  were  lifted  and  the  stream  has  turned  to  its  old 
channel  again.  More  than  a  hundred  thousand  Indians,  mostly 
Tamils  from  south  India,  and  a  quarter  of  a  million  Chinese  find 
their  way  to  Malaysia  every  year. 

Public  Morals 

It  is  a  matter  of  regret  that  the  government  of  British  Malaysia 
has  not  yet  seen  its  way  clear  to  the  prohibition  of  the  opium  traffic. 
This  is  here  a  government  monopoly.  Out  of  a  total  revenue  for  the 
Straits  Settlements  of  more  than  nineteen  millions  of  Straits  dollars, 
three-fourths  is  derived  from  licenses  and  excise.  Opium  sales 
realized  nearly  thirteen  million  dollars ;  the  revenue  from  liquors 
nearly  two  and  a  half  millions,  and  from  tobacco  over  one  million. 

The  Chinese  business  men  in  Malaysia  make  money  easily,  and 
there  is  a  strong  tendency  to  copy  not  only  the  clothes  and  houses, 
but  also  the  vices  of  the  Europeans.  The  country  is  being  flooded 
with  cheap,  poisonous  liquor  made  in  China  and  drunkenness  is  on 
the  increase.  There  has  been  a  marked  increase  in  insanity  as  a 
result  of  alcoholism.  Also  the  Indian  coolie  has  brought  with  him 
his  toddy-drinking  habit,  and  the  larger  wages  lead  to  excessive 
drinking.  The  planters,  doctors,  and  Churches  continue  to  protest, 
but  toddy-drinking  is  on  the  increase. 

The  Mission  Problem 

The  mission  problem  here  is  three-fold :  that  of  reaching  the 
aborigines,  the  Mohammedan  Malays,  and  the  immigrants  from 
India  and  China. 

The  Anglican  mission  in  Sarawak,  Borneo,  is  doing  evangelistic 
work  among  the  Dyak  head-hunters.  They  occupy  four  or  five  of 
the  principal  valleys  of  Sarawak,  and  som-e  three  thousand  of  the 
Dyaks  have  been  won  to  Christianity.  Through  its  industrial  colony 
in  Sarawak  the  Methodists  have  also  come  into  contact  with  the 
Dyaks  and  are  making  a  beginning  of  work  among  them.  The 
Anglicans  have  had  some  little  success  also  among  the  tribes  of 
British  North  Borneo. 

For  the  million  and  a  half  of  the  Mohammedan  Malays  of  the 
Straits  Settlements  and  the  Native  Malay  States  practically  no 
religious  work  is  being  done.  The  Anglicans  have  a  small  hospital 
for  women  at  Malacca,  and  the  Methodists   have  two   small   day 


56  NETHERLANDS  EAST  INDIES 

schools  for  Malay  girls  in  Singapore.  There  is  freedom  to  work 
among  the  Moslems  in  the  Straits  Settlements,  but  there  would  be 
opposition  in  the  Native  States,  where  the  government  is  nominally 
under  Mohammedan  Sultans. 

The  work  among  the  immigrants  from  India  and  China  is  largely 
that  of  evangelism  through  education.  The  reason  is  that  the 
demand  for  English  education  is  so  great  that  it  is  possible  to  con- 
duct large  educational  work  on  a  self-supporting  basis.  The 
policy  which  lies  behind  is  that  of  providing  Christian  leadership  for 
the  multitudes  which  will  shortly  occupy  this  fertile  land.  About  ten 
thousand  boys  and  girls  are  now  in  Protestant  mission  schools.  Of 
these  about  ninety  per  cent  are  Chinese  and  Indians. 

Two  years  ago  a  large  amount  of  money  was  pledged  by  the 
wealthy  Chinese  of  Singapore  and  the  Peninsula  for  the  establishing 
of  a  Alethodist  University  at  Singapore.  But  for  a  year  the  project 
has  been  held  up  pending  the  formulation  of  plans  by  the  government 
regarding  higher  education. 

Industrial  Colonies 

For  fifteen  years  the  Methodists  have  had  in  successful  operation 
two  Chinese  industrial  colonies,  one  in  Sarawak  and  the  other  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Peninsula.  In  each  case  a  small  group  of  Chinese 
Christians  were  brought  down  from  China  and  given  small  grants 
of  land  by  the  government.  These  colonies  have  grown  till  there 
are  several  thousand  people  in  each  colony.  Schools  and  churches 
are  flourishing,  and  the  people  are  becoming  well-to-do.  The  pur- 
pose of  these  colonies  is,  first,  to  provide  homes  for  Christian  people 
who  are  living  on  a  low  economic  plane  in  China ;  and  second,  to 
form  a  Christian  nucleus  for  the  coming  civilization.  Financially 
and  religiously  these  colonies  are  proving  a  great  success.  Two 
other  colonies  have  recently  been  started  on  the  Peninsula. 

The  Centenary 

Under  the  impulse  of  the  Centenary  the  Methodists  plan  to  extend 
their  Anglo-Chinese  school  system  along  the  lines  of  the  nev^  rail- 
ways, especially  in  the  unoccupied  territory  on  the  eastern  side  of 
the  Peninsula  and  up  towards  Siam ;  and  through  evangelistic  mis- 
sionaries carry  on  a  more  intensive  follow-up  campaign  among  the 
school  constituencies. 

NETHERLANDS  EAST  INDIES 

The  American  business  man  has  just  discovered  the  Dutch  East 


Netiieri.ands  East  Indies.  Dutch  Colonies  and  subject  native  states.  Total 
area,  about  735,000  square  miles,  population  (official  estimate,  December,  1917), 
47,000,000.  The  larger  islands  are  Java  (and  Madura),  area,  so.557  square 
miles,  population,  34,157,383;  Sumatra  area,  159,739  square  miles,  population, 
5,027,073;  Borneo,  212,737  square  miles,  population,  941,4.19;  Celebes,  area, 
72,070  square  miles,  population,  3,094,074.  "The  bulk  of  the  natives  are 
Mohammedans;  there  are  also  some  millions  of  converted  Cliristians  and 
Animists,  and  a  small  number  of  Buddhists."  Entire  religious  liberty  is 
granted. 


NETHERLANDS  EAST  INDIES  57 

Indies.  A  recent  trade  paper  says,  "The  combination  of  complete 
safety  and  a  friendly  welcome  and  an  unlimited  opportunity  and 
protection  by  a  strong  and  liberal  government  is  not  to  be  found  at 
every  turn.  Also,  when  it  is  to  be  had  it  calls  for  prompt  action 
over  here.  The  Dutch  East  Indies  offers  just  that  combination  of 
conditions." 

The  submarine  warfare  forced  the  Dutch  companies  to  transfer 
their  steamers  from  the  Holland-India  route  and  to  begin  regular 
runs  between  Java  and  San  Francisco.  This  led  to  an  enormous 
increase  in  the  trade  between  this  country  and  the  East  Indies.  The 
embargo  by  this  country  on  the  exportation  of  many  lines  of  goods 
hindered  a  free  exchange,  yet  one-fourth  of  their  exports  are  now 
billed  to  America.  Their  exports  to  this  country  have  grown  from 
$6,000,000,  in  1913  to  $80,000,000,  in  1918.  Their  imports  from  the 
United  States  were  $2,769,000,  in  1915.    In  1918  they  were  $19,778,000. 

The  Dutch  Colonial  Government  is  so  desirous  of  continuing  this 
trade  which  the  war  has  started  that  they  have  sent  one  of  their 
foremost  bankers  here  as  a  special  commissioner  to  awaken  Ameri- 
can business  men  to  the  opportunity  offered  by  the  fifty  million 
people  of  their  islands. 

The  People 

In  the  Dutch  East  Indies  there  are  three  classes  of  people,  apart 
from  the  Europeans.  These  are,  the  uncivilized  tribes  living  in  the 
interior  of  the  islands,  Borneo,  Sumatra,  and  Celebes,  and  the  smaller 
islands.  These  folks  are  mostly  pagan  and  include  the  head-hunters 
and  tribes  more  or  less  cannibal.  Then  there  are  the  forty  millions 
of  Mohammedans,  of  whom  thirty-five  millions  live  in  the  island  of 
Java,  and  the  rest  all  about  the  coast  regions  of  the  other  islands. 
The  other  class  would  include  more  or  less  of  a  million  Chinese 
living  in  the  cities  and  towns. 

Religious  Movements 

Much  is  said  of  the  mass  movements  of  Asiatic  countries,  but 
few  realize  that  in  the  Dutch  islands  have  been  some  of  the  largest 
religious  movements  of  modern  times.  In  the  north  of  Celebes  and 
the  adjacent  islands  some  400,000  of  the  native  tribes  have  come  over 
from  heathenism.  In  north  Sumatra  a  hundred  thousand  cannibals 
have  been  won  to  Christ.  And  in  Java  thirty  thousand  Mohamme- 
dans have  embraced  our  faith.  This  is  the  largest  group  of  Moslems 
ever  brought  into  the  Christian  Church. 

Missionary  Societies 

There  are  two  German  and  ten  Dutch  Societies  working  in  this 
field.  The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  established  here  in  1905, 
and  the  Seventh-Day  Adventists  are  the  only  American  Societies 
in  the  Dutch  Islands. 

Holland  being  neutral  during  the  war,  the  work  of  the  German 
societies  was  not  interfered  with  by  the  government,  though  they 
suffered  greatly  from  lack  of  funds.     Recent  reports  indicate  that 


58  NETHERLANDS  EAST  INDIES 

the  Missionary  Societies  in  Germany  have  been   revived  and  that 
they  will  carry  on  their  work  as  before  the  war. 

Moral  Issues 

Under  pressure  of  awakened  public  sentiment  the  Government 
has  recently  restricted  the  licensing  of  public  gambling  houses  in 
North  Sumatra  and  West  Borneo.  But  public  lotteries  are  still 
among  the  sources  of  public  revenue  in  the  Dutch  East  Indies,  and 
Roman  Catholics  and  State  Churches  employ  lotteries  for  raising 
building  funds. 

The  report  of  a  recent  conference  says,  "The  extent  to  which 
drink  is  increasing  among  the  native  peoples  of  this  archipelago 
warns  us  that  something  radical  must  be  done.  It  would  be  a  matter 
of  shame  if,  under  the  aegis  of  a  Christian  government,  a  Moslem 
people  should  be  led  to  drunkenness."  It  also  adds,  "The  loose 
public  sentiment  on  marriage  and  divorce  is  alarming  in  the  extreme. 
That  the  evil  of  illegal  cohabitation  of  Europeans  throughout  this 
archipelago  is  so  prevalent  is  a  shame  and  disgrace  to  so-called 
civilization." 

Mohammedan  Work 

Just  prior  to  and  at  the  opening  of  the  war  a  religio-political 
society  called  Sarikat  Islam,  spread  over  the  whole  archipelago.  In 
a  few  months  it  claimed  a  membership  of  hundreds  of  thousands. 
It  was  the  conviction  of  the  Mohammedans  that  Germany  would 
win,  and  that  through  her  help  Turkey  would  become  a  world  power, 
and  the  Moslems  would  dominate  the  Mohammedan  countries. 
There  was  a  good  deal  of  restlessness  among  the  people.  But  when 
it  seemed  that  Germany  had  lost,  there  was  dismay.  "Now  certain 
Moslems  are  saying  that  there  is  to  be  a  great  conflict  between  Satan 
and  the  representative  of  Islam,  with  the  victory  for  Satan.  The 
Lord  Jesus  is  then  to  come  and  conquer  Satan,  whereupon  all 
Mohammedans  will  become  Christians." 

While  the  time  seems  ripe  for  a  great  religious  movement,  yet 
the  fact  remains  that  Islam  is  steadily  and  rapidly  winning  tens  of 
thousands  over  from  paganism  to  Mohammedanism.  The  coast 
regions  of  all  the  islands  are  Moslem  already,  and  the  faith  of 
Islam  is  rapidly  penetrating  to  all  the  tribes  of  the  interior.  Within 
a  generation  at  least  five  millions  of  these  now  pagans  will  pass 
over  to  Christianity  or  Mohammedanism. 

The  movements  of  Mohammedans  towards  Christianity  in  Java 
and  Sumatra  in  the  past  have  been  largely  the  result  of  the  earnest 
consecration  of  a  single  person  or  a  small  group  of  persons  who 
in.spired  faith.  Large  numbers  were  brought  in,  and  then  the  move- 
ment slowly  came  to  a  standstill  for  lack  of  men  and  money  to  carry 
it  forward.  There  is  need  of  a  systematic,  extensive,  and  prolonged 
campaign. 

Educational    Policies 

Twenty  years  ago  the  Chinese  of  Java  organized  a  society  called 
Tiong  Hwa  Hwe  Koan,  which  undertook  to  provide  education  for 


SIAM  59 

the  Chinese  boys  and  girls  in  Chinese  and  English.  More  than  a 
hundred  schools  were  started.  In  the  course  of  a  few  years  they 
realized  that  cheap  teachers  picked  up  at  random  were  not  satisfac- 
tory. This  led  them  to  invite  the  Methodist  Mission  to  provide  them 
with  missionary  teachers.  For  the  past  ten  years  various  schools 
in  Java  and  Banka  have  been  in  charge  of  missionaries. 

This  demand  of  the  Chinese  for  European  education  and  the 
profound  impression  made  all  over  the  East  by  the  American  experi- 
ment in  the  Philippines  has  led  the  Dutch  colonial  government  to 
undertake  on  a  fairly  extensive  scale-  the  teaching  of  Dutch  to  the 
Chinese  and  natives.  This  policy  promises  to  become  permanent, 
and  will  probably  be  greatly  extended.  Hitherto  the  policy  has  been 
to  teach  two  languages  in  all  native  schools,  making  in  each  case  the 
local  vernacular  primary  and  the  Malay  always  the  secondary.  This 
policy  has  led  to  the  making  of  Malay  the  common  language  of  all 
the  peoples. 

Results  of  the  Methodist  Centenary  for  Java 

Now  that  the  Centenary  has  passed  from  dream  to  reality  and  the 
funds  have  actually  been  pledged,  it  is  possible  to  forecast  the  pro- 
gram of  the  Methodist  work  in  the  Netherlands  Indies.  This  will 
include  the  clearing  of  all  debts  now  on  property,  the  erection  of 
eight  or  ten  hospitals  and  equipping  them  with  suitable  staff,  the 
housing  of  the  Chinese  day  and  boarding  school  at  Buitenzorg,  the 
opening  of  scores  of  village  schools,  the  building  of  a  Bible-Training 
School  for  preachers  and  teachers,  and  the  sending  out  of  a  goodly 
number  of  evangelistic  missionaries.  It  is  purposed  to  undertake  a 
systematic  forward  movement  for  reaching  the  Mohammedans.  In 
connection  with  each  hospital  will  be  placed  evangelistic  missionaries 
who  will  follow  up  the  medical  cases  and  will  establish  and  super- 
vise a  large  number  of  village  schools. 

SIAM 

Rev.   Hugh   Taylor,   D.D. 

The  Presbyterian  Church  has  been  conducting  two  Missions  for 
Siam :  one  for  the  Siamese  proper  and  one  for  the  Laos  tribes  of 
the  North.  As  these  two  peoples  are  gradually  being  absorbed  into 
one  homogeneous  whole  the  two  Missions  are  looking  forward  to 
uniting  into  one.  One  Mission  Press  has  been  eliminated  and  now 
the  other  does  the  work  of  both.  The  same  can  be  said  with  regard 
to  the  management  of  the  financial  side  of  the  work:  one  treasurer 
serves  both  Missions.  A  Joint  Council  sits  on  matters  of  common 
interest  to  both. 

A  Changing  Buddhism 

The  very  considerable  effort  being  made,  by  the  highest  authorities 


Siam.     Limited    Monarchy.     Area,    about    195,000    square    miles.      Population 
(1915-1916),   8,819,686.     The   prevailing   religion   is   Buddhism. 


6o  SIAM 

in  Church  and  State,  to  create  a  distinct  revival  of  Buddhism,  the 
State  religion,  is  being  carried  on  in  several  ways,  the  most  important 
of  which  is  by  infusing  into  the  faith  that  which  it  lacks  to  make  it  a 
vital  religion.  Hymns  of  praise  and  devotion,  in  which  the  as- 
sembled people  can  join,  are  being  introduced.  Some  of  these  hymns 
are  taken  from  the  Christian  collection,  changing  only  the  names  of 
God  and  Christ  to  that  of  Buddah.  He  has  been  given  the  title 
"Father"  and  the  people  taught  to  say  "Our  Father  Buddah."  "The 
Holy  Buddhist  Trinity"  is  another  idea  proclaimed.  The  war 
brought  out  the  need  for  aid  from  a  personal  power,  so  public 
prayers  were  addressed  to  Buddah  and  the  Royal  Ancestors,  and, 
when  the  armistice  was  signed,  praise  and  thanksgiving  were 
rendered  to  these  for  their  active  service  in  giving  the  victory. 
These  startling  innovations  make  the  devout  Buddhist  think.  The 
inquiring  mind  seeking  for  the  source  finds  it  of  course  in  the  Prot- 
estant and  Roman  Catholic  forms  of  Christianity.  Some  of  the  most 
advanced  thinkers  have  come  to  believe  that  Jesus  Christ  is  the 
Buddhist  Messiah  for  whose  advent  they  have  been  accustomed  to 
pray  in  the  longing  wish  thrown  out  into  the  infinite  void,  "Oh ! 
That  I  might  live  to  see  the  face  of  Phra  Allenyamatai." 

Development  of  Christianity 

There  have  been  no  spectacular  developments  in  the  Christian 
Church.  A  steady,  though  slow,  growth  has  for  many  years  marked 
the  progress  of  Mission  work  in  Siam.  Attainments  in  Christian  life 
of  the  converts  have  reached  higher  levels  nearer  the  ideal.  Defec- 
tions from  the  faith,  always  grievous  to  those  who  shepherd  the 
flock,  have  been  few. 

Education 

Having  a  learned  king  is  telling  wonderfully  on  the  progress  of 
education  in  Siam.  Of  recent  years  there  has  been  an  entire  re- 
vision of  the  whole  educational  system,  and  the  effect  of  it  is  now 
reaching  to  the  utmost  borders  of  the  land.  It  is  probably  safe  to 
say  that  there  is  not  a  school  in  the  country,  Government  or  Mission, 
that  does  not  conform  to  the  standards  set  by  the  public  schools  and 
take  the  general  examinations. 
_  A  matter  to  be  noted  is  that  the  schools  of  the  South  Siam  Mis- 
sion are  self-supporting  while  those  of  the  North  Siam  Amission  are 
not.  The  former  have  prospered  and  been  able  to  expand  their  work 
these  war  times.  The  latter  have  had  to  curtail  their  work  to  the 
amount  that  they  have  lost  out  on  assistance  from  America.  The 
self-supporting  Mission  school,  catering  to  the  class  of  people  who 
are  able  to  pay  the  bills,  charges  a  sum  that  is  in  excess  of  the  entire 
family  income  of  a  vast  majority  of  the  Northern  Christians.  The 
highest  school  in  the  North,  Prince  Royal's  College,  was  compelled 
to  cut  out  some  of  its  classes  for  lack  of  funds;  while  the  Bangkok 
Christian  College  of  the  South  Mission  increased  its  enrollment  to 
the  unprecedented  number  of  four  hundred  and  forty-two.  Prince 
Royal's  College  is  making  a  brave  effort  to  meet  the  growing  needs 


FORMER  TURKISH  EMPIRE  AND  PERSIA  6i 

of  the  growing  Christian  population  of  the  North.  An  appealing  cry 
is  issued  for  more  adequate  support  and  an  expansion  of  the  building 
equipment  to  enable  them  to  take  in  every  Christian  student  applying 
for  higher  education.  This  institution  is  a  feeder  for  the  Theo- 
logical Training  School  and  also  in  it  is  conducted  the  only  Normal 
School  in  the  North. 

Bangkok  Christian  College 

A  very  interesting  situation  has  arisen  in  connection  with  Bangkok 
Christian  College.  There  are  two  hundred  thousand  Chinese  in 
Bangkok.  These  sought  to  establish  a  school  of  their  own.  This 
was  not  sanctioned  by  the  Government,  but  the  Christian  College  has 
been  given  permission  to  open  a  department  for  the  Chinese  in  con- 
nection with  the  work  for  the  Siamese.  The  Chinese  immediately 
advanced  40,000  ticals  to  purchase  land  for  the  immediate  expansion 
needs.  Having  made  this  start  they  already  see  visions  of  something 
great  for  their  boys.  They  are  proposing  to  the  Mission  to  go  out 
where  there  is  room  and  put  up  a  plant  that  will  accommodate  two 
thousand  Chinese  students.  This  gives  a  challenge  to  the  Siamese 
to  do  the  same  and  a  challenge  to  the  Church  in  America  to  furnish 
Christian  teachers  for  the  four  thousand.  Indeed  with  funds  raised 
largely  from  non-Christian  Chinese  and  Siamese  of  Bangkok  the 
opportunity  is  being  thrust  in  the  very  face  of  the  Mission  and  the 
Church  to  make  the  Bangkok  Christian  College  second  only  to 
Canton  Christian  College.     Shall  we  meet  the  challenge? 

FORMER  TURKISH   EMPIRE   AND   PERSIA 

Rev.  Stanley  White,  D.D.* 

TURKEY  IN  EUROPE,  ARMENIA,  AND  ANATOLIA 

Rev.  James  L.  Barton,  D.D.,  LL.D. 

Interruption  of  Mission  Work 

Only  a  few  of  the  native  churches  have  kept  up  regular  services 
throughout  the  period  of  the  war.  In  Marash  and  in  Constantinople 
there  were  constant  and  unbroken  series  of  services,  as  well  as  in 
Smyrna  and  a   few   other  places,   but  generally   the   services   were 

Turkey.  Limited  monarchy.  Area,  Turkey  in  Europe,  10,882  square  miles; 
Arabia,  170,300  square  miles;  Syria,  114,530  square  miles;  Asia  Minor, 
Armenia,  Kurdistan  and  Mesopotamia,  414,512  square  miles;  total,  710,224 
square  miles.  Population,  Turkey  in  Europe,  1,891,000;  Arabia,  1,050,000; 
Syria,  3,675,100;  Asia  Minor,  Armenia,  Kurdistan,  and  Mesopotamia,  14,657,800; 
total,  21,273,900.  Prevailing  religion,  Mohammedanism,  which  is  established 
as  the  state  religion,  although  the  following  religious  communities  are  recog- 
nized and  allowed  by  the  government:  Latin  or  Catholic,  Orthodox  Greek 
Catholics,  Armenians,  Armenian  Catholics,  Chaldean  Catholics,  Protestants, 
Nestorians,  Syrian  Jacobites,  Melchites,  Jews,  Bulgarian  Catholics  and 
Maronites. 

*  The  article  on  the  Former  Turkish  Empire  and  Persia  was  prepared  under 
the  direction  of  Dr.  White  and  edited  by  him,  the  names  of  the  authors  of  the 
different  sections  being  appended  in  each  case.  ' 


62  FORMER  TURKISH  EMPIRE  AND  PERSIA 

suspended,  owing  to  the  scattering  of  the  congregations,  and  espe- 
cially to  the  deportations  of  the  pastors,  many  of  whom  suffered 
martyrdom  for  their  faith. 

The  same  is  true  in  a  large  measure  of  the  educational  work. 
The  schools  in  Constantinople,  Smyrna,  Harpoot  and  Marash  con- 
tinued throughout  last  year.  In  some  places  the  continuity  was 
broken  in  upon,  and  in  others  there  was  no  attempt  to  open  schools. 

The  year,  however,  has  not  been  a  year  of  complete  loss  by  any 
means.  Wherever  the  Protestant  preachers  and  Christian  workers 
have  gone  they  have  continued  their  work  of  evangelism.  Services 
were  held  in  the  deserts  of  Mesopotamia,  along  the  road  as  refugees 
were  going  to  their  place  of  banishment  or  returning  therefrom. 
The  Christian  worker  has  been  present  in  the  barracks  at  Aleppo  and 
Damascus  and  other  places  where  thousands  of  refugees  were  con- 
gregated. 

Eagerness  for  Schools 

I  was  impressed  in  dififerent  parts  of  Armenia  to  see  the  eagerness 
of  the  people  for  schools.  Children  for  the  most  part  have  received 
no  schooling  for  four,  and  some  of  them  for  five  years.  Delegations 
from  villages  came  presenting  their  petition,  not  for  bread  or  for 
clothing-— and  they  were  woefully  destitute  of  both — but  for  teachers 
that  their  children  might  have  an  education. 

Medical   Work 

The  medical  work  in  the  earlier  part  of  the  war  was  placed 
under  the  Red  Cross,  but  later  the  Red  Cross  withdrew  and  within 
the  last  year  all  of  the  medical  plants  throughout  Turkey  have  been 
taken  over  by  the  Near  East  Relief  Committee.  All  of  these  institu- 
tions are  today  in  the  hands  of  the  Near  East  Relief,  and  the  mis- 
sionary physicians  who  are  working  with  them,  together  with  a  larger 
number  of  appointees  of  the  N.  E.  R.,  are  carrying  on  a  most  ex- 
tensive medical  work,  not  only  throughout  the  fields  hitherto  covered 
by  the  American  Board,  but  in  the  Russian  Caucasus  as  well. 

Friendliness  toward  Missions  in  Greek  Territory 

A  new  phase  of  the  work  is  opening  up  in  the  fact  that  through 
recent  changes^  brought  about  by  the  war  the  mission  stations  of 
Smyrna  and  Salonica  have  fallen  under  the  control  of  Greece. 
Greece  hitherto  has  not  been  hospitable  to  missionary  work  of  any 
kind.  In  the  two  stations  above  mentioned,  however,  they  are  show- 
ing a  friendliness  unexpected  and  an  assurance  was  given  to  the 
writer  by  the  Bishops  of  Salonica,  Smyrna  and  Philadelphia  that 
they  would  welcome  the  strengthening  of  the  mission  work  in  those 
places,  but  with  special  reference  to  work  among  the  Mohammedans. 
The  Greek  ecclesiastics  said  that  they  could  not  work  easily  and  ac- 
ceptably among  Moslems,  but  the  Protestant  missionaries  were  so 
organized  that  they  could  do  it  most  effectively.     They  all  claimed 


FORMER  TURKISH  EMPIRE  AND  PERSIA  63 

that  there  was  a  great  field  among  the  Mohammedans  for  the  Chris- 
tian approach  and  urged  that  steps  be  taken  in  that  direction.  I 
found  in  all  parts  of  Turkey,  both  on  the  part  of  the  missionaries  and 
the  people  themselves,  a  deep-seated  feeling  that  the  Moslem  mind 
was  assuming  a  different  attitude  toward  Christian  truth  than  it 
had  assumed  before  in  the  whole  century  of  missionary  work.  There 
seemed  to  be  a  receptiveness  to  Christian  truth,  a  readiness  to  listen, 
and  in  not  a  few  cases  a  willingness  to  respond.  It  was  accepted 
that  the  heavy  restraint  hitherto  imposed  upon  all  Moslems  was  in 
part  at  least  lifted  and  there  would  be  in  the  future  an  increasing 
religious  freedom  for  all  classes  in  Turkey. 

Advance  among  the  Kurds 

At  the  same  time,  the  Kurdish  fields  in  the  eastern  part  of  Turkey 
have  assumed  new  significance.  During  the  war  the  Kurds  identified 
themselves  more  directly  with  the  missionaries  and  with  the  Ar- 
menians. Tens  of  thousands  of  Armenians  were  saved  by  the  co- 
operation and  direct  help  of  the  Kurds  in  that  the  Kurds  aided  them 
across  the  line  into  Russia  as  they  were  threatened  on  the  Turkish 
side.  Kurdish  officials,  whom  the  writer  met  in  Armenia,  urged 
that  schools  be  opened  more  widely  through  Armenia  and  that  pro- 
vision be  made  for  accepting  the  Kurds  into  those  schools.  There 
are  great  possibilities  wrapped  up  in  the  Kurdish  people  who  have 
as  yet  hardly  been  touched  by  Christian  truth. 

The  Caucasus 

Another  field  opening  is  the  Russian  Caucasus.  Through  a  greater 
part  of  the  war  a  large  number  of  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Secretaries  and 
American  Board  missionaries  were  engaged  in  relief  work,  and  some 
are  still  there.  Their  work  has  commended  itself  to  all  classes,  and 
pressure  is  already  being  brought  to  bear  upon  the  American  Board 
to  establish  permanent  work  in  Armenia  in  the  Caucasus. 

At  the  same  time,  the  Georgians  have  put  in  petitions  urging  the 
opening  of  work  among  them  similar  to  that  which  has  been  carried 
on  in  Turkey.  It  is  very  evident  that  the  war  has  made  great 
changes  in  the  point  of  view  of  many  of  the  people  of  the  old  Otto- 
man Empire  and  of  Transcaucasia,  opening  new  fields  for  occupa- 
tion and  putting  new  responsibility  upon  American  Christianity. 


SYRIA  AND  PALESTINE 

Rev.   Stanley  White,  D.D. 

In  former  editions  of  the  Year  Book,  Syria  and  Palestine  have 
been  treated  individually. '  Today  they  have  been  so  interlocked  by 
events  that  their  story  is  almost  identical. 

Allenby's  magnificent  march  to  the  North  brought  the  whole 
country  from  Egypt  on  the  south  to  Aleppo  on  the  north,  under  the 


64  FORMER  TURKISH  EMPIRE  AND  PERSIA 

control    of    the    Allied    Forces.     As    enemy-occupied    territory,    the 
whole  of  this  Eastern  shore  of  the  Mediterranean  was  unified. 

Relief  Work 

The  work  of  the  relief  societies  was  another  means  of  binding  the 
people  of  the  various  sections  together.  First  came  the  Red  Cross 
with  its  corps  of  devoted  workers  who  performed  a  splendid  service 
in  opening  orphanages  and  hospitals  and  by  their  ministry  to  the  towns 
devastated  by  disease  and  famine.  With  the  close  of  the  war,  their 
work  was  transferred  to  the  Near  East  Relief  Committee  with  its 
workrooms,  soup  kitchens  and  schools  and  its  loyal  band  of  young 
Americans  supported  in  their  humane  task  by  hundreds  of  the  finest 
flower  of  young  Syrian  Manhood  and  Womanhood.  These  young 
native  people,  most  of  them  educated  in  Mission  Schools  and 
colleges,  have  been  the  backbone  of  the  work.  They  have  caught 
the  American  spirit  of  service  and  in  them  lies  the  hope  of  the  Syria 
of  the  future.  And  this  work  of  unification  has  brought  the  Mission 
forces  together  as  never  before.  Having  suffered  and  worked  to- 
gether during  the  war,  they  are  ready  to  go  forward  as  a  single  army 
to  take  advantage  of  the  new  opportunities. 

Mission  Conference  at  Suk-el-Gharb 

The  Relief  work  helps  to  break  down  bigotry  and  to  open  human 
hearts  to  God's  message.  Realizing  this,  the  representatives  of  all 
the  Missions  in  Syria  and  Palestine  met  together  in  Suk-el-Gharb 
and  discussed  the  conditions  and  outlook.  As  a  result,  they  made 
recommendations  covering  the  following  points : 

First :  The  attention  of  the  American  Peace  delegates  in  Paris  was 
called  to  the  fact  that  while  missionary  societies  are  ready  to  accept 
governmental  regulations  and  standards,  still,  in  harmony  with  guar- 
antees of  religious  freedom,  private  organizations  should  be  guaran- 
teed the  right  to  give  religious  education  and  in  the  language  best 
fitted  to  make  the  work  effective. 

Second:  The  attention  of  Mission  Boards  and  societies  at  home  is 
called  to  large  districts  in  Syria  and  Palestine  that  are  inadequately 
occupied  or  unworked  fields.  These  include  Kasrawan  (Lebanon), 
Damascus,  Aleppo  (with  240,000  inhabitants),  the  Nusariyeh  Moun- 
tains, East  of  the  Jordan  and  North  Arabia.  In  these  districts  are 
large  numbers  of  Moslems,  Jews  and  backward  Christian  sects. 

Third :  Favorable  opportunities  for  Christian  work  have  resulted 
from  the  expulsion  of  the  Turkish  Government.  Travel  is  facili- 
tated and  the  people  are  eager  for  education  and  advancement.  The 
relief  work  has  opened  many  hearts  to  Christianity. 

Fourth  :  In  order  to  promote  unity  and  harmony  in  mission  work 
among  native  churches,  the  Conference  recommends  such  a  union 
or  federation  of  churches  on  the  field  as  shall  obviate  existing 
differences. 

Fifth:  A  permanent  organization  of  the  conference  of  missionaries 
was  effected  and  to  the  Continuation  Committee  were  entrusted 
arrangements  for  future  meetings,  the  incorporation  of  the  Educa- 


FORMER  TURKISH  EMPIRE  AND  PERSIA  65 

tional  Union  of  Syria  and  Palestine,  the  arrangements  for  occupying 
new  territory,  the  union  training  of  missionary  workers,  the  promo- 
tion of  united  publication  interests,  the  development  of  Sunday- 
school  work  and  the  adjustment  of  financial  questions  of  common 
interest  to  all  missions. 

Church  Unity 

Perhaps  the  most  significant  outcome  of  the  Conference  was  the 
sympathetic  consideration  in  the  past  of  all  the  Missionaries,  includ- 
ing such  widely  divergent  groups  as  the  Friends  Society  and  the 
Church  Missionary  Society,  of  the  possibility  of  having  one  United 
Church  for  the  whole  of  Syria  and  Palestine.  Naturally,  the  future 
of  the  land  will  be  largely  determined  by  the  power  that  assumes  the 
Mandate,  but  it  is  safe  to  say  that  under  any  circumstances  the  forces 
of  Christ  will  be  unified  as  never  before.  Some  of  the  problems  of 
reconstruction  to  be  faced  by  this  united  force  are : 

Reconstruction 

First,  there  will  be  the  necessary  work  of  rehabilitation  of 
destroyed  cities  and  the  rebuilding  of  homes.  Already  plans  are 
under  way,  both  by  the  British  authorities  and  by  the  Relief  Com- 
mittees, to  accomplish  these  ends.  A  large  part  of  Armenia  will, 
after  a  few  months,  be  inaccessible  so  far  as  food  supplies  are  con- 
cerned. The  problem  therefore  is  a  two-fold  one.  ^  The  people 
must  not  be  sent  back  to  their  cities  unless  provision  is  made  both 
for  housing  and  for  feeding  during  the  winter,  for  a  large  part  of 
Armenia  lies  within  a  territory  which  is  practically  isolated  after 
October  first.  The  plan  that  is  being  mapped  out  is  to  discover  in 
these  various  Armenian  cities  how  many  returning  families  can  be 
absorbed  and  taken  care  of,  both  as  to  house  and  food,  and  to  send 
back  only  such  a  number  as  will  guarantee  their  not  becoming  a 
charge  upon  the  community.  All  others  must  be  provided  for  at 
some  point  of  concentration  or  distribution  until  the  winter  is  over. 
This  is  an  enormous  but  not  impossible  task. 

Fortunately,  the  Armenian  is  a  notably  thrifty  person.  His  ability 
to  make  money  accentuates  both  his  virtues  and  his  vices.  It  does 
not  require,  therefore,  a  particularly  large  expenditure  of  money  to 
reestablish  him  in  his  home.  He  builds  simply  and  lives  cheaply  and 
very  quickly  begins  to  provide  his  own  support.  It  would  seem  now 
that  perhaps  about  25  per  cent  of  those  who  have  been  deported  and 
driven  from  their  homes  can  be  repatriated  before  the  coming  winter. 
The  rest  must  be  cared  for  until  the  spring  time,  when  they  in  turn 
can  be  assisted  in  starting  their  new  lives. 

Conserving  the  Children 

A  second  great  field  of  human  conservation  will  be  with  the  chil- 
dren. This  is  a  large  problem,  but  one  that  has  great  promise  in  it, 
150,000  orphans  will  require  a  large  outlay  of  money,  but  if  they  are 
watched  over  by  those  who  have  high  ideals,  they  become  a  fruitful 


(£  FORMER  TURKISH  EMPIRE  AND  PERSIA 

field  for  future  citizenship  of  a  far  higher  character  than  was  mani- 
fested in  the  previous  generation.  So  large  a  number  of  children 
must  necessaril}-^  be  provided  for  in  a  very  simple  way,  and  some  of 
them  will  have  to  be  sacrificed  in  order  that  the  others  may  be  given 
all  the  benefits  of  proper  care.  This  sacrifice  must  come  through  a 
policy  which  will  return  a  portion  of  these  children  to  relatives,  if 
they  can  be  found,  into  whose  care  they  can  be  entrusted.  It  will  be 
simply  impossible  for  foreign  funds  to  provide  adequately  for  the 
whole  number.  On  the  other  hand,  it  seems  a  vital  necessity  that 
there  should  be  established  in  various  parts  of  Syria  orphanages  of 
a  modern  type,  where  children  selected  from  the  great  mass  of 
those  now  under  the  care  of  Relief  Committees,  and  children  who 
are  absolutely  without  anyone  to  whom  they  can  be  returned,  should 
be  trained  for  future  citizenship.  No  finer  gift  could  be  given  by 
America  to  these  Eastern  countries.  The  Children  of  America  could 
render  a  beautiful  service  to  the  Children  of  the  Near  East  by  con- 
tributing funds  sufficient  to  meet  this  great  need.  When  one  visits 
the  orphanages  and  sees  the  splendid  material  and  the  response  of 
these  children  to  proper  care,  he  realizes  that  this  is  a  place  where 
human  conservation  is  most  necessary  and  most  feasible. 

Raising   the   Moral   Tone 

A  third  point  where  human  conservation  must  be  practised  is  the 
raising  of  the  general  moral  tone  of  these  communities  of  the  Near 
East.  I  have  already  intimated  that  moral  laws  have  sagged  terribly 
and  have  given  us  an  acute  problem  at  the  present  time,  but  there  is 
another  phase  of  the  question  that  should  not  be  forgotten.  The 
people  of  the  Turkish  Empire  have'  been  for  so  long  compelled  to 
live  by  their  wits  and  to  accomplish  their  desires  b5^  deceiving  an 
unjust  authority  that  subtlety  and  deceit  seem  to  be  ingrained  in 
them.  Absolute  frankness  and  straightforwardness  is  at  a  discount. 
It  is  difficult  to  learn  the  truth  by  questioning  any  group  of  people. 
They  either  reply  as  they  think  the  questioner  desires,  or  they  reply 
with  a  thought  of  the  effect  upon  themselves. 

There  must  be  established  in  this  country,  by  government  and 
through  private  enterprise,  educational  institutions  of  the  highest 
type,  where  ethical  ideals  and  moral  principles  will  be  emphasized 
in  such  a  way  that  the  people  will  realize  that  the  way  to  prosperity 
is  honesty,  righteousness,  fair  dealing  and  sacrificial  service. 

The  Outlook 

The  outlook  in  Syria  is  problematical  but  not  dark.  Barriers  that 
formerly  held  the  Missionary  in  check  have  been  removed  and  hopes 
that  had  for  years  been  unrealized  are  now  possible  of  fruition.  The 
workers  feel  this.  It  shows  in  their  lightened  faces  and  though  worn 
with  their  long  ministry  and  anxiety,  they  are  eager  for  the  t^sk. 
Christian  America  must  speak  the  word,  provide  the  means  and 
furnish  the  recruits  that  will  assure  their  success. 


FORMER  TURKISH  EMPIRE  AND  PERSIA  ^-j 

ARABIA  AND  MESOPOTAMIA 

Rev.  William  I.   Chamberlain,  Ph.D. 

Its  Significance 

The  significance  of  Arabia  and  Mesopotamia  from  the  missionary 
point  of  view  lies  in  the  fact  that  the  former  is  associated  with  the 
beginnings  of  Mohammedanism,  with  its  sacred  cities  of  Mecca  and 
Medina,  while  the  latter,  including  the  valleys  of  the  Tigris  and  the 
Euphrates,  is  so  largely  associated  with  Old  Testament  history. 

Missionary  Occupation 

So  far  as  aggressive  missionary  work  is  concerned,  Arabia  has 
largely  been  a  neglected  country.  The  United  Free  Church  of  Scot- 
land has  for  nearly  four  decades  maintained  a  Mission  at  the 
Southernmost  point  of  Arabia,  at  Aden,  which  has  been  largely 
carried  on  through  the  agency  of  medical  work.  In  Mesopotamia, 
at  Bagdad,  the  Church  Missionary  Society  has  maintained  evan- 
gelistic and  medical  work  for  many  years.  With  these  exceptions, 
no  extended  missionary  work  was  carried  on  in  these  countries  until 
the  undertaking,  in  1889,  of  the  establishment  of  a  Mission  in  the 
Persian  Gulf,  more  particularly  in  the  cities  of  Arabia  on  the 
Western  Coast  of  the  Gulf.  In  that  year,  the  Arabian  Mission  of 
the  Reformed  Church  in  America  was  organized  and  Rev.  James 
Cantine  sailed  as  its  first  missionary  to  establish  stations  in  Eastern 
Arabia.  He  was  followed  in  the  succeeding  year  by  Rev.  Samuel  M. 
Zwemer.  Together  these  two  pioneer  missionaries  established  sta- 
tions at  Basrah  in  the  North,  on  the  Island  of  Bahrein  off  the 
Eastern  Coast  of  Arabia,  and  at  Maskat  in  the  Gulf  of  Oman. 
Later  a  station  v/as  established  a  few  hundred  miles  South  of  Basrah 
at  Kuweit.  This  Mission  has  now  become  thoroughly  established 
in  these  several  stations,  maintaining  a  number  of  out-stations,  one 
at  Linga,  in  Persia,  on  the  Eastern  Coast  of  the  Gulf,  and  at  Amara 
and  Nasariah  Northward  in  Mesopotamia.  This  Mission  now  main- 
tains about  thirty-five  missionaries  in  its  several  stations,  associated 
with  whom  there  are  about  as  many  evangelists,  teachers  and  Bible 
Women. 

Methods  of  Work 

Schools  are  established  in  the  stations,  but  with  the  exception  of 
that  at  Basrah,  they  have  not  been  largely  attended.  Important 
medical  work  is  carried  on  in  each  one  of  these  stations,  in  all  of 
which,  except  Maskat,  there  are  hospitals  as  well  as  dispensaries. 
Bible  shops  are  the  main  dependence  for  evangelistic  work.  In  these 
shops,  in  the  center  of  the  town,  a  supply  of  Scriptures  and  other 
Christian  literature  is  kept.  These  give  occasion  for  discussion  with 
Arab  visitors  through  which  means  a  Christian  propaganda  is  main- 
tained. Arabic  Scriptures  have  had  a  total  circulation  of  1,200,000 
copies  during  the  last  twenty  years.  The  hospitals  have  been  a  very 
important  element  in  the  missionary  work  in  Arabia.     Prejudice  has 


68  FORMER  TURKISH  EMPIRE  AND  PERSIA 

been  broken  down  and  the  friendly  attitude  of  important  Arab  trades- 
men and  chiefs  has  been  thus  secured.  The  patients  treated  in  one 
year  approximate  40,000. 

Effect  of  the  War 

The  war  has  very  greatly  affected  conditions  in  both  parts  of  this 
mission  field.  The  advance  of  the  British  Expeditionary  Forces  up 
the  Valley  of  the  Tigris  and  the  Euphrates,  and  the  occupation  of 
Bagdad,  have  opened  the  entire  country  of  Mesopotamia  to 
occupancy  by  missionary  agencies,  which,  under  Turkish  rule,  was 
only  possible  to  a  very  limited  degree.  The  Arabian  Mission  expects, 
as  soon  as  the  country  is  settled,  to  open  new  stations  in  the  territory 
thus  laid  bare  to  Christian  evangelism  in  Mesopotamia  and  in  the 
interior  of  Arabia,  special  funds  having  been  contributed  for  this 
purpose.  Similarly,  the  conditions  of  war  have  brought  about 
friendly  relations  between  the  Arab  Chiefs  of  the  Interior  and 
Western  Arabia  with  the  political  representatives  of  the  British 
Government  and  the  missionaries.  The  official  recognition  by  Eng- 
land, France  and  Italy  of  the  proclamation  of  the  Grand  Sherif  of 
Mecca  as  King  of  the  Hedjaz  is  a  far  reaching  step,  and  invests  a 
remarkable  figure  with  singular  interest. 

Hedjaz 

This  province  of  Western  Arabia  to  which  the  name  of  Hedjaz 
has  been  given  extends  along  the  Arab  sea  coast  from  the  Gulf  of 
Akaba  to  the  south  of  Taif.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Syria,  on 
the  east  by  Nafud  Desert  and  by  Nejd,  and  on  the  south  by  Asir. 
In  length  it  is  about  seven  hundred  and  fifty  miles,  and  its  greatest 
breadth  is  about  two  hundred  miles.  Barren  and  uninviting  mostly 
in  its  northern  part,  yet  with  many  very  fertile  and  well-cultivated 
portions  in  the  southern  part,  sustaining  a  brave  and  hardy  and  fear- 
less population,  the  chief  claim  of  Hedjaz  to  fame  is  that  it  contains 
the  Holy  Cities  of  Mecca  and  Medina,  to  which  Moslem  Pilgrims 
come  yearly  from  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  independence  from 
Turkey  of  this  section  of  Arabia  had  a  very  important  bearing  in  the 
British  Campaign  in  Mesopotamia,  and  in  the  future  undoubtedly 
will  affect  missionary  work  in  Arabia.  Through  the  friendship  of 
King  Hussein,  of  Hedjaz,  with  the  great  Chief  of  the  Interior  of 
Arabia  in  his  Capital  at  Riadh,  and  the  recent  invitations  of  this 
Chief  to  one  of  the  missionaries  of  the  Arabian  Gulf  to  visit  him,  an 
entrance  has  at  last  been  secured  to  Interior  Arabia. 

Helpful  Influences 

Since  the  entrance  of  the  British  into  Mesopotamia,  they  have 
evinced  a  spirit  of  sympathy  toward  the  activities  of  Christian  mis- 
sions which  has  taken  substantial  form,  particularly  in  the  encourage- 
ment of  missionary,  industrial  and  agricultural  education.  It  is  ex- 
pected that  with  the  restoration  of  peace,  sixteen  million  acres  of 
Mesopotamia  will  be  irrigated.  The  population  for  this  country  thus 
laid  open  to  cultivation,  will  be  drawn   from  the   Bedouins  of  the 


FORMER  TURKISH  EMPIRE  AND  PERSIA  69 

Interior,  who  will  be  made  amenable  to  law  and  order.  The  Trans- 
Continental  Railway  will  soon  be  completed  connecting  the  Persian 
Gulf  with  Europe,  and  placing  Mesopotamia  on  the  highway  to 
India. 

Thus  in  spite  of  wars  and  rumors  of  wars,  of  multiplied  tempta- 
tions and  increased  difficulties,  God  has  seen  fit  to  show  His  power 
in  Arabia  as  never  before  in  the  Mission's  history.  The  prayers  of 
many  years  are  being  answered  in  the  opening  of  the  Inland  country 
to  the  Gospel,  and  a  new  day  is  opening  for  both  Arabia  and  Meso- 
potamia. 

PERSIA 

Robert   E.   Speer^  D.D. 

Continuance  of  Mission  Work 

Outside  of  the  Province  of  Azerbaijan  the  missionary  work  was 
carried  on  uninterruptedly  in  Persia  throughout  the  entire  war.^  In 
some  stations  such  as  Hamadan  and  Kermanshah,  the  antagonizing 
forces  alternated  again  and  again  in  their  control  of  the  territory. 
With  the  exception  of  the  work  for  Armenians,  however,  which  of 
course  was  largely  broken  up  in  such  stations  whenever  the  Turks 
were  in  power,  the  missionaries  in  these  stations  went  forward  unin- 
terruptedly in  their  task  and  the  ending  of  the  war  leaves  the  work 
stronger  than  it  has   ever  been  and  its   opportunities   unparalleled. 

Leadership  in  Education 

In  Teheran  the  leadership  in  education  has  been  won  by  the  Mis- 
sion schools,  the  American  College  for  Boys  and  the  Iran  Bethel 
School  for  Girls.  The  former  has  now  a  campus  of  forty  acres 
walled  in  just  outside  the  city,  and  three  of  its  new  buildings  are 
erected.  A  fund  of  $250,000  has  been  provided  for  the  development 
of  the  Girls'  School  into  the  first  College  for  women  in  Persia.  The 
chief  need  now  is  a  more  adequate  staff  of  men  and  women  both  for 
the  schools  and  for  the  mission  hospital.  The  goodwill  of  the 
people,  their  confidence  in  the  missionaries  and  their  enterprise  and 
the  support  of  the  foreign  community  were  won  long  ago.  In  Resht 
and  Hamadan  the  schools  and  the  hospitals  have  laid  their  founda- 
tions securely  and  though  they  need  money,  need  life  even  more. 

Opportunities 

Two  great  opportunities  have  opened  in  Persia  in  the  North- 
east and  in  the  Southwest.  In  the  Northeast,  Meshed  is  the  most 
important  city,  the  great  shrine  city  of  Persia,  visited  annually  by 
thousands  of  pilgrims,  not  only  from  Persia  but  from  Afghanistan 
and  Central  Asia.  The  foundations  of  a  strong  station  have  been 
laid.  The  mission  force  has  been  doubled  the  past  year,  and  the 
fund  well  begun  which  is  to  provide  adequate  hospitals  and  schools. 

Persia.  Limited  monarchy.  Area,  about  628,000  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, about  9,500,000.  Of  these,  8,500,000  are  Mohammedans  of  the  Shi'ah  sect 
and  850,000  of  the  Sunni  sect,  10,000  are  Parsis,  40,000  Jews,  50,000  Ar- 
menians and  30,000  Nestorians. 


70  FORMER  TURKISH  EMPIRE  AND  PERSIA 

Patients  from  a  score  of  nationalities  come  to  the  hospital  annually 
and  in  many  a  village  in  Western  Afghanistan  which  sent  its  blind 
or  its  lame  to  the  mission  hospital  in  Meshed  to  return  with  eyesight 
and  health,  a  welcome  is  awaiting  the  evangelists  whenever  the 
political  prohibition  of  mission  work  in  Afghanistan  is  relaxed.  In 
Southwestern  Persia  the  relief  work  conducted  by  the  missionaries 
in  connection  with  the  incoming  of  the  British  Army  and  the  build- 
ing of  roads  has  opened  new  access  to  the  Kurdish  tribes  and  to  the 
hitherto  unreached  people  of  Luristan. 

Azerbaijan 

The  section  of  Persia  which  has  been  most  deeply  affected  by  the 
war  has  been  Azerbaijan.  No  nation  in  the  world  suffered  more 
through  the  war  than  the  Nestorians  or  Assyrians  in  the  Urumia  and 
Salmas  plains.  Between  one-half  and  two-thirds  of  the  entire  popu- 
lation has  been  wiped  out  by  pestilence,  famine  and  massacre.  The 
pitiful  remnants  of  the  Assyrians  are  now  at  Bakuba,  north  of  Bag- 
dad, and  in  Tabriz,  and  Hamadan,  awaiting  their  repatriation  in  their 
old  homes.  The  Mission  station  in  Urumia,  the  oldest  and  strongest 
of  all  the  stations  in  Persia,  has  been  completely  wiped  out.  The 
Christian  villages  have  been  destroyed,  and  after  the  last  massacre 
of  the  Christians  in  May,  1919,  disorder  still  prevailed  everywhere 
between  the  Persian  Moslems  and  the  Kurds.  The  capture  of 
Tabriz  by  Turkey  also  near  the  end  of  the  war  led  to  the  withdrawal 
of  most  of  the  Tabriz  missionaries,  and  the  imprisonment  of  those 
who  remained.  The  Urumia  and  Tabriz  Missionaries  alike  have  all 
now  returned  to  Tabriz  and  are  awaiting  the  reestablishment  of 
order  through  the  province. 

Persia's  Future 

The  situation  of  Persia  throughout  the  war  was  anomalous.  The 
sympathies  of  the  country  were  strongly  pro-German  and  German 
influences  were  powerful  until  the  very  close.  Persian  territory  was 
fought  over  by  Russian,  Turkish,  and  British  forces,  and  some 
sections  of  the  country  passed  from  one  political  authority  to  an- 
other five  or  six  times.  At  the  close  of  the  war  a  new  treaty  was 
announced  between  Great  Britain  and  Persia,  providing  for  a  British 
loan  and  the  reorganization  of  the  army  and  finances  with  British 
advisers,  the  treaty  stipulating  further  the  maintenance  of  Persia's 
complete  independence.  Klconomically,  Persia  has  suffered  keenly. 
Foreign  trade  was  practically  annihilated  by  the  war,  and  famine 
and  fighting  caused  vast  loss  of  life,  the  death  of  many  of  the 
animals,  the  only  means  of  transport  in  Persia,  the  destruction  of  the 
vineyards  and  the  villages,  and  the  general  distintegration  of  the 
economic  life  of  the  land.  On  the  otlier  hand,  good  roads  have 
been  built  as  part  of  the  military  operations,  automobiles  are  coming 
in,  which  in  time  will  replace  the  depleted  stock  of  animals,  and  with 
order  and  financial  economy  there  is  no  reason  why  the  people  of 
Persia,  so  intelligent  and  so  desirous  of  progress,  should  not  find 
the  way  of  national  prosperity. 


EGYPT  71 

EGYPT 

Rev.  James  G.  Hunt,  D.D. 

The  "Revolution" 

The  outstanding  event  of  the  year  in  Egypt  was  the  nationalistic 
uprising  that  took  place  in  March  and  April.  Nothing  comparable  in 
extent  and  effect  has  occurred  since  the  Arabi  rebellion  in  1882. 
As  ever  Egypt  is  the  land  of  paradox.  Summoned  by  their  Caliph 
in  1914  to  enter  upon  a  Holy  War,  an  invading  army  of  their 
coreligionists  at  their  gates,  their  own  Khedive  having  joined  with 
the  Turks,  their  British  rulers  in  almost  daily  expectation  of  an 
outbreak,  through  the  long  years  of  the  war  all  remains  quiet. 
Moslem  Egypt  sips  her  coffee,  shrugs  her  shoulders  and  goes  her 
usual  way.  Then  the  war  ended,  the  power  of  their  Caliphate 
shattered,  the  British  Protectorate  firmly  seated,  the  country  enjoy- 
ing a  large  measure  of  material  prosperity, — a  "revolution"  breaks 
out. 

Its  Meaning 

Interpretation  in  such  a  case  is  not  easy.  Despite  outward  calm 
the  heart  of  Egypt  shared  the  world's  unrest;  the  fires  of  nationalism 
that  blazed  so  wildly  a  few  years  since  had  not  died  out — they  only 
slumbered ;  the  call  for  the  "self-determination  of  peoples"  meant 
to  them  that  their  Day  had  come;  in  the  depletion  of  the  British 
official  force  by  the  demands  of  the  war,  certain  leaders  found  their 
opportunity  to  sow  seeds  of  discontent;  high  prices  and  the  com- 
pulsory service  of  the  Labor  Corps  and  other  real  or  fancied  griev- 
ances furnished  the  congenial  soil.  So  when  their  spokesmen  were 
not  given  ready  passports  to  present  their  cause  at  the  Peace  Con- 
ference, the  steps  were  easy  and  rapid  to  a  patriotic  frenzy  that  soon 
forgot  all  restraint.  Patriotism  speedily  degenerated  into  anarchy 
and  barbarism,  and  had  to  be  met  by  stern  measures. 

In  varying  measure  these  conditions  prevailed  through  the  whole 
length  of  the  land.  Rioting,  looting  and  murdering  were  reported 
from  every  direction.  For  a  few  fearful  weeks  Egypt  was  an  active 
volcano.  Railway  and  telegraphic  communications  everywhere  were 
broken.  Life  and  property  everywhere  were  in  jeopardy.  Then  the 
abortive  revolution  subsided  almost  as  suddenly  as  it  had  begun. 

Effect  on  Mission  Work 

What  of  the  effect  of  it  all  upon  mission  work?  For  a  time  all 
work  was  practically  suspended.  The  authorities  ordered  all  mis- 
sionaries in  the  interior  to  Cairo  and  brought  them  in  some  cases 


Egypt.  British  Protectorate.  Area,  about  350,000  square  miles.  (The  culti- 
vated and  settled  area  comprises  only  12,226  square  miles  of  this.)  Population, 
12,710,120.  Of  these,  according  to  the  census  of  1907,  10,366,826  were  Moham- 
medans, 706,322  Copts,  38,635  Tews,  12,736  Protestants,  57,744  Roman  Catholics, 
76,953  Greek  Orthodox,  and  27,537   Eastern  Christians. 


72  EGYPT 

under  an  armed  guard.  Though  running  the  gauntlet  of  many 
perils,  no  missionary  lives  were  lost  and  no^  mission  property 
destroyed.  The  summer  vacation  period  was  near  at  hand.  That 
past,  all  departments  of  work  reopened  under  virtually  normal 
conditions.  Churches,  schools  and  hospitals  are  full  and  access  to 
the  people  unhampered. 

In  the  early  stages  of  the  uprising,  Moslem  and  Christian  frater- 
nized to  an  unprecedented  extent.  Each  visited  the  other's  place  of 
worship.  All  else  was  subordinated  to  the  sentiment  of  national 
unity.  Large  numbers  of  Moslems  thus  heard  the  gospel  proclaimed 
for  the  first  time.  For  in  the  evangelical  churches  at  least,  gospel 
rather  than  patriotic  themes  were  the  rule.  Not  a  few  Christians 
zealously  made  use  of  their  new  opportunity  to  explain  their  Book 
and  its  message.  While  it  is  to  be  feared  that  later  developments 
tended  to  accentuate  afresh  the  dividing  lines,  we  may  hope  that 
even  the  temporary  banishment  of  barriers  gave  opportunity  for  the 
Spirit  of  God  to  lift  the  veil  and  reveal  a  vision  that  will  not  fade. 
And  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  disillusioned  Christians  may  now  see 
more  clearly  that  not  "Egypt  for  the  Egyptians"  but  "Egypt  for 
Christ"  is  their  nation's  hope. 

The  Future 

This  unexpected  course  of  events  must  make  us  diffident  in  any 
attempt  to  forecast  the  immediate  future.  Vyhere  we  thought  all 
doors  had  opened,  we  may  find  that  for  the  time  some  have  closed 
more  tightly.  Broken  power  and  disappointed  hopes,  instead  of  pro- 
ducing a  humbled,  chastened  state  of  mind,  ready  for  the  Christian 
message,  may  but  create  bitterness  and  resentment.  Yet  if  we  may 
judge  by  the  precedents  of  the  past,  the  former  is  more  likely  to 
prove  the  case.  The  years  that  followed  the  quelling  of  the  Arabi 
insurrection  saw  great  numbers  of  Moslem  inquirers,  and  baptisms 
for  the  first  time  became  frequent.  Forces  equal  to  the  opportunity, 
faithfulness,  wisdom,  tact  and  love  in  unstinted  measure,  and  an 
outpouring  of  power  from  on  high  are  the  need  of  the  hour. 

Continued  Unrest 

As  emphasizing  the  uncertainties  of  the  situation  and  the  fact  that 
the  Egyptian  question  is  not  yet  settled  should  be  mentioned  the 
epidemic  of  strikes  which  broke  out  a  few  months  after  the  sub- 
sidence of  the  uprising.  It  is  largely  attributable  to  the  abnormal 
rise  in  the  cost  of  living  producing  a  spirit  of  deep  discontent.  But 
the  resort  to  this  western  weapon  is  a  disquieting  symptom  and  calls 
for  skillful  treatment  on  the  part  of  both  political  and  spiritual 
leaders. 

The  Labor  Corps 

While  the  drafting  of  a  Labor  Corps  to  the  number  of  several 
hundred  thousand  for  work  behind  the  lines  in  Palestine  and 
Europe  was  the  cause  of  much  fear  and  unrest  among  the  peasantry, 
it  is  likely  to  have  far-reaching  after  effects  in  widening  the  horizon, 


THE  ANGLO-EGYPTIAN  SUDAN  73 

implanting  new  ideas  in  the  minds  of  the  common  people  and  arous- 
ing a  wholesome  discontent  with  age-long  conditions.  All  this  will 
make  for  greater  interest  and  openness  of  mind  toward  the  gospel 
message. 

Itinerating  Agencies 

Except  for  the  weeks  mentioned  above,  all  departments  of  mission 
effort,  church,  school,  press,  hospital  and  hareem  and  boat  work, 
have  gone  on  as  usual.  Of  these,  indeed,  only  the  schools  and  the 
work  on  the  boats  suffered  serious  interruption.  For  this  last  named 
agency,  Egypt  with  its  long  narrow  river  valley  in  which  all  the 
life  is  centered,  furnishes  unique  opportunities.  Two  mission  boats 
are  operating  south  of  Cairo  and  one  in  the  Delta.  A  mission  car 
built  for  the  tracks  of  the  Agricultural  Railway  is  also  in  use  in  the 
latter  region.  These  itinerating  agencies  have  demonstrated  the  fact 
of  the  open  door  and  brought  the  word  of  life  to  hitherto  untouched 
masses. 

The  Native  Protestant  Church 

The  native  Protestant  Church,  through  the  stimulus  of  a  vigorous 
Laymen's  Movement,  is  rapidly  approaching  complete  self-support. 
Steps  have  been  taken  looking  toward  the  assuming  by  the  Church 
of  the  responsibility  for  training  her  own  workers  in  a  well-equipped 
theological  seminary.  This  Church  like  so  many  others  suffered 
greatly  in  her  membership  from  the  ravages  of  influenza.  The 
Coptic  Church  in  Upper  Egypt  is  showing  increasing  willingness  to 
open  its  doors  to  Protestant  missionaries  and  pastors. 

Survey  of  the  Field 

The  American  Mission  has  completed  a  careful  survey  of  the  por- 
tion of  the  field  for  which  it  is  responsible  with  a  view  to  its  adequate 
occupation,  and  already  the  increase  of  forces  and  equipment  called 
for  is  being  provided.  The  expected  opening  of  the  new  Christian 
University  in  Cairo  during  the  coming  year  will  mean  a  large  acces- 
sion of  strength  to  the  Christian  forces  in  that  strategic  center, 

THE  ANGLO-EGYPTIAN  SUDAN 

Rev.  James   G.   Hunt,  D.D. 

Peace  in  the  Midst  of  War 

This  part  of  the  world,  with  the  exception  of  the  Darfur  province, 
felt  but  little  the  disturbance  of  the  war.  While  the  rest  of  the 
world  was  in  convulsion,  peace  and  quiet  reigned  in  this  land  that 
not  so  long  ago  was  shaking  with  the  terrors  of  Mahdiism.  Hence 
the  coming  of  peace  has  made  less  change  here  than  elsewhere. 


Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan.  "British  Control."  Area,  about  1,014,400  square 
miles.  Population  (estimated  for  191 7),  3,400,000.  Prevailing  religion,  Moham- 
medanism. 


74  NEGRO  AFRICA 

Material  Progress 

The  reconstruction  of  a  country  that  had  been  reduced  to  chaos 
is  naturally  a  slow  work.  But  it  has  gone  steadily  on.  The  foreign 
trade  has  grown  from  nothing  to  $40,500,000  in  1918,  almost  equally 
divided  between  imports  and  exports.  Railways  are  being  extended 
and  large  irrigation  plans  are  being  pushed  forward.  Wages  have 
rapidly  increased  and  a  state  of  prosperity  exists. 

Missionary  Cooperation  and  Expansion 

The  missionaries  have  won  the  respect  and  good  will  of  all  classes. 
There  is  such  close  cooperation  among  the  evangelical  societies 
working  in  this  field  that  all  overlapping  is  avoided.  The  American 
Mission  has  made  a  thorough  survey  of  the  needs  of  its  territory 
and  is  planning  a  large  advance.  Even  yet,  however,  it  is  irnpossible 
accurately  to  forecast  the  shifting  of  the  centers  of  population  so  as 
to  fix  upon  settled  plans  of  operation. 

In  the  Northern  Sudan,  the  chief  drawback  is  in  the  Government 
restrictions  still  in  force  concerning  work  for  Moslems.  But  among 
the  non-Moslem  tribes  to  the  south,  the  missions  suffer  no  such  em- 
barrassment and  are  meeting  with  a  warm  response. 

NEGRO  AFRICA 

Rev.  John   M.    Springer 

The  past  third  of  a  century  has  seen  revolutionary  changes  in 
Negro  Africa,  particularly  of  an  industrial  nature.  Political  changes 
have  been  less  notable,  but  important,  and  religious  progress,  while 
marked,  has  lagged  behind  both  these  other  lines  of  activity  of 
foreigners  entering  Central  Africa. 

A  view  of  the  situation  of  the  native  Negro  African  restricted  to 
the  present  day  might  well  give  great  concern,  if  not  discouragement. 
But  when  the  advance  of  a  generation  is  noted,  there  is  every  reason 
for  hopefulness  for  his  future  welfare  and  opportunities. 

With  the  considerable  contribution  that  Africa  as  a  whole  rnade  to 
the  war,  a  contribution  shared  in  by  practically  every  section,  involv- 
ing in  the  aggregate  a  million  native  men,  soldiers,  labor  corps, 
carriers,  etc.,  the  people  of  this  continent  have  earned  the  right  to  a 
new  consideration  in  the  councils  of  nations. 

Important  to  remember,  also,  is  the  awakening  and  impulse  that 
has  come  in  this  connection  to  practically  every  tribe,  the  broadened 

Sierra  Leone.  British  Colony  and  Protectorate.  Area,  about  31.000  square 
miles,  population  1,403,132.  The  prevailing  religions  are  Mohammedanism  and 
Animism. 

Liberia.  Republic.  Area,  about  40,000  square  miles,  population  (estimated), 
from  1,500,000  to  2,100,000.  There  are  about  12,000  American  Liberians,  and 
"about  50,000  of  the  coast  negroes  (including  the  Liberians  proper),  may  be 
considered  civilized.  All  such  use  English  as  tlicir  language,  and  are  Christian 
in  religion."  Of  the  interior  tribes,  most  are  Animists,  but  one  large  tribe  (the 
Mandingoes)    is   Mohammedan. 


NEGRO  AFRICA  75 

horizon,   the  knowledge   of   the   democratic  principles   and   of   the 
fundamental  human  rights  that  have  been  stressed. 

Desires  and  ambitions  have  been  stirred,  purposes  formed  to  ac- 
quire education  for  self  or  for  children  and  determination  to  secure 
greater  industrial  skill  and  to  win  larger  wages.  Advances  and 
changes  among  the  native  Africans  are  proceeding  more  rapidly, 
doubtless,  than  among  any  similar  backward  people  in  the  past.  This 
is  inevitable  with  the  extensive  exploitation  of  the  continent  that  is 
proceeding  at  such  a  rapid  rate,  and  in  which  are  employed  forces 
and  methods  of  the  most  advanced  nations  of  Europe  and  America. 

Industrial  Conditions 

Half  a  century  ago  Africa  had  scarcely  been  touched  by  foreign 
influences.  There  were  comparatively  few  industries  and  the  de- 
mand was  almost  entirely  for  unskilled  labor — for  house  service 
chiefly,  and  also  to  use  the  pick  and  shovel. 

Today  the  demand  for  native  labor  is  large  and  urgent  and  in 
addition  to  the  need  for  manyfold  more  unskilled  laborers  there 
is  also  a  demand  for  brick  makers,  masons,  carpenters,  cabinet 
makers,  engine  drivers,  foremen,  clerks,  telegraphers,  bookkeepers, 
storekeepers,  stenographers,  teachers,  and  superintendents  of  native 
labor. 

The  graduates  of  Mission  schools  are  in  great  demand.  In  the 
technical  schools  (which  are  all  too  few)  the  problem  is  to  keep  the 
pupil  long  enough  to  finish  his  training  as  he  is  constantly  being 
tempted  to  leave  and  accept  the  high  wages  offered  to  him  for  what 
training  he  already  has. 

Demand  for  Native  Labor 

The  labor  supply  near  the  industrial  centers  is  utterly  inadequate 
to  meet  the  demands,  and  labor  recruiting  bureaus  go  afield  to  tribes 
a  thousand  to  two  thousand  miles  distant.  The  result  is  that  repre- 
sentatives of  the  various  tribes  widely  separated  over  Central  Africa 
mingle  and  become  acquainted  in  these  congested  industrial  centers 
where  new  conditions  and  multiplied  temptations  confront  them. 
Crucially  important  is  it  that  evangelical  Christianity  function 
strongly  in  all  these  centers. 

It  is  generally  recognized  that  the  native  labor  of  Africa  is  in- 
adequate to  meet  the  demands  of  the  industrial  program.  Constantly 
there  is  mooted  the  question  of  introducing  Asiatics.  But  past  ex- 
periments in  this  line  have  not  given  satisfactory  results. 

Another  factor  affecting  the  labor  supply  for  European-controlled 
industries   is   the  new   policy   of   encouraging  natives   to   accept  or 


Gold  Coast  (including  Ashanti  and  Northern  Territories).  British  Colony. 
Area,  about  80,000  square  miles,  population  (census  of  1911),  1,503,386. 
Animism  is  the  prevailing  religion. 

Togo.  German  Colony.  Area,  33,700  square  miles,  population,  1,031,978. 
Occupied  by  British  and  French  forces  August  7,  1914,  and  now  (provisionally) 
administered  by  the  French  and  British  military.     Prevailing  religion,  Animism, 


'j^  NEGRO  AFRICA 

secure  individual  holdings  of  land  for  the  cultivation  of  oil-bearing, 
cotton  and  other  crops,  as  in  Nigeria  and  in  Natal.  In  the  Belgian 
Congo  many  native  truck  gardeners  are  securing  individual  holdings. 

Native  Labor  Propaganda 

Johannesburg  is  the  emporium,  the  labor  melting  pot  for  all  South 
Africa.  With  the  extension  of  the  railway  and  other  steam  routes, 
the  labor  agents  are  sending  far  afield  to  the  north,  to  Rhodesia, 
Nyasaland,  and  along  the  east  coast  for  laborers. 

Representatives  of  the  labor  organizations  in  Europe  and  America 
have  visited  the  Rand  and  have  begun  an  active  agitation  among  the 
native  laborers  instructing  them  in  such  agencies  as  strikes,  boycotts, 
passive  resistance,  and  other  means  for  securing  their  rights  and 
desires.  Primarily  these  men  had  only  in  mind  the  using  of  the 
native  to  gain  advantages  for  the  white  laborers,  but  they  have 
sharpened  a  tool  that  is  proving  to  be  double-edged.  The  discontent 
which  has  been  fomented  by  unscrupulous  white  men  and  by  those 
of  distorted  ideas,  is  a  serious  factor  in  future  relationship  of  the 
races. 

The   Katanga   Mineral   Fields 

The  Katanga  mineral  fields  in  the  Belgian  Congo  are  to  Central 
Africa  what  the  Rand  is  to  South  Africa.  To  work  the  vast 
deposits  of  copper,  tin,  coal  and  other  minerals  native  laborers  must 
be  sought  for  in  every  tribe  from  ocean  to  ocean  and  from  the 
Congo  and  Zambesi  valleys.  Inasmuch  as  there  is  a  common  re- 
cruiting ground  of  the  two  industrial  centers,  that  in  Rhodesia  and 
Nyasaland,  and  since  laborers  go  first  to  one  field  and  later  to  the 
other,  the  ideas  that  are  current  on  the  Rand  are  becoming  known 
in  the  Katanga.  These  industrial  operations  and  the  linking  up  and 
the  extension  of  the  transportation  systems  are  welding  Negro  Africa 
into  a  oneness  unknown  and  undreamed  of  heretofore. 

Race  Consciousness 

The  war  has  developed  a  strong  race  consciousness  on  the  part 
of  the  negroes  of  the  world  which  is  shared  by  many  in  various  parts 
of  Africa.  In  1918  or  early  1919,  there  was  organized  in  London  a 
club  of  "Africans  and  Afro-Americans."  The  objects  of  the  club, 
as  set  forth  at  a  banquet  early  in  1919,  were  right  and  just  enough, 
principles  of  race  equality — not  social  equality,  for  social  equality 
does  not  exist  within  any  given  race  or  nation,  much  less  can  it  be 
forced  or  legislated  between  races — but  equal  opportunities  in- 
dustrially and  politically  according  to  ability  and  merit. 

Nigeria.  British  Protectorate.  Area,  about  336,000  square  miles,  population, 
about  16,500,000.  "Mohammedanism  is  widely  diffused,  the  Fulani  and 
Hausas  and  other  ruling  tribes  being  of  that  religion,  but  in  some  parts  of  the 
territory  paganism  is  predominant." 

Kamerun  (Cameroun).  German  Protectorate.  Area,  191,950  square  miles, 
population,  3,648,720.  Conquered  by  French  and  English  forces  February  18, 
[916,  and  now  administered  by  the  Government  of  Nigeria,  except  the  part  ceded 
"ranee  in    191 1.     Prevailing  religion.   Animism. 


1916 
by   Fr 


NEGRO  AFRICA  'jj 

Political  Outlook 

Politically  the  natives  of  Negro  Africa  have  suffered  various 
vicissitudes  in  the  past  generation.  Fortunately  there  is  an  awakened 
conscience  among  the  nations  which  bids  fair  to  see  that,  in  the 
future,  justice  is  done  them.  The  Negro  African  has  so  far  to  go, 
and  has  so  many  lessons  to  learn  in  self-government  and  in  dele- 
gated representative  government  that  he  is  far  from  being  in  a 
position  independently  to  compete  with  the  advanced  nations  of  the 
world,  or  even  to  take  any  large  share  in  the  government  of  his  own 
country  for  some  time  to  come. 

Any  expression  of  self  determination  must  be  taken  in  a  very 
different  way  from  what  it  would  be  among  more  advanced  peoples. 
It  is  quite  certain  however  that  the  tribes  are  quite  capable  of  telling 
what  they  want  and  what  they  do  not  want. 

Missionary  Occupation 

At  present  many  sections  of  Africa  are  congested  by  over-lapping 
missionary  agencies  while  vast  areas  remain  untouched  or  inade- 
quately occupied. 

In  all  the  interdenominational  Conferences  which  have  been 
organized  in  different  parts  of  the  continent,  the  sentiment  of 
comity  has  been  increasingly  strong.  The  conviction  is  very  strong 
that  the  time  has  come  for  a  re-consideration  of  the  fields  and  a  re- 
adjustment of  forces,  somewhat  such  as  has  been  already  put  into 
operation  in  Mexico. 

The  agencies  of  industry  and  European  governments  are  touching 
nearly  every  village  and  individual  in  the  Continent  while  the  mis- 
sionary agencies  have  scarcely  touched  ten  per  cent  of  the  entire 
population. 

The  extra  pressure  on  the  mission  staffs  of  practically  all  societies 
as  a  result  of  the  war  is  being  only  very  slowly  relieved.  Men  in  all 
branches  of  mission  work  were  called  away  to  war  service  as  chap- 
lains, interpreters,  doctors,  etc.  These  as  well  as  those  who  remained 
by  their  work  were  in  need  of  furloughs  as  demobilization  was  ac- 
complished. _  Many  were  unable,  particularly  in  the  latter  years  of 
the  war,  to  journey  from  the  home  countries  to  the  mission  fields, 
especially  women.  The  war  time  regulations  of  the  British,  re- 
quiring permits  for  all  entering  the  various  colonies,  has  delayed 
many,  and  the  shortage  of  accommodations  on  the  few  boats  in 
passenger  service  is  holding  up  old  and  new  missionaries  for  prac- 
tically all  the  fields. 

The  Native  Church 

Very  generally  throughout  Negro  Africa  in  recent  years  there  has 


French  Equatorial  Africa  (French  Congo).  French  Colony.  Area,  about 
669,000  square  miles,  population  (estimated),  9,000,000.  The  prevailing  re- 
ligion is  Animism. 

Belgian  Congo.  Belgian  Colony.  Area  (estimated),  909,654  square  miles, 
population  (several  estimates),  7,000,000,  9,000,000  or  15,500,000.  The  pre- 
vailing religion  is  Animism. 


78  NEGRO  AFRICA 

been  instruction  and  pressure  for  larger  contributions  by  church 
members,  to  which  there  has  been  good  response;  the  war  has  so 
affected  mission  finance  that  greater  burdens  needed  of  necessity  to 
be  borne  by  the  native  congregations;  the  standard  of  membership 
has  been  raised,  quite  as  often  at  the  instance  of  the  native  church 
itself,  with  accompanying  pruning  of  membership;  and  general 
responsibility  by  each  church  member  in  propagating  the  gospel  has 
been  urged  and  readily  accepted ;  all  of  these  factors  have  contributed 
more  or  less  to  promoting  an  aggressive  evangelistic  spirit  and  activity 
which  has  resulted  in  carrying  forward  notable  revivals  and  mass 
movements  and  in  initiating  new  movements  of  the  same  kind. 

The  very  success  of  the  work  has  added  overwhelming  burdens 
on  mission  staffs  already  overtaxed.  A  saving  factor  has  been  the 
loyalty  of  the  native  helpers  and  ministry. 

Practically  every  mission  can  furnish  instances  of  young  men 
turning  aside  from  offers  of  high  wages  in  industry  to  labor  at  a  low 
stipend  in  school  and  church,  and  there  are  many  instances  of 
evangelists,  in  times  when  all  funds  failed  or  were  very  low,  going 
with  little  or  nothing  to  teach  and  to  evangelize. 

The  value  of  industrial  work  in  the  formation  of  character  and 
in  training  for  service  of  evangelists  and  teachers  as  well  as  of 
others  is  being  stressed  quite  generally. 

Bible  Societies 

From  nearly  every  mission  comes  word  of  progress  in  giving  the 
Word  to  the  people  in  their  own  tongue.  In  the  new  missions  a  first 
task  is  Bible  translation,  together  with  production  of  hymn  books, 
catechism,  etc.  In  the  older  missions  the  endeavor  is  to  supply  the 
entire  New  Testament,  or  the  entire  Bible,  first  in  an  initial  and 
then   a   revised   translation. 

The  three  principal  Bible  Societies  stand  ready  to  put  through  the 
press  and  to  make  available  such  portions  as  are  ready  for  publica- 
tion 

The  American  Bible  Society  has  on  the  press  the  revised  Zulu 
Bible,  a  most  important  publication  as  it  is  understandable  by  several 
closely  related  language  groups.  This  Society  serves  at  least  a 
dozen  tribes  in  Africa,  and  reports  sending  out  approximately  20,000 
portions  or  copies  in  the  last  year. 

The  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  reports  the  completion  of 
the  Bible  in  Yoruba  language  (Nigeria)  and  of  portions  in  two  new 
languages,  Jukun  and  Zande,  and  of  portions  in  Lunda  of  Kalunda 
(Chindembwe)  in  1918.  This  Society  published  the  entire  Bible  in 
twenty-two  languages,  the  entire  New  Testament  in  thirty-one  and 
portions  in  eighty-six  other  languages,  one  hundred  and  thirty-nine 

Angola.  Portuguese  Colony.  Area,  484,800  square  miles,  population, 
4,119,000.     Prevailing  religion,   Animism. 

Gkrman  Soirxn-WEST  Africa.  German  Colony.  Area,  322,200  square 
miles,  population,  164,8.30.  Conquered  hy  I'.ritisli  forces  July  9,  i9i.'>.  since 
when  it  has  been  administered  by  the  Union  of  South  Africa.  Prevailing 
religion,  Animism. 


NEGRO  AFRICA  79 

in  all.  All  but  eighteen  belong  to  Negro  Africa  and  the  others  to 
North  Africa. 

The  Scottish  Bible  Society  reports  that  the  translation  of  the  entire 
Bible  into  Nyanja   (Nyasaland)   has  been  completed. 

Only  one  book  of  the  New  Testament  remains  to  be  translated 
into  the  Tonga. 

John's  Gospel  was  published  in  the  Kikuyu  language,  and  the  first 
three  Gospels  in  Chinamwanga,  all  for  the  first  time. 

The  Influenza 

The  pandemic  of  "flu"  swept  over  every  part  of  the  continent, 
taking  a  heavy  toll.  The  scarcity  of  medical  aid  left  the  mass  of 
the  natives  helpless.  The  ignorance  of  the  natives  as  to  proper 
care  of  pneumonia  patients  rendered  them  particularly  susceptible  to 
the  disease.  In  some  cases  whole  villages  were  wiped  out.  It  is 
estimated  that  an  eighth  of  the  native  population  of  the  Belgian 
Congo  succumbed. 

The  mission  staffs  as  a  rule  were  affected  only  lightly,  usually 
because  of  preventative  measures  carefully  observed.  The  death  of 
only  two  missionaries  has  come  to  our  knowledge. 

At  many  stations  the  missionaries  applied  the  preventative 
measures  to  the  people  of  their  station,  and  these,  observing  the  in- 
structions and  also  living  under  better  conditions  than  the  village 
natives,  as  well  as  having  blankets,  were  affected  lightly.  This  has 
caught  the  attention  of  the  heathen,  who  have  remarked  on  the  com- 
parative exemption  of  the  Christian  communities.  Confidence  in 
witch  doctors  has  been  greatly  lessened,  making  a  particularly  fine 
opportunity  for  introducing  medical  work. 

However,  in  strange  contrast  many  missions  report  that  among  the 
natives  who  did  succumb  to  the  "flu"  were  some  of  their  best  and 
most  efficient  native  workers  and  pastors. 

Smallpox  is  reported  as  raging  severely  in  many  parts  of  Africa, 
and  that  the  mortality  was  unusually  high.  The  scarcity  of  medical 
missions  or  of  medical  help  of  any  kind  for  the  larger  part  of  Negro 
Africa  and  of  the  great  need  of  these  is  emphasized  by  these  sad 
conditions. 

Missionary  Leadership  Needed 

There  is  very  heavy  loss  and  wg^tage  of  native  life  throughout 
the  continent  arising  from  infant  mortality,  ignorance  of  natural  and 
proper  treatment  of  disease,  from  superstition,  from  alcohol,  im- 
ported and  locally  brewed,  from  new  dangers  arising  from  un- 
familiar industrialism  and  civilization,  and  from  other  causes.    Much 

British  East  Africa  (including  the  East  Africmi  Protectorate,  the  Uganda 
Protectorate,  and  Zanzibar  and  Pemba).  British  Protectorates.  Total  area, 
356,961  square  miles,  population,  6,364,850,  including  20,467  Asiatics.  Animism 
is  the  prevailing  religion,  but  on  the  coast,  and  on  Zanzibar  and  Pemba,  the 
Mohammedans  largely  predominate. 

German  East  Africa.  German  Colony.  Area,  about  384,000  square  miles, 
population,  7,659,898.  Overrun  by  British,  Belgian  and  Portuguese  forces  by 
the  close  of  the  war.     Prevailing  religion.  Animism. 


8o  NEGRO  AFRICA 

of  this  is  preventable,  and  is  greatly  lessened  where  Christian 
missions  have  functioned,  as  in  Basutoland  and  Uganda,  limited  as 
has  been  the  scope  of  missions  even  in  these  favored  provinces. 
Under  favorable  conditions  native  populations  have  doubled  in  a 
generation,  but  it  is  doubtful  if  the  total  negro  population  of  Africa 
is  increasing  in  the  aggregate,  so  many,  so  varied  and  so  strong  are 
the  forces  operating  adversely  at  the  present  time. 

Industry  and  the  various  governments  greatly  need  and  desire 
an  increased  population.  Both  of  these  in  some  of  the  colonies 
need  evidence  and  then  pressure  and  leadership  to  introduce  correc- 
tive measures  and  better  conditions.  Christian  education  and  medical 
service  is  needed  from  the  church  as  well  as  the  leadership  in  con- 
vincing these  other  factors.  All  which  bespeaks  the  necessity  for  a 
greatly  increased  force,  and  for  missionaries  of  the  highest  order. 

Railroad  Construction 

There  is  ahead  a  large  program  of  railroad  construction,  involving 
all  parts  of  Africa,  and  aggregating  tens  of  thousands  of  miles. 
Several  of  these  enterprises  are  being  put  into  operation  at  once. 

The  usual  force  employed  in  the  construction  of  a  line  of  railroad 
is  from  a  hundred  to  two  hundred  white  men  and  two  thousand  to 
five  thousand  or  more  natives  gathered  from  tribes  for  hundreds  of 
miles  on  either  side. 

In  no  case  that  the  writer  has  heard  of  has  a  Christian  worker 
accompanied  any  one  of  the  scores  of  such  groups  that  have  built 
the  more  than  20,000  miles  of  railway  now  in  operation  in  Africa. 
Moral  and  religious  conditions  on  railroad  construction  have  been 
worse  than  can  be  imagined.  Natives  have  returned  to  their  homes 
with  little  to  relate  of  the  white  man's  life  and  doings  except  his 
drunkenness,  his  gambling,  his  immorality,  and  with  his  profanity 
well  learned. 

A  very  crucial  opportunity  has  been  lost  in  the  past  to  shepherd 
and  help  the  white  men  and  to  teach  and  evangelize  the  natives. 
Will  not  evangelical  Christianity  henceforth  provide  a  mobile  corps 
to  accompany  every  such  construction  group  and  thus  capitalize  one 
of  the  best  of  chances  to  serve  and  to  save,  as  well  as  to  give  a 
favorable  impression  to  the  natives  of  some  factors  at  least  con- 
nected with  the  incoming  forces. 

Missionary  Control  of  Primary  Education 

With  few  exceptions  practically  all  the  primary  education  of 
natives  in  Negro  Africa  has  been  given  by  missionary  agencies.  It  is 
the    British    custom    to    subsidize    mission    schools,    Protestant    and 


Portuguese  East  Africa.  Consists  of  three  Portuguese  territories,  the 
Province  of  Mozambique  (area,  295,000  square  miles),  the  Companhia  de 
Mocambique  (59,840  square  miles),  and  the  Companhia  de  Nyassa  (73,292 
square  miles).  The  two  latter  are  under  trading  companies.  Total  area-, 
426,712  square  miles,  population,  3,120,000.     The  prevailing  religion  is  Animism. 


WEST  AFRICA        k  8i 

Catholic  alike,  on  the  basis  of  equipment,  grade  of  work  done,  and 
attendance. 

Several  of  the  governments,  notably  Natal  in  the  Union  of  South 
Africa  and  the  Belgian  Congo,  are  considering  taking  over,  or  estab- 
lishing general  primary  education  as  a  governmental  function.  The 
French  have  already  initiated  this  policy  in  part. 

As  this  change  occurs  it  will  take  from  the  missions  one  of  their 
most  potential  opportunities  for  influencing  the  tribes  and  developing 
character.  It  will  mean  that  the  methods  of  work  will  need  to  be 
changed  and  other  phases  stressed.  It  will  make  the  religious  educa- 
tion to  center  more  in  the  home,  the  church  and  in  hostels  at  institu- 
tions of  learning. 

WEST  AFRICA 

The  marked  industrial  development  and  prosperity  all  along  the 
west  coast  of  the  past  few  years  has  led  to  the  building  of  roads  and 
of  railways  back  to  the  interior.  All  this  is  arousing  the  people  to 
desire  something  new  in  education  and  in  religion.  Many  heathen 
chiefs  have  been  sending  to  the  mission  stations  asking  for  teachers 
and  evangelists.  There  never  has  been  a  more  favorable  time  for 
Christianity  to  extend  its  work. 

Mohammedanism 

The  advance  and  aggression  of  Mohammedanism  all  along  the 
coast  is  the  outstanding  fact  and  the  critical  situation  of  the  present 
time.  Moslems  from  the  interior  and  from  the  French  Sudan  seem 
to  be  organized  for  an  aggressive  propaganda  in  a  most  definite  way. 
Teachers  supplied  with  funds  are  appearing  in  the  coast  villages  and 
opening  and  conducting  schools  among  the  raw  heathen,  building 
mosques  and  otherwise  taking  advantage  of  the  awakened  condition 
of  the  natives  and  their  desire  for  new  and  better  things. 

Many  Mohammedan  traders  financed  by  European  houses  go 
freely  among  the  Pagan  peoples  and  into  districts  of  the  various 
colonies,  where,  before  European  governments  arrived,  they  would 
have  been  killed.  They  preach  Islam  while  they  trade.  The  Moham- 
medans are  meeting  somewhat  of  a  check  in  their  school  work  in 
the  French  territories,  inasmuch  as  the  French  Government  is  for- 
bidding the  use  of  the  Arabic  language  as  well  as  of  any  language 
except  French  in  the  schools. 

In  Northern  Nigeria,  19,073  Mohammedan  schools  are  reported, 
with  an  attendance  of  143,312.  Of  Christian  mission  schools  twenty- 
nine  are  reported  with  an  enrollment  of  six  hundred  and  four  pupils. 

Union  of  South  Africa.  A  legislative  union  of  self-governing  colonies  of 
Great  Britain.  Comprising  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  Province  (area,  276,966, 
population  (1911),  2,564,965),  Natal  (area,  35,291,  population  (1911),  1,194,- 
043),  Transvaal  (area,  110,450,  population  (1911),  1,686,212),  Orange  Free 
State  (area,  50.389.  population  (1911),  528,174).  Total  area,  473,096  square 
miles,  total  population  5.973.394,  of  whom  4,697,162  are  colored  or  natives,  and 
1,276,242  Whites.  There  were  (census  of  1911),  2,578,049  Protestants,  91,035 
Roman  Catholics,  46.919  Jews,  115,701  Hindus,  1,783  Buddhists  and  Confucian- 
ists,   45,842   Mohammedans. 


82  WEST  AFRICA 


Liberia 


In  Liberia  up  to  the  present  time  the  various  missionary  societies 
have  not  come  together  in  an  effective  cooperation  to  secure  greater 
results,  but  there  is  a  dehnite  tendency  in  that  direction.  This 
republic  is,  if  anything,  overchurched  near  the  coast,  but  each  society 
is  understaffed  for  the  effective  occupation  of  thjs  coast  region  and 
particularly  for  the  aggressive  advance  into  the  interior. 

A  start  has  been  made  recently  in  establishing  medical  work  by 
the  Protestant  Episcopalians,  who  have  the  only  hospital  in  Liberia, 
and  a  dispensary  at  another  point. 

One  report  states : 

"Liberia  has  no  social,  race  or  labor  problems  or  disturbances. 
Her  troubles  have  all  been  financial  and  the  encroachments  of  the 
powerful  neighboring  colonies  on  her  borders." 

Nigeria 

So  far  as  Southern  Nigeria  is  concerned  the  situation  is  entirely 
favorable  to  Christian  missions,  for  the  Governor-general  is  on 
record  as  saying,  "I  hold  out  every  encouragement  to  establish  mis- 
sions in  Pagan  centers." 

The  evidence  is  increasingly  clear  that  there  is  urgent  need  that 
a  commission  early  be  appointed  representing  American,  British  and 
other  Foreign  boards  to  devise  ways  and  means  by  which  the 
advance  of  Mohammedanism  can  be  stayed. 

That  war-time  prohibition  in  Nigeria  has  a  chance  of  becoming 
permanent  is  seen  from  the  fact  that  the  Secretary  of  State  for  the 
colonies  had  announced  in  the  House  of  Commons  "that  he  had  in- 
formed the  governments  of  British  West  Africa  colonies  that  the 
importation  into  those  colonies  of  all  spirits  should  be  prohibited  for 
the  present,  save  under  licenses  issued  by  the  colonial  government 
and  based  on  the  imports  for  1918,  but  that  licenses  are  not  to  be 
granted  for  the  importation  of  'trade  spirits.' "  The  comment 
follows  that  the  trade  in  gin  in  West  Africa  is  "now  coming  to  an 
end  so  far  as  Englishmen  are  concerned." 

It  would  be  a  very  great  gain  for  every  one  concerned,  except  for 
the  liquor  interests,  if  in  the  other  portions  of  Africa,  not  previously 
protected,  prohibition  of  all  imported  liquors  at  least  could  become 
effective.  A  united  drive  by  all  missionary  agencies  would  be  very 
effective  in  promoting  and  hastening  this  consummation. 

Cameroun 

The  mass  movement  of  recent  years  in  the  Presbyterian  Mission 
continues  unabated.  The  school  work  has  been  hindered  in  the 
readjustment    made    necessary    by    the    change    of    Governments. 


Swaziland.  British  Protectorate.  Area,  6,678  square  miles,  population 
(191 1 ),  99,959,  of  wliotn   98,733  arc  natives  of  the  Zulu   type. 

I'asutoland.  British  Protectorate.  Area,  11,716  square  miles,  population 
(191 1),   404,507   natives  and    1,396    Europeans. 


WEST  CENTRAL  AFRICA  83 

Where  German  was  taught  formerly  French  is  now  required.  The 
missionaries,  however,  are  quickly  adjusting'  themselves  to  these 
requirements. 

In  caring  for  the  German  Mission  stations  in  the  Cameroun,  the 
Paris  Evangelical  Society  and  the  Presbyterian  (American)  have 
shared,  with  the  final  adjustments  still  pending.  The  return  of  the 
German  missionaries  to  their  former  work  would  seem  to  be  alto- 
gether inexpedient. 

WEST  CENTRAL  AFRICA 

French   Congo 

Decided  difficulties  seem  to  be  encountered  by  mission  societies 
purposing  to  enter  French  territory.  A  group  of  American  mis- 
sionaries intending  to  open  work  in  the  Ubangi-Shari  district  have 
waited  for  two  years  at  Brazzaville  for  the  necessary  permission. 
There  is  hopefulness  of  soon  obtaining  this  permission.  The  French 
Congo  is  a  most  important  sector  to  occupy  in  the  staying  of  the 
advance  of  Mohammedanism  which  is  aggressively  pressing  down 
from  the  North. 

Besides  the  group  mentioned  above,  four  regular  missionary  so- 
cieties are  planning  to  extend  their  work  into  this  region  at  the 
earliest  favorable  moment. 

The  Belgian  Congo 

The  missionary  conference  of  1918,  attended  by  seventy-three  mis- 
sionaries representing  nine  societies,  was  a  gathering  of  a  high  order. 
It  faced  the  problems  of  missionary  work  in  this  colony  in  a  most 
efficient  way  and  appointed  a  continuation  committee  to  carry  into 
effect  its  findings  and  policies. 

A  careful  study  of  the  occupation  of  this  field  revealed  that  the 
heart  of  the  colony  only  is  at  all  well  occupied.  The  outer  rim,  of 
about  three  hundred  miles  in  width,  particularly  on  the  East  and 
North,  is  almost  untouched.  One  notable  break  in  the  rim  is  on 
the  northeast  where  the  Africa  Inland  Mission  has  established  itself 
in  force,  with  headquarters  at  Aba,  from  which  also  the  work  of  this 
same  society  in  British  East  Africa  and  the  former  German  East 
Africa  will  be  administered.  The  Heart  of  Africa  Mission  occupies 
territory  in  the  same  region. 

It  was  stated  at  the  conference  that  one  hundred  tribes  of  the 
Congo  are  as  yet  untouched  by  the  Gospel. 

The_  next  session  of  this  Conference  of  Protestant  Missionary 
Societies  in  the  Congo  will  be  held  in  1921,  either  at  Brazzaville  or  at 
Bolenge. 


Rhodesia  (including  Southern  Rhodesia  and  Northern  Rhodesia).  Under 
the  administration  of  the  British  South  Africa  Company.  Area,  about  440,000 
square  miles,  population  (estimated),  1,654,000  natives,  and  about  30,000 
Europeans.     Prevailing  religion.  Animism. 


84  EAST  AFRICA 

A  strong  deputation  representing  the  Baptist  Missionary  Society 
(English)  visited  th»  Congo  during  the  year,  as  did  also  a  deputa- 
tion of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  All  of  the  other  long 
established  missions  have  previously  been  visited  by  deputations. 
This  should  put  all  the  societies  in  a  position  to  consider  efficiently 
the  problems  of  readjustment  and  of  advance. 


EAST  AFRICA 

A  famine  in  parts  of  British  East  Africa  followed  the  epidemic 
of  "flu"  and  smallpox.  Relief  of  distressing  conditions  was  supplied 
by  the  government  officials  and  missionaries  working  in  cooperation. 

Mohammedans 

The  entire  east  coast  down  as  far  as  the  Zambesi  is  one  of  the 
storm  centers,^  a  sector  of  active  advance  by  the  Mohammedans. 
The  war  furnished  great  opportunities  for  propaganda,  which  were 
aggressively_  improved  by  the  Moslems,  particularly  in  connection 
with  the  military  operations.  The  Christian  forces  were  in  evidence 
in  only  a  few  places. 

German  Mission  Work 

In  caring  for  the  German  Protestant  Missions  in  former  German 
East  Africa,  the  Africa  Inland  Alission  (an  American  interdenom- 
inational society)  has  been  requested  by  the  Government  to  assume 
the  responsibility  for  certain  of  these.  A  possible  solution  for  the 
stations  in  the  districts  assigned  to  Belgium  by  the  Peace  Conference 
is  for  the  Belgian  Protestants  to  occupy  this  territory.  Before  the 
war  there  were  50,000  Protestants  in  Belgium,  and  missionaries 
representing  a  portion  of  these  were  on  the  way  in  August,  1914,  to 
open  work  in  the  Congo. 

The  Africa  Inland  Mission  was  able  greatly  to  increase  its  staff 
during  the  war  period,  having  now  a  hundred  and  sixty  missionaries 
in  East  Africa  and  the  Congo. 

Opposition  to   Mission   Work 

Portions  of  Portuguese  East  Africa,  notably  those  under  the 
Mozambique  Company,  are  practically^  closed  to  missionary  work. 
This  chartered  company  represents  principally  British  and  French 
capital.  Portuguese  are  employed  in  the  provinces.  This  situation 
calls  for  early  attention. 

SOUTH  AFRICA 

The  "Sub-Continent"  having  had  a  much  earlier  and  a  more  general 
occupation  by  Europeans,  is  far  ahead  of  the  rest  of  Negro  Africa 
in  every  respect.  A  million  and  a  quarter  Europeans  within  the 
Union  of  South  Africa,  the  majority  of  them  cither  born  in  the 
country  or  permanently  settled  there,  aim   to  make   this  a   "White 


SOUTH  AFRICA  85 

man's  country,"  There  must  be  taken  into  consideration  at  the 
same  time  nearly  five  million  Africans  and  colored  people  (mixed 
blood)  besides  115,701  East  Indians  and  45,841  Mohammedans, 
mostly  Malay  and  other  Asiatics.  Truly  South  Africa  has  her  full 
share  of  political,  industrial,  social  and  religious  problems. 

The  application  of  the  Gospel  to  social  conditions  and  to  racial 
differences  and  problems,  in  a  sane  and  right  way  by  members  of 
all  races  and  groups,  is  the  great  need,  and  holds  out  the  only 
promise  of  solution  to  these  very  acute  problems,  which  perhaps  are 
more  acute  and  complex  in  South  Africa  than  anywhere  else. 

Religious   Situation  of  Europeans 

While  practically  all  of  the  white  population  of  South  Africa  is 
returned  in  statistics  as  Christian,  it  is  only  the  same  as  reporting 
America  or  any  European  country  as  Christian,  or  somewhat  less  so. 
Several  of  the  principal  Protestant  denominations  are  strongly  repre- 
sented either  by  independent  or  by  affiliated  Conferences,  Synods  or 
similar  groups.  These  bodies  carry  on  a  more  or  less  aggressive 
work,  as  compared  with  churches  in  other  countries,  but  all  feel  the 
need  of  greatly  enlarged  activities  and  programs.  Very  definite 
expressions  have  been  made  of  desire  for  a  closely  united  and  com- 
mon program  on  behalf  of  evangelical  Christianity  throughout  the 
Union. 

Temperance 

The  measure  promoted  on  behalf  of  the  vine  growers  of  South 
Africa  to  permit  selling  to  natives  of  wines  and  liquors  up  to  ten 
per  cent  strength  of  alcohol  has  been  defeated  for  the  time  at  least. 

Leaders  of  native  thought  are  beginning  to  resent  race  or  class 
legislation.  These  same  leaders  realize  the  evils  of  alcoholic  liquors 
and  approve  of  prohibition,  but  they  maintain  that  it  should  be 
prohibition  for  all. 

The  illicit  liquor  selling  to  natives,  which  is  such  a  scandal  and 
problem  at  Johannesburg,  is  very  difficult  to  suppress  as  long  as  there 
is  abundance  of  all  sorts  of  liquors  in  the  country  for  Europeans. 
Degenerate  whites  and  crafty  colored  persons  will  sell  it  to  the 
natives.  Many  Europeans  are  beginning  to  agree  that  total  prohibi- 
tion is  the  only  solution.  Many  of  the  recurring  race  and  class  prob- 
lems and  difficulties  would  disappear  with  alcohol. 

Temperance  sentiment  is  gaining  and  progress  has  been  made  to 
convince  the  vine  growers  that  there  is  fully  as  profitable  a  market 
for  their  produce  in  other  forms  as  in  alcohol. 

American  temperance  workers  have  responded  to  join  in  a  cam- 
paign beginning  October,  1919.  Local  option  is  the  means  by  which 
the  leaders  expect  to  make  their  gains. 

Changing  Attitude  of  Europeans  Toward  Mission  Work 

The  past  two  decades  have  seen  a  great  reversal  of  opinion,  on  the 
part  of  the  general  European  public,  regarding  the  advisability  of 


86  SOUTH  AFRICA 

education  at  all  for  the  natives  and  the  value  of  mission  work  in 
general. 

The  findings  of  the  imperial  Native  Affairs  Commission  of  1903, 
and  similar  investigations,  which  strongly  commended  education  and 
mission  work,  the  attitude  of  the  natives  in  the  Zulu  rebelhon  of 
1906,  the  good  account  given  of  themselves  by  graduates  of  mission 
schools ;  tliese  and  other  factors  have  utterly  changed  the  attitude  of 
the  tlioughtful  men  in  government  and  in  commerce. 

The  Johannesburg  Gold  Mines 

In  tliis  melting  pot  of  the  native  tribes  of  South  Africa,  race  con- 
sciousness and  independence  of  action  is  growing  rapidly.  Until 
within  a  few  years  the  principal  activity  of  the  natives  on  a  Sunday 
was  participation  in  a  local  compound  dance.  Now  each  Sunday 
there  is  a  special  dance  in  a  designated  compound  to  which  natives 
assemble  from  compounds  twenty  miles  or  more  distant.  Teams  vie 
with  each  other  in  performance,  each  team  being  backed  by  its 
crowd.  Compound  colors,  banners,  streamers  and  yells  are  much  in 
evidence,  as  at  a  football  game. 

Besides  this  development  of  native  sport  the  natives  have  imitated 
the  white  man  in  forming  football,  tennis,  cricket  and  other  athletic 
clubs,  with  contests,  prizes,  etc.  Most  of  these  games  are  held  on 
Sunday,  likewise  an  imitation  of  white  men. 

The  sixty  or  more  Ethiopian  (, independent  native  or  negro)  Church 
organizations  at  present  existing  throughout  South  Africa  in  the 
majority  of  cases  originated  here  on  the  mineral  fields. 

Secret  Societies,  a  notable  one  called  Xinevahites,  the  members  of 
which  engage  to  aid  each  other  in  crimes,  is  very  strong  here. 

Compound  Work 

Two  decades  ago  it  was  with  great  difficulty  that  missionaries 
obtained  access  to  the  mine  compounds  to  preach  to  the  native 
miners ;  now  practically  every  compound  is  open  to  them,  and  halls 
and  school  rooms  are,  by  the  mines  in  many  cases,  put  at  the  disposal 
of  the  mission  agents. 

In  connection  with  this  compound  work  very  much  greater  effi- 
ciency could  be  obtained  by  a  reorganization  and  cooperation  be- 
tween the  twenty-two  societies  from  practically  every  Protestant 
country  that  are  now  working  quite  independently  of  each  other 
along  the  Rand.  No  one  of  them  has  been  doing  an  adequate  and 
significant  work. 

The  American  Board  is  greatly  enlarging  its  work,  opening  social 
centers,  seeking  to  get  control  or  give  guidance  in  recreational  and 
athletic  activities,  and  otherwise  functioning  in  the  every  day  life  of 
the  natives  employed  in  the  city  and  on  the  mines.  It  is  to  be  hoped 
that  other  societies  will  hkewise  seek  to  serve  in  this  larger  way  and 
thus  employ  these  additional  means  of  proclaiming  and  exemplifying 
the  Gospel. 


SOUTH  AFRICA  87 

The  General  Mission  Conference  of  South  Africa 

The  fifth  session  of  this  important  conference  was  postponed  on 
account  of  the  war,  from  1916  and  is  to  be  held  in  1921.  Commis- 
sions have  been  making  exhaustive  research  on  various  subjects, 
and  will  report  their  findings  at  the  coming  session. 

The  sentiment,  which  has  been  strong  in  the  conference  from  its 
first  session,  in  favor  of  comity  and  of  correction  of  overlapping, 
which  is  acute  in  parts  of  South  Africa,  is  growing  in  strength  and 
would  seem  to  bespeak  readiness  for  some  positive  and  radical 
adjustments  in  the  near  future. 

The  South  Africa  Native  College 

After  years  of  consideration  and  slow  progress  the  South  Africa 
Native  College — of  real  college  grade — is  at  last  a  reality,  and  was 
opened  during  the  year.  The  missionary  agencies,  the  various 
provincial  governments  and  the  native  tribes  of  the  Sub-continent 
are  all  related  to  the  enterprise. 

The  site  is  on  ground  formerly  a  part  of  the  Lovedale  institution, 
the  buildings  being  about  a  mile  apart. 

During  the  first  season  thirty-nine  students,  well  distributed  among 
the  various  denominations,  and  from  seven  tribes,  were  in  at- 
tendance. 

Professional  training  will  be  provided  at  an  early  date.  Theo- 
logical training  will  be  given  by  the  various  denominations  in  connec- 
tion with  their  hostels. 

As  a  result  of  the  revelation  during  the  year  of  the  lack  and  the 
need  of  skilled  medical  advice  and  attention  among  the  native 
peoples  a  fair  proportion  of  the  students  are  desiring  medical 
training. 

Government  Recognition  and  Support 

From  an  attitude  of  indifference  years  ago  the  Natal  government 
has  become  a  heavy  supporter  of  missionary  education.  Amanzimtote 
Institution  (American  Board)  received  in  1918  government  grants 
for  support  of  the  teaching  staff  $8,000,  as  against  $300  eighteen 
years  ago.  One  grant  toward  the  building  of  a  Domestic  Science 
Department  amounts  to  $5,000.  Large  support  is  assured  for  equip- 
ment and  salaries  in  the  greater  program  ahead. 

Native  Loyalty  and  Development 

Fears  were  entertained  that  natives  returning  from  the  war  zones 
of  France  and  East  Africa  would  exhibit  unfavorable  reactions. 
But  these  fears  were  groundless.  The  Superintendent  of  Education 
in  Natal  was  able  to  say  that  he  had  "not  heard  of  a  single  instance 
of  unbecoming  conduct  on  the  part  of  a  returned  native  laborer. 
On  the  contrary,  the  discipline  of  the  army  and  the  education 
through  travel  had  rendered  them  more  dutiful,  more  loyal,  more 
useful." 


88  SOUTH  AFRICA 

Mr.  Le  Roy,  for  eighteen  years  principal  of  Amanzimtote,  the  lead- 
ing native  educational  institution  of  Natal,  reports  that  the  war  has 
led  the  natives  to  discriminate  between  mere  civilization  and  Christi- 
anity. Mere  civilization  and  education  is  not  sufficient.  There  is 
such  a  thing  as  Godless  civilization  which  does  not  differ  materially 
from  a  Godless  heathenism.  This  new  view  has  made  the  native 
peoples  more  receptive  to  the  truth  than  they  have  been  for  years. 

The  Zulu  native  churches  have  entirely  supported  their  own 
ministry  for  a  quarter  of  a  century.  This  year  they  took  advance 
steps  in  establishing  at  their  own  charges  a  minimum  salary  for 
every  pastor  and  evangelist,  involving  a  twenty  to  forty  per  cent 
increase  over  former  salaries,  and  also  by  appointing  and  providing 
for  the  salary  of  a  native  field  secretary  for  their  churches. 

The  natives  of  South  Africa,  many  of  them  college  trained  (in 
America  and  Great  Britain),  have  their  provincial  and  national 
councils  to  promote  the  educational,  social,  political  and  industrial 
interests  of  their  peoples.  The  discussions  and  actions  are  on  a 
high  plane,  surprising  to  those  not  conversant  with  the  abilities  and 
attainments  of  natives  who  have  had  opportunities  for  education. 

The  Three  Factors 

Church,  state  and  commerce,  all  three  are  operating  throughout 
the  continent  of  Africa.  All  three  are  ordained  of  God,  each  to 
function  in  its  respective  sphere.  The  best  results  will  follow  where 
the  three  cooperate  closely  and  harmoniously,  all  actuated  by  the 
spirit  of  humanity,  of  justice  and  of  service. 

With  the  accounting  nations  will  in  future  be  required  to  render 
of  their  stewardship,  under  the  League  of  Nations,  the  governments 
of  Africa  must  increasingly  consult  the  interests  of  the  peoples, 
providing  so  far  as  laws  can  the  opportunities  for  security  and  for 
development.  A  wise,  strong  policy  of  cooperation  with  govern- 
ments pursued  by  the  federated  missionary  agencies  can  greatly 
further  these  ends. 

Industry  while  inclined  at  first  to  be  short-sighted  and  careless  of 
native  welfare  is  becoming  convinced  in  spots  that  a  humane  policy 
is  best  in  the  long  run  for  them  as  well  as  for  the  natives.  The 
Church  as  well  as  the  state  needs  to  be  alert  here  to  give  proof ,  to 
watch  processes,  correct  wrongs  and  secure  the  best  conditions  for 
the  native  laborers. 

The  Mission  agencies  are  broadening  their  policies,  and  need_  to 
go  on  and  to  be  sure  that  the  total  normal  life  of  the  peoples  is  being 
symmetrically  developed.  The  narrow  conception  that  frowned  upon 
governments  and  industry  and  kept  apart  from  them  must  give  place 
to  a  policy  of  seeking  opportunities  to  cooperate. 

To  keep  pace  with  state  and  commerce  in  all  parts  of  Africa,  the 
Church  needs  to  multiply  her  present  force  from  six  to  ten  fold. 


THE  PHILIPPINES  89 

THE  PHILIPPINES 

Rev.   p.   H.  J.   Lerrigo,  M.D. 

Especial  interest  attaches  to  the  Philippine  situation  at  this  time; 
first,  because  of  the  recrudescence  of  interest  in  the  question  of 
immediate  independence,  and  second,  because  of  the  prominence 
which  the  doctrine  of  mandataries  has  taken  in  the  peace  delibera- 
tions. 

The  Philippines  as  a  Mandatary 

The  American  occupation  of  the  Philippines  may  fairly  be  consid- 
ered an  ideal  example  of  a  mandatary  accepted  by  a  stronger  in 
behalf  of  a  weaker  nation.  It  may  be  taken  as  indicative  of  the  way 
in  which  mandataries  as  projected  in  the  peace  treaty  should  work 
out,  and  also  as  an  assurance  of  the  entire  feasibility  of  such  a 
mandatary  system.  The  spirit  of  Protestant  Christendom  has 
crystallized  in  America's  dealings  with  the  Philippines.  Service  is 
its  keynote  and  its  best  fruitage  is  the  possibility  of  an  epoch  when 
similar  relationships  shall  obtain  between  great  and  small  peoples  the 
world  over. 

Interpreting  America  to  the  Orient 

The  Philippines  has  been  an  experimental  station  for  the  new  era 
and  stands  as  an  interpreter  at  the  door  of  the  Orient.  China  was 
puzzled  for  decades  by  the  contrast  between  Romanist  and  Prot- 
estant methods  of  missionary  work  within  her  own  boundaries.  The 
one  expressed  autocracy  and  the  other  democracy.  The  one  inter- 
meddled in  a  multitude  of  lawsuits  and  demanded  special  privileges 
for  its  adherents ;  the  other  relied  for  success  and  protection  upon 
the  dynamic  force  of  its  message.  The  Philippine  experience  has 
shed  a  flood  of  light  upon  these  inconsistencies  for  the  Chinese. 
Four  hundred  years  of  the  old  Spanish  regime  failed  to  accomplish 
what  two  decades  of  a  benevolent  government  in  the  spirit  of 
evangelical    Christianity    have   achieved. 

It  is  helping  Japan  also  to  interpret  an  episode  in  her  own  history. 
The  hostile  reaction  to  Catholic  propaganda  closed  the  doors  of 
Japan  to  the  world.  lyeyasu  suspected  that  the  propaganda  of 
Spanish  and  Portuguese  missionaries  was  but  the  preliminary  to 
political  aggression  and  the  great  Shogun  ordered  all  foreign  priests 
expelled  and  all  churches  destroyed,  while  Japanese  Christians  were 
compelled  to  renounce  the  faith.  America's  experience  in  the  Philip- 
pines is  a  striking  illustration,  comprehensible  because  occurring  in 
a  brief  time,  of  the  contrast  between  that  autocratic  type  of  Christi- 
anity, and  the  democratic  Christianity  which  has  had  no  small  part 
in  the  modern  Japanese  revolution. 

Philippine  Islands.  United  States  Possession.  3,141  Islands  (only  eight 
of  large  size)  with  an  area  of  about  114,400  square  miles.  Population  (esti- 
mated), 9,000,000,  mainly  of  the  Malay  race,  but  there  are  some  tribes  of 
Negritos,  aboriginal  Polynesians,  numbering  probably  25,000  all  told,  and 
about  35.000  Chinese.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Catholicism,  but  there 
are  some  1,100,000  non- Christians,  including  the  Mohammedans  and  some 
300,000  Animists. 


90  THE  PHILIPPINES 

The  Young  Men's  Buddhist  Association  of  India  has  sent  a  com- 
mission to  the  Philippines  to  study  its  educational  system.  The 
nations  of  the  Orient  understand  America  and  Christ  better  because 
of  our  experience  in  the  Philippines. 

Two  Decades  in  the  Philippines 

The  present  year  closes  two  decades  of  mission  work  in  the  Philip- 
pines, while  the  American  occupation  has  just  come  of  age,  being 
now  in  its  twenty-first  year.  The  limited  area  involved  and  the 
liberty  to  depart  radically  from  old  standards  made  it  possible  to 
introduce  reforms  of  the  most  advanced  nature  and  in  some  respects 
the  Philippines  has  outpaced  this  country  in  its  governmental 
methods.  Postal  Savings  Banks  were  introduced  there  before  they 
were  established  in  this  country.  The  past  year  has  seen  the  adop- 
tion of  the  budget  system  in  insular  finance,  a  departure  which 
American  legislators  have  talked  of  for  decades  and  which  we  have 
not  yet  succeeded  in  achieving.  For  the  lack  of  it  we  have  the 
present  haphazard  and  unrelated  hodge-podge  of  national  expendi- 
tures. 

Departmentalized  Government  Service 

During  the  year  covered  by  the  last  report  of  the  Governor  Gen- 
eral, the  Jones  bill  has  been  put  into  effect,  departmentalizing  the 
entire  Philippine  service.  The  very  titles  of  the  departments  indi- 
cate the  practical  nature  of  the  plan.  They  are  as  follows  with  their 
subdivisions,  or  bureaus.  All  of  them  with  the  exception  of  the  De- 
partment of  Public  Instruction  are  in  charge  of  Filipino  directors. 

Department  of  the  Interior. 

Bureau  of  non-Christian  tribes. 

Executive  Bureau. 

Bureau  of  Constabulary. 

Philippine  General  Hospital. 
Department  of  Public  Instruction. 

Bureau  of  Education. 

Philippine  Health  Service. 
Department  of  Finance. 

Bureau  of  Internal  Revenue. 

Treasury  Bureau. 

Budget. 
Department  of  Justice. 

Bureau  of  Prisons. 
Department  of  Agriculture  and  Natural  Resources. 

Bureau  of  Forestry. 
Department  of  Commerce  and  Communications. 

Bureau  of  Public  Works. 

Bureau  of  Posts. 

Bureau  of   Supply. 

Bureau  of  Labor. 

Bureau  of  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey. 


THE  PHILIPPINES  91 

Education  in  the   Philippines 

The  Department  of  Public  Instruction  evidences  perhaps  better 
than  any  other  that  the  task  undertaken  in  the  Philippines  is  being 
intelligently  and  thoroughly  done.  The  system  is  based  upon  the 
most  advanced  principles  of  educational  science.  It  includes  trades 
schools  and  manual  training  in  all  the  schools  far  in  advance  of  the 
average  American  standard.  It  is  recognized,  however,  that  while 
the  quality  of  the  work  is  high,  it  is  inadequate  in  extent.  The 
Secretary  of  Public  Instruction,  Mr.  Charles  E.  Yeater,  states  in  his 
report  that  "while  the  Philippines  possess  an  excellent  school  system, 
with  a  trained  and  expert  directing  personnel,  other  facts  make  plain 
the  dark  side  of  the  picture.  It  is  true  that  only  one-half  the 
children  of  the  islands  are  in  the  public  schools  and  that  for  the 
reason  that  schoolhouses  and  teachers  are  lacking."  To  meet  the 
situation  the  Philippine  legislature  has  recently  passed  a  bill  provid- 
ing for  an  additional  sum  of  Pesos  30,000,000  to  be  made  available 
for  the  work  of  the  department  during  the  next  five  years.  This 
will  supplement  the  present  annual  appropriation  of  Pesos  5,000,000. 

Association  of  Government  and  Missionary  Work 

From  the  beginning  of  the  task  there  has  been  a  close  association 
between  the  work  of  the  missionary  and  the  Government.  In  the 
report  of  F,  W.  Carpenter,  Director  of  the  Bureau  of  Non-Christian 
Tribes,  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  are  these  words :_  "As  a 
coordinate  factor  with  the  Government  in  the  work  of  civilization 
throughout  the  territory  within  the  jurisdiction  of  this  bureau,  I 
cannot  too  strongly  commend  the  work  of  Christian  missions  and 
philanthropy." 

The  mission  schools  are  supplementing  the  work  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Public  Instruction,  especially  in  the  higher  branches,  and  that 
their  work  is  thoroughly  appreciated  is  indicated  by  the  following 
paragraph  from  the  last  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  department : 
"Every  effort  by  any  religious  sect  ...  to  establish  and  maintain 
schools  should  be  welcome.  With  half  the  children  of  the  country 
deprived  of  an  opportunity  to  get  an  education  there  is  pressing 
demand  not  only  for  more  public  but  more  private  schools." 

The  Students'  Conferences 

While  statistics  for  the  year  are  not  yet  available,  every  report 
from  the  Philippines  indicates  that  the  evangelical  work  has  been 
proceeding  most  encouragingly.  One  of  the  interesting  events  of 
the  year  was  the  Students'  Conference  held  at  Baguio  during  the 
Christmas  holidays.  One  hundred  and  twenty-five  young  men  were 
in  attendance  as  delegates.  The  year  was  marked  also  by  the  organ- 
ization of  the  first  women  students'  conference.  These  gatherings 
will  parallel  the  work  of  the  Students'  Conferences  in  America  and 
are  already  stimulating  young  people  to  give  their  lives  to  missionary 
service.     Rev.  W.  O.  Valentine  of  Occidental  Negros  reports  twenty 


92  THE  PHILIPPINES 

men  in  his  field  ready  to  enter  the  ministry.    At  Camp  Claudio  a 
thousand  young  men  are  in  Bible  classes. 

The  Christian  Service  League 

As  an  outgrowth  of  the  student  gatherings  the  Christian  Service 
League  was  inaugurated.  It  has  for  its  primary  object  "the  promo- 
tion of  vital  Christianity  in  the  lives  of  the  young  men  and  women 
of  the  Islands."  Branches  of  the  League  are  being  formed  through- 
out the  archipelago.  It  has  undertaken  as  one  of  its  first  tasks  a 
vigorous  campaign  against  the  cockpit  and  in  favor  of  prohibition. 
There  is  before  the  Philippine  legislature  a  measure  to  the  same 
effect  as  the  prohibitory  amendment  recently  adopted  by  Congress. 
The  Christian  Service  League  has  addressed  the  Philippine  senators 
and_  representatives  in  an  open  letter  supporting  Sefior  Altavas'  bill 
to  limit  the  continuance  of  the  Cockpit  to  two  years.  Already  some 
results  are  manifest.  Gambling  among  high  officials  is  being  vigor- 
ously attacked,  and  certain  municipal  presidents  have  been  separated 
from  their  office  for  this  offense. 

Net  Results  to  Date 

The  American  occupation  of  the  Philippines  is,  in  some  sense, 
entirely  a  missionary  task,  for  it  was  conceived  and  has  been  carried 
out  in  an  altruistic  spirit.  The  net  results  of  Government  and  mis- 
sionary work  alike  are  a  peaceful  but  complete  revolution  of  the 
Archipelago.  Up  to  the  American  occupation  the  Philippines  were 
in  a  condition  of  arrested  development.  The  Spaniards  brought  a 
medieval  civilization  four  hundred  years  ago  and  the  atmosphere 
of  the  middle  ages  still  prevailed.  The  walled  city  of  Manila 
graphically  pictured  its  old-world  character.  Since  the  American, 
occupation  it  has  been  swept  into  the  current  of  modern  progress." 
This  is  illustrated  by  the  new  commerce.  The  last  report  of  the 
Governor  General  shows  a  year  of  extraordinary  prosperity.  The 
total  trade  amounts  to  Pesos  322,802,674;  the  exports  being  191,- 
208,613, _  making  a  balance  of  trade  in  favor  of  the  Philippines 
amounting  to  59,614,552.  The  money  in  circulation  was  Pesos 
102,580,313.  The  commerce  with  the  United  States  includes  two- 
thirds  of  the  exports  and  three-fifths  of  the  imports.  The  world 
is  getting  acquainted  with  the  Philippines  and  they  with  the  world. 
Inward-bound  passengers  were  19,635,  outward-bound  16,293. 

A  Curious  Anachronism 

Remnants  of  the  old  medievalism  are  still  found.  At  Loma  Ceme- 
tery this  year  the  "penitentes"  were  practised  by  scores  of  men  on 
Good  Friday.  Stripped  to  the  waist  they  lacerated  themselves  until 
the  blood  streamed  down  their  backs  ;  some  hacked  themselves  with 
pieces  of  glass  and  others  flagellated  themselves  with  scourges  made 
of  cords  and  small  pieces  of  bamboo.  Public  sentiment  is  increasing, 
however,  against  such  absurdities, 


THE  PHILIPPINES  93 

The  Key  to  the  Future 

The  results  of  the  evangelical  work  in  the  islands  are  seen  not 
only  in  the  growth  of  many  large  and  vigorous  Protestant  churches 
and  communities,  but  also  in  the  leavening  of  public  opinion  far 
beyond  what  might  be  expected  if  the  numerical  strength  only  of 
Protestantism  v/ere  taken  into  account.  There  must  be  a  vital  faith 
in  Christ  as  personal  Lord  and  Master  on  the  part  of  increasing 
numbers  of  the  people  if  reforms  are  to  be  lasting,  and  this  is  being 
brought  about  by  the  work  of  the  missions.  The  young  people  of 
the  schools  and  churches  are  carrying  their  enlightened  ideas  into 
every  walk  of  life.  The  growth  of  a  middle  class  may  be  discerned. 
Opportunities  as  artisans,  railway  employees,  in  connection  with 
business  houses,  and  the  new  agriculture  are  appealing  especially  to 
the  Christian  young  men  and  women. 

The  Work  Still  Incomplete 

It  is  apparent  that  the  work  is  still  incomplete  and  the  missions 
must  concern  themselves  in  the  coming  days  with  reenforcing  the 
educational  situation,  especially  in  its  higher  branches,  and  must  place 
redoubled  emphasis  upon  cooperation  with  the  Filipinos  themselves 
in  building  up  a  vigorous  native  church  to  be  the  moral  backbone  of 
the  country.  The  missionary  to  the  Philippines  should  be  a  student 
of  world  movements.  He  should  study  the  Government  reports  and 
present  to  his  young  people  the  opportunity  of  engaging  in  public 
work  with  the  aim  of  carrying  the  spirit  of  Christ  into  the  affairs  of 
the  Islands. 


GENERAL  ARTICLES 


MISSIONS  OF  THE  ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCH 

Rev.  Joseph  F.  McGlinchey,  D.D.* 

The  Foreign  Mission  work  of  the  Catholic  Church  began  in  the 
year  30  A.  D.,  when  Jesus  Christ,  the  Son  of  God,  its  founder  and 
first  missionary,  preached  His  own  Gospel  and  organized  the  first 
Christian  Seminary,  whose  students,  taught  and  ordained  to  the 
Priesthood  by  Him,  were  commanded  to  go  and  "Teach  all  nations," 
to  "Preach  the  Gospel  to  every  creature."  For  twenty  centuries  the 
successors  of  Christ  and  His  little  band  of  twelve  missionaries  have 
preached  His  doctrine,  guided  by  the  Holy  Spirit  and  directed  by 
the  Pope,  the  successor  of  St.  Peter,  the  Prince  of  the  Apostles  and 
the  Visible  Head  of  the  Church. 

We  may  divide  this  long  Apostolate  of  2,000  years  into  three 
distinct  periods :  I.  The  Apostolic  Epoch,  which  covers  the  first 
three  centuries  of  the  Church,  and  which  ended  with  the  cessation 
of  the  early  persecutions  in  the  reign  of  Constantine ;  H.  The  Epoch 
of  Union  and  Protectorate,  during  which  Christian  Princes  lent 
their  assistance,  both  material  and  moral,  to  the  spreading  of  the 
Faith;  and  HI.  The  Modern  or  Popular  Epoch,  which  began  after 
the  Revolution  of  the  Eighteenth  Century,  when  the  Church,  again 
persecuted  and  despoiled  of  her  goods,  depended  for  her  support 
upon  the  charity  of  the  faithful.  It  is  the  purpose  of  this  Chapter 
to  give  a  brief  account  of  the  condition  of  the  Apostolate  of  the 
Catholic  Church  to  the  heathens  at  the  present  day. 

The  Missionaries 

Among  the  first  questions  asked  by  those  seeking  information 
about  the  conversion  of  the  pagan  is  "How  many  foreign  mission- 
aries are  there?"  Since  this  chapter  has  to  do  with  the  missionary 
work  of  the  Catholic  Church  all  references  in  it  are  to  Catholic 
missionaries.  Let  us  first  determine  what  we  understand  by  the 
words  foreign  missionary,  for  statistics  are  sometimes  misleading. 
This  is  especially  true  if  they  be  comparative.  It  may  easily  happen 
that  estimates  are  compiled  from  quite  different  points  of  view. 
Moreover,  there  is  apt  to  be  much  overlapping  in  such  records.  The 
data  used  in  this  paper  is  taken  from  the  most  authentic  sources, 
and  is,  we  feel,  conservative. 

A  missionary  is  one  specially  sent  by  the  Church  of  God  to  carry 
the  glad  tidings  of  the  Gospel  to  those  who  have  not  yet  received 
them.     By  a  foreign  missionary  we  mean,  one,  not  a  native,  who 


*  Director  of  Missions  for  the  Archdiocese  of  Boston  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church.  Dr.  McGlinchey  very  kindly  consented  to  furnish  an  article  for  the 
Year  Book  which  would  give  an  account  of  the  work  of  his  Church  throughout 
the  mission   world,   written   from  the  viewpoint  of  the   Catholic    Church. 

97 


98      MISSIONS  OF  THE  ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCH 

preaches  the  Gospel  in  pagan  lands,  or  in  foreign  lands  that  are  no 
longer  pagan,  but  have  few  or  no  native  clergy,  like  the  West  Indies 
and  parts  of  the  Philippines,  South  and  Central  America.  We 
understand  as  pagan  lands  countries  where  the  majority  of  the 
population  does  not  worship  the  one,  true  God. 

There  are  about  38,000  foreign  missionaries,  and  they  are  divided 
as  follows  :  12,000  Priests,  6,000  Brothers,  and  20,000  Sisters.  These 
figures  would,  of  course,  be  much  larger  if  we  included  the  native 
Priests  and  Sisters  (about  10,000)  who  are  laboring  for  the  con- 
version of  their  own  people,  and  European  missionaries  who  have 
followed  their  own  Christian  countrymen  to  other  lands,  like  the 
vast  army  of  Irish  Priests  and  Nuns  in  America  and  Australia.  ^  It 
might  be  mentioned  in  passing  that  in  China  there  are  over  800  native 
Priests  and  over  1,500  native  Sisters.  Indo-China  has  about  the 
same  number,  while  in  India  we  find  as  many  native  Priests  and 
Sisters  as  there  are  in  China  and  Indo-China  put  together. 

Up  to  the  present  almost  all  of  the  Catholic  foreign  missionaries 
have  come  from  Europe.  The  World  War  has  naturally  reduced 
their  number  and  its  effects  will  be  felt  in  the  personnel  of  the 
missions  for  some  years,  as  many  of  the  Seminaries  and  Convents 
where  young  men  and  women  prepared  for  mission  work  were  either 
closed  or  greatly  depleted.  A  large  number  of  these  apostolic 
schools  and  colleges  were  used  as  hospitals  during  the  War. 

A  Missionary's  Training 

While  some  will  be  surprised  at  the  large  number  of  native  Priests 
and  Sisters  in  the  Far  East,  many,  undoubtedly,  will  ask,  "But  why 
are  there  not  more  foreign  missionaries?"  Not  merely  to  answer 
this  question,  but  because  those  who  will  read  this  chapter  may  not 
be  well  informed  about  the  calling,  preparation  and  training  of  our 
missionaries,  we  feel  that  this  fundamental  question  should  be 
touched  upon. 

The  foreign  missionary,  just  as  the  Priest  or  Sister  at  home,  does 
not  follow  this  life  in  preference  to  another,  like  those,  for  example, 
who  select  the  professions  of  law,  medicine  or  teaching.  "You  have 
not  chosen  me:  but  I  have  chosen  you"  (John  XV.  16),  said  Christ 
to  His  Apostles.  This  same  call  applies  equally  to  the  modern  Peter 
engaged  in  the  self  same  apostolic  work.  In  other  words,  our  mis- 
sionaries must  have  a  vocation,  they  must  be  called  by  God,  who 
manifests  His  wishes  in  many  different  ways.  Most  writers  upon 
this  point  go  farther  and  claim  that  there  is  a  very  special  vocation 
to  be  a  foreign  missionary,  entirely  distinct  and  much  higher  than 
that  of  the  Priest  or  Sister  in  Christian  lands.  This  matter  of  voca- 
tion, as  understood  by  Catholics,  is  not  easy  to  grasp  by  those  outside 
the  Church.  We  know,  however,  that  there  are  a  great  many  Prot- 
estants who  look  upon  it  in  just  the  same  light  as  we  do.   _     _ 

The  long  years  of  preparation  and  training  of  our  missionaries, 
too,  may  surprise  many.  A  boy  who  aspires  to  this  lofty  calling 
usually  enters  an  apostolic  school  after  he  has  completed  the  ordinary 


MISSIONS  OF  THE  ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCH      99 

high  school.  Then  follows  a  course  equal  to  the  four  years  of 
college,  including  two  years  of  philosophy.  By  this  time  the  candi- 
date has  been  carefully  trained  and  disciplined.  If  the  observations 
of  his  superiors  have  satisfied  them  as  to  his  character,  intellectual 
equipment  and  general  fitness  for  the  priesthood  and  its  exercise  in 
the  foreign  fields,  he  is  permitted  to  advance  to  the  study  of  theology. 
Even  there,  a  strict  and  severe  disciplinary  training  is  continued 
and,  usually  at  the  end  of  the  second  year,  comes  the  call  to  Minor 
Orders.  After  his  third  year  in  the  Seminary  the  student  receives 
Major  Orders  and  then,  when  his  entire  course  is  completed,  he  is 
ordained  to  the  priesthood.  Some  young  priests  are  assigned  to  the 
foreign  fields  immediately  after  their  ordination,  others  are  sent  to 
universities  for  higher  studies  or  obliged  to  teach  in  the  apostolic 
schools  and  seminaries  before  the  goal  of  their  ambition  is  finally 
attained.  Since  the  majority  of  our  foreign  missionaries  are  mem- 
bers of  Religious  Orders,  in  addition  to  the  above  long  period  of 
study  and  preparation  they  spend  two  years  of  Novitiate,  during 
which  there  is  very  little  study,  but  much  character  training,  result- 
ing from  spiritual  exercises  under  a  competent  and  carefully  selected 
Novice  Master. 

The  Brothers  and  Sisters,  of  course,  do  not  go  through  this  long 
period  of  probation  and  studies,  but  their  training  is  in  many  cases 
much  stricter  than  that  of  the  Brothers  and  Sisters  who  expect  to 
labor  for  souls  in  Europe  and  America. 

The  Church  in  Many  Lands 

In  a  short  treatise  like  the  present  it  is  difficult  to  make  an  ade- 
quate or  even  a  satisfactory  statement  about  the  world  wide  mission 
activities  of  the  Church.  There  are  so  many  phases  of  the  question 
that  we  can  only  give  a  brief  account  of  the  work  in  general;  and  in 
order  that  as  much  information  as  possible  may  be  gleaned  there- 
from, we  will  classify  the  personnel  and  the  present  results  of  the 
efforts  of  the  laborers  according  to  the  various  political  divisions  of 
the  harvest  field,  keeping  in  mind  that  now,  as  in  the  early  days  of 
Christianity,  it  is  only  too  true  that  "The  harvest  indeed  is  great,  but 
the  laborers  are  few."    Matt.  IX.  2>7' 

There  are  on  the  face  of  the  globe  to-day  about  1,500,000,000  people 
— one  billion  five  hundred  million  souls  !  One-third  of  this  great  army 
only  is  Christian — 300,000,000  Catholics  and  200,000,000  Protestants. 
In  China  alone  there  are  almost  as  many  pagans  as  there  are  Chris- 
tians in  the  rest  of  the  world.  Think  of  it,  almost  every  third  child 
born  into  this  world  is  a  Chinese  boy  or  girl.  If  the  pagans  of 
China  were  to  file  down  Fifth  Avenue  at  the  rate  of  one  hundred 
per  minute,  marching  every  minute  of  every  hour  and  twenty-four 
hours  each  day,  and  there  were  no  breaks  in  that  parade ;  if  you, 
dear  reader,  and  I,  wanted  to  witness  all  of  that  great  spectacle,  how 
long  do  you  think  we  would  have  to  remain  iipon  the  grandstand? 
A  little  over  nine  years ! 

Let  us  begin  with  Asia.     Before  giving  the  figures,  an  explanation 


100  Missions  of  the  roman  catholic  church 

of  some  of  the  terms  used  may  be  helpful,  A  vicariate  is  an  ecclesi- 
astical division  of  mission  territory  less  in  importance  than  a  diocese. 
It  may  at  any  time  be  raised  to  the  dignity  of  a  diocese  by  being 
canonically  determined  as  such.  A  prefecture  is  less  in  importance 
than  a  vicariate.  The  ecclesiastical  superiors  having  jurisdiction 
over  these  districts  are  called,  respectively,  vicars  apostolic  and 
prefects  apostolic.  The  former  is  usually  a  bishop,  the  latter  may 
be  but  seldom  is  a  bishop. 

In  India  there  are  2,311,000  Catholics,  thirty-five  archbishops  and 
bishops,  three  prefects  apostolic  and  2,894  priests. 

In  Indo-China,  which  includes  Burmah,  Cambodia,  Cochin  China, 
Siam,  Malacca  and  Tonkin,  the  Church  has  1,121,122  Catholics, 
seventeen  bishops  and  1,397  priests. 

In  China  we  find  one  diocese,  forty-eight  vicariates  and  one 
prefecture  apostolic,  respectively  governed  by  fifty  bishops  and  one 
prefect  apostolic.  In  this  vast  new  republic  we  have  1,859,883 
Catholics,  1,432  missionaries,  1,994  nuns,  7,72)^  Catechists,  about 
10,000  churches  and  chapels  and  eighty-five  seminaries. 

Japan,  which  before  the  terrible  persecutions  counted  over 
2,000,000  Catholics,  was  closed  to  missionaries  for  three  hundred 
years,  and  in  i860  there  was  not  one  Catholic  who  openly  professed 
his  faith  in  the  Flowery  Kingdom.  To-day  we  have  162,212  Cath- 
olics, four  bishops,  two  vicars  apostolic,  and  two  hundred  and 
twenty-three  foreign  missionaries  here. 

Africa  has  fourteen  dioceses,  seventy-two  vicariates  and  prefec- 
tures apostolic,  3,523  missionaries  and  2,896,105  Catholics. 

Oceania  offers  us  an  illustration  of  what  we  said  above  about 
statistics.  If  we  include  Australia,  and  in  giving  figures  about 
Oceania  it  is  sometimes  considered,  we  have  well  over  1,000,000 
Catholics  and  nearly  2,000  priests.  But  since  we  do  not  now  con- 
sider Australia  a  missionary  country,  although  technically  it  is, 
for  its  affairs  are  still  directed  by  the  Sacred  Congregation  of  Propa- 
ganda in  Rome,  we  have  a  much  smaller  number  of  missionaries 
and  converts  in  Oceania.  In  this  vast  archipelago,  which  is  some- 
times called  Polynesia  and  includes  the  Caroline,  Fiji,  Solomon, 
Marquesas  Islands,  New  Guinea,  New  Pomerania,  New  Caledonia 
and  others,  there  are  nine  vicariates,  three  prefectures,  six  hundred 
and  eight  missionaries  and  276,794  Catholics. 

In  the  above  classification  are  enumerated  10,177  foreign  mis- 
sionary priests.  Besides  these  we  find  over  1,800  more  who  are 
laboring  in  parts  of  the  East  and  West  Indies,  the  Philippines, 
Alaska,  South  and  Central  America. 

Support   of   the    Missions 

There  are  two  great  international  mission  aid  organizations  which 
aim  at  supporting  the  Catholic  foreign  missionaries :  The  Society  for 
the  Propagation  of  the  Faith,  founded  in  1822  and  composed  of  adult 
members,  and  the  Association  of  the  Holy  Childhood,  established 
in   1843.     The  receipts  of  these  two  Apostolic  Works   are  used   to 


MISSIONS  OF  THE  ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCH     loi 

feed  and  clothe  our  38,000  missionaries.  The  various  activities  and 
enterprises  of  the  mission  fields,  such  as  the  building  and  main- 
tenance of  Churches,  schools,  hospitals,  orphanages,  etc.,  are  sup- 
ported by  the  funds  of  other  smaller  national  societies,  local  mission 
circles  and  clubs,  and  by  the  contributions  of  individuals.  The  many 
Religious  Orders,  Congregations  and  Societies  dedicated  entirely  or 
in  part  to  foreign  mission  work,  through  their  periodicals  receive 
considerable  financial  assistance  for  their  own  missions.  Moreover, 
the  relatives  and  friends  of  missionaries  often  send  them  material 
help.  Such  support,  according  to  some,  is,  in  the  aggregate,  quite 
large,  but  of  course  there  is  no  means  of  tabulating  it. 

The  two  international  Societies  are  organized  in  Christian  coun- 
tries, with  National,  Diocesan  and  even  Parochial  Directors  who  are 
priests.  The  funds  thus  collected  are  distributed  semi-annually  from 
the  headquarters  in  Europe.  But  there  is  a  steady  flow  of  contribu- 
tions going  constantly  to  the  Missions  from  all  the  other  above 
named  sources. 

What  the  United  States  Is  Doing 

The  interest  of  American  Catholics  in  Foreign  Missions  grows 
more  intense  from  year  to  year  and  promises  to  be  felt  very  strongly 
within  the  next  decade.  We  are  just  emerging  from  the  mission 
state  ourselves.  Only  a  few  years  ago  some  of  the  now  flourishing 
Catholic  centers  counted  but  a  few  priests  and  a  handful  of  fol- 
lowers. In  fact,  at  the  present  time  there  are  extensive  areas  in  the 
South,  West  and  Northwest  where  churches  and  schools  ai;e  yet 
to  be  built,  where  the  local  needs  are  so  great  that  outside  assistance 
is  needed. 

Not  until  1898  was  there  any  organized  effort  to  put  before  the 
faithful  the  cause  of  Foreign  Missions ;  and  even  now  the  East  is  the 
only  part  of  this  vast  country  that  has  the  work  well  in  hand.  For 
over  twenty  years  the  two  international  Societies  have  had  Central 
Bureaus  in  the  United  States.  The  National  Headquarters  of  the 
Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Faith  were  first  located  in  Balti- 
more, but  are  now  in  New  York.  The  Association  of  the  Holy 
Childhood  opened  its  National  Office  in  Pittsburgh,  where  it  is  at  the 
present.  The  National  Directors  of  these  two  collecting  agencies 
send  out  literature  and  work  through  Diocesan  Directors.  It  was 
with  the  appointment  in  1898  of  a  priest  free  to  give  all  his  energy 
to  the  interests  of  Foreign  Missions  that  the  most  notable  success 
was  achieved.  This  first  Diocesan  Director  who  was  really  in  a 
position  to  devote  his  entire  time  to  Mission  work  began  by  organiz- 
ing the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Faith  in  each  parish  of  the 
Diocese  of  Boston,  and  in  a  very  few  years  the  same  system  of 
arousing  practical  sympathy  for  the  Cause  was  introduced  elsewhere. 
New  York  opened  an  Office  in  1904,  Philadelphia  in  1913,  Albany  and 
St.  Paul  in  1916,  and  Brooklyn  in  1918.  So  well  did  the  plan  work 
that  Boston,  New  York,  and  Philadelphia  each  soon  found  it  neces- 
sary  to  give  two  priests   exclusively   to   this    special   work.     It   is 


102    MISSIONS  OF  THE  ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCH 

probable  before  long  a  similar  organization  will  be  found  in  each 
Diocese  large  enough  to  merit  the  adoption  of  this  method. 

Foreign   Mission   Seminaries  in  the   United   States 

More  rapid  than  the  development  of  Mission  Aid  Societies  has 
been  the  growth  of  our  Apostolic  Schools  and  Seminaries  which 
prepare  young  Americans  for  actual  participation  in  the  work  of  the 
Mission  fields.  At  present  we  have  two  Preparatory  Schools  and 
two  Seminaries,  and  the  future  promises  an  extension  of  this  noble 
enterprise.  At  present  almost  one  hundred  per  cent  of  the  Catholic 
foreign  missionaries  come  from  Europe.  We  sincerely  hope  and 
have  confidence  that  the  time  is  not  far  distant  when  the  spiritual 
influence  of  American  Catholics  will  be  felt  in  the  Orient. 

The  first  Seminary.  S,t.  Mary's  Mission  House,  was  founded  in 
Techny,  Illinois,  by  the  Society  of  the  Divine  Word,  a  German 
Congregation  whose  Mother  House  is  at  Steyl,  Holland.  This  Con- 
gregation has  Missions  in  the  Philippines.  China,  Africa  and  the 
Islands  of  the  Pacific.  Its  members  are  Religious,  i.  e.,  they  take 
the  three  vows  of  Poverty,  Chastity  and  Obedience.  In  1911  the 
Catholic  Foreign  Mission  Serninary  was  started  at  Hawthorne,  New 
York,  and  later  transferred  to  Ossining,  New  York.  It  bears  the 
distinction  of  being  the  first  institution  of  its  kind  founded  by  an 
American,  the  Very  Rev.  James  A.  Walsh,  Missionary  Apostolic, 
who  was  the  second  Diocesan  Director  of  the  Society  for  the  Propa- 
gation of  the  Faith  in  Boston.  In  1912  the  Sacred  H-eart  Mission 
House  was  opened  at  Girard,  Pennsylvania.  It  is  a  Preparatory 
School  for  St.  Mary's  at  Techny,  and  is  conducted  by  the  Fathers 
of  the  Divine  Word.  In  1913  the  Venard  Apostolic  School,  now  at 
Clark's  Green,  Pa.,  was  started  at  Scranton,  Pa.,  by  the  Superior 
of  the  Catholic  Foreign  Mission  Seminary  of  America,  for  which 
it  prepares  students.  The  Catholic  Foreign  Mission  Seminarv  and 
the  Venard  School  are  foundations  of  the  Catholic  Foreign  Mission 
Society  of  America. 

Resides  these  two  Societies,  which  were  founded  expressly  for  the 
foreign  mission  work,  there  are  two  others  which  have  branches  in 
the  United  States — The  Congregation  of  the  Holy  Ghost  and  The 
Missionary  Fathers  of  La  vSalette.  Most  of  their  European  members 
are  engaged  in  preaching  to  the  heathen,  but  their  Missions  among 
the  colored  people  of  the  United  States  and  their  educational 
(College)  work  here  among  white  Catholics  demand  the  attention 
of  such  a  large  percentage  of  their  personnel  that  we  do  not  consider 
them  Foreign  Mission  Seminaries  in  the  full  sense  of  the  words. 
They  have,  however,  American  subjects  in  the  distant  Mission 
fields,  and  accept  candidates  in  their  Apostolic  Schools  with  the 
understanding  that,  if  their  superiors  consider  them  adapted  for 
work  in  the  Orient,  they  will  be  assigned  there. 

In  fact,  most  of  the  great  Religious  Orders  have  foreign  fields  for 
which  they  are  responsible.  Many  of  them  have  several  thousands 
of  priests  in  pagan  lands.  This  is  especially  true  of  the  Jesuits  and 
Franciscans. 


MISSIONS  OF  THE  ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCH    103 

American  Missionaries  in  China 

America's  quota  of  priests  actually  laboring  in  foreign  missions 
is  not  large.  There  are  about  five  American  Franciscans  in  China. 
About  twenty-five  American  Jesuit  Fathers  are  in  India,  Japan, 
Jamaica  and  the  Philippine  Islands.  Recently  the  Diocese  of  Bom- 
bay, India,  has  been  assigned  to  the  American  Jesuits.  Eleven  men 
are  now  awaiting  passports.  The  American  Redemptorists  have 
three  large  parishes  in  Porto  Rico  with  a  personnel  of  thirteen 
Fathers  and  four  Brothers.  The  other  Orders  have  a  few  American 
subjects  scattered  throughout  the  distant  parts  of  the  great  white 
harvest  field. 

MaryknoU,  as  the  Catholic  Foreign  Mission  Society  is  popularly 
called,  sent  its  first  quota  of  four  missionaries  to  China  in  Septem- 
ber, 1918.  One  year  later  the  Superior  of  the  little  band,  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Price,  was  called  to  his  reward,  when  his  work  there  was 
scarcely  begun.  MaryknoU  has  since  sent  its  second  quota  to  China. 
In  September,  1919,  the  Fathers  of  the  Divine  Word  witnessed  the 
ceremony  of  departure  of  their  first  band  of  missionaries,  three 
in  number,  and  destined  likewise  for  China. 

In  Other  Lands 

There  is  no  authentic  data  about  the  number  of  American 
Brothers  and  Sisters  in  the  Field  Afar.  We  know  of  one  hundred 
and  seventy  Sisters.  Most  of  these  Nuns  are  in  Alaska,  Porto  Rico, 
Jamaica  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  We  feel  sure  that  there  are 
many  more  in  the  Far  East  than  those  who  are  known  to  us.  The 
identity  of  a  Sister  is  lost  soon  after  she  enters  the  Convent.  She 
then  takes  a  Saint's  name  by  which  she  is  known  thereafter.  It  is 
this  conscious  emulation  of  the  heroes  and  heroines  of  Christian 
truth  which  signalizes  Catholic  missionary  activities.  In  poverty 
and  humility  souls  inspired  by  personal  love  for  the  Divine  Redeemer 
and  Teacher  of  men  go  forth  to  bring  His  message  of  light  and  hope 
to  unenlightened  and  depressed  nations  and  peoples.  The  spirit  of 
this  sublime  work  grows  apace  in  the  United  States.  Each  year, 
zealous,  virtuous  young  men  and  women,  born  and  educated  in  the 
United  States,  aspire  to  the  service  of  spreading  truth  and  grace 
among  the  benighted  pagans  in  the  field  afar.  The  secret  of  the 
hopes  and  the  great  sustaining  power  of  the  Catholic  missionary 
program  finds  its  model  and  counterpart  in  the  hearts  and  souls  of 
the  first,  selected  Twelve  Apostles,  the  abiding  presence  of  their 
Lord  and  Master,  Jesus  Christ. 

In  the  jungles  of  Africa,  in  the  canebrakes  of  India,  amid  the 
swarming  cities  of  China,  just  as  in  New  York,  Chicago  or  San 
Francisco,  Catholics  go  to  church  to  worship  God  Almighty  who 
is  personally  present  in  the  Most  Blessed  Sacrament  of  the  Altar. 
To  Him  they  can  talk  and  open  their  hearts,  and  from  Him  they 
can  draw  comfort  and  consolation.  This  is  the  life  of  the  missionary 
and  of  his  converts.  No  Catholic  missionary  could  suffer  complete 
and  permanent  separation  from  his  native  land  and  those  whom  he 


104  GEOGRAPHY  AND  MISSIONS 

loves,  isolation  from  his  fellow  missionaries  and  the  want  of  com- 
panionship, poverty,  overwork,  and  all  the  other  dijfficulties  which 
daily  face  him  unless  he  had  Jesus  daily  in  his  hands,  on  the  Altar 
and  in  his  heart,  to  stimulate  him  in  his  undertakings,  to  enhearten 
and  strengthen  him  in  his  trials  and  discouragements. 

GEOGRAPHY  AND  MISSIONS 

S.    W.    BOGGS 

"The  end  of  the  geographical  feat  is  the  beginning  of  the  mis- 
sionary enterprise,"  said  Livingstone.  The  geographical  feat  not 
having  been  accomplished  for  Central  Africa,  he  undertook  it  him- 
self for  the  sake  of  Christian  missions.  There  is  today  a  wealth  of 
geographical  knowledge  which  has  not  yet  been  appropriated  by  the 
Christian  missionary  forces  to  the  degree  to  which  Livingstone 
would  undoubtedly  have  utilized  it. 

This  article  is  intended  to  suggest  some  of  the  more  important 
ways  in  which  geographical  knowledge  may  be  utilized,  both  to  make 
the  work  on  the  field  more  effective  and  the  support  of  the  work  by 
the  home  base  more  nearly  adequate.  The  writer  does  not  undertake 
to  do  more  than  indicate  some  of  the  conclusions  which  have  been 
reached  in  the  careful  observation  of  recent  missionary  literature 
and  propaganda  material. 

The  range  of  the  uses  to  which  geographical  data  may  be  put  is 
so  great,  and  some  of  the  methods  of  applying  it  so  complicated  and 
technical,  that  it  is  the  belief  of  the  writer  that  a  comprehensive 
plan  of  missionary  geography  should  be  put  into  operation  by  some 
agency  which  is  authorized  to  serve  the  missionary  societies  in 
common. 

Evidence  of  the  Need  of  a  Comprehensive  Plan 

A  few  typical  requests,  which  have  been  made  in  recent  months 
by  secretaries  of  mission  boards  and  editors  of  missionary  and  re- 
ligious magazines,  are  noted  below  to  illustrate  the  variety  of  the 
possible  applications  of  geography  to  missions. 

Unoccupied  Mission  Fields.  "What  are  the  unoccupied  mission 
fields?"  is  a  question  frequently  asked,  and  no  satisfactory  reply  is 
available.  The  unoccupied  areas  include  much  more  than  the  several 
vast  stretches  of  sparsely  settled  land  in  which  no  missionaries  are 
at  work.  The  only  way  to  answer  the  question  is  to  show  the 
relative  adequacy  of  occupation  throughout  the  world,  which  would 
require  knowledge  as  to  populations  by  tribes,  races,  linguistic  groups 
and  social  classes  which  have  not  yet  been  adequately  reached  by 
missions,  within  areas  generally  supposed  to  be  occupied. 

Mission  Hospitals  in  Africa.  A  map  showing  the  location  of  all 
the  Protestant  mission  hospitals  in  Africa  was  recently  prepared  by 
a  prominent  missionary  agency.  It  was  necessary  to  use  data  for 
the  year  1915.  It  took  several  days  to  prepare  a  map  which  was  even 
then  much  less  satisfactory  than  it  would  have  been  if  the  suggestions 
made  below  had  been  in  operation. 

Mission  Stations  of  German  Societies.     To  make  certain  of   the 


GEOGRAPHY  AND  MISSIONS 


105 


proper  adjustments  to  be  made  in  the  areas  formerly  occupied  by 
German  missionaries,  but  in  which  they  are  not  at  present  perrnitted 
to  work  because  of  restrictions  placed  by  the  nations  having  jurisdic- 
tion, would  require  weeks  or  months  of  study.  It  would  be  neces- 
sary to  know  not  only  the  location  of  the  stations  of  the  German 
societies,  but  also  of  the  other  agencies  working  in  the  vicinity  of 
these  stations.  But  no  maps  have  been  prepared  since  191 1  which 
give  the  location  of  all  Protestant  stations,  and  no  list  of  the  stations 
of  the  world  has  been  prepared  since  1915.  Yet  the  person  who  re- 
quested the  information  expected  that  it  would  be  worked  out  in 
a  day  or  two. 

Missionary  Map  of  Japan.  A  secretary  of  one  of  the  great  mis- 
sionary organizations  recently  spent  several  days  preparing  a  wall 
map  showing  the  population  per  missionary  in  the  several  prefectures 
of  Japan.  Having  served  as  a  missionary  in  Japan  he  was  able  to 
make  his  own  map  as  quickly  as  he  could  have  made  sketches  or 
drawn  up  instructions  for  someone  else  to  follow,  but  the  map  he 
produced  is  such  as  could  have  been  prepared  more  quickly  and 
inexpensively  by  others,  if  a  map  of  Japan  showing  the  prefectures, 
together  with  a  census,  and  the  missionary  facts  now  available,  were 
to  be  had  in  the  city  in  which  the  work  had  to  be  done. 

Comparative  Areas  of  Mission  Fields.  Very  frequently  the  at- 
tempt is  made  to  present  the  size  of  some  mission  field  graphically. 


AFRICA  AND  GREENLAND  COMPARED 

(Greenland  is  represented  by  the  shaded  area,) 
From  the  same  Mercator's  map  of  the        From  equal-area  projection   maps  on 
world — a  false  comparison.  the  same  scale — the  true  comparison. 


io6  GEOGRAPHY  AND  MISSIONS 

In  order  to  do  this,  maps  of  the  areas  which  it  is  desired  to  com- 
pare must  be  found  or  prepared,  which  are  on  the  same  scale  (the 
same  number  of  miles  per  inch)  and  on  equal  area  projections  (so 
that,  say,  one  square  inch  anywhere  on  the  map  represents  the  same 
land  area  as  any  other  square  inch  on  the  same  map).  These  two 
simple  but  technical  requirements  are  not  always  easy  to  fulfill. 
The  necessity  of  comparing  areas  graphically  is  due  largely  to  the 
almost  universal  use  of  the  Mercator's  Projection  for  world  maps, 
which  has  done  much  to  fix  quite  strongly  in  the  minds  of  many 
people  a  very  mistaken  conception  of  the  relative  size  of  land  areas 
of  the  globe.  This  has  been  further  accentuated  by  the  use  of  maps 
in  school  geographies,  where  Asia,  Alaska  or  Connecticut  is  made  to 
fill  a  page,  and  in  no  way  is  the  student  assisted  to  comprehend  the 
relative  size  of  foreign  countries.  The  map  on  the  preceding  page 
shows  clearly  the  need  of  a  corrective  to  be  applied  in  the  interpreta- 
tion of  the  foreign  mission  fields  to  the  home  base  constituency. 
Essentials  of  Missionary  Geography 

1.  Discovery  and  record  of  all  mission  stations  of  all  mission 
agencies  in  all  foreign  fields. 

2.  Discovery  and  record  of  the  chief  non-missio7iary  facts,  such 
as  area,  population,  natural  resources,  climate,  accessibility,  com- 
merce routes,  distribution  of  religions,  languages,  and  races,  with 
respect  both  to  occupied  and  unoccupied  mission  fields.  This  in- 
formation should  be  so  classified  as  to  make  it  possible  to  determine 
these  facts  for  any  area.  This  means  largely  a  supplementing  of 
present  library  facilities  with  a  special  catalogue  showing  where  to 
find  such  information  as  missionary  agencies  have  an  interest  in, 
with  respect  to  any  area,  large  or  small. 

3.  Preparation  of  a  complete  new  set  of  maps,  all  maps  to  be 
made  on  the  same  scale  and  on  equal-area  projections.  On  copies 
of  such  a  base  map  for,  say,  India,  a  series  of  maps  should  be  pre- 
pared— one  showing  all  mission  stations,  another  showing  distribu- 
tion of  population  by  races,  another  by  languages,  and  so  forth. 

4.  Delimitation  of  "problem  areas"  is  essential  to  missionary 
strategy.  When  a  missionary  society  takes  up  work  in  any  place, 
ideally  it  would  be  its  task  to  occupy  in  an  adequate  manner  all  of 
the  area  in  which  the  problem  is  a  unit  as  to  language,  race  and 
religion,  etc.,  unless  the  field  be  altogether  too  large  for  the  re- 
sources of  the  organization.  But  the  study  of  the  areas  in  which 
the  problem  is  homogeneous  has  never  been  undertaken  in  a  system- 
atic way.  The  accompanying  map  showing  where  the  Hindi-speak- 
ing peoples  of  India  live  gives  a  little  suggestion  as  to  what  can  be 
done  in  this  line.  From  the  standpoint  of  literature  production  and 
distribution,  such  a  map  is  invaluable.  It  would  be  necessary,  how- 
ever, in  a  study  of  the  Hindi-speaking  people,  further  to  discover, 
for  instance,  which  of  these  are  Moslem,  and  where  they  live — the 
Hindi-speaking  Moslems  constituting  a  "unit  problem,"  and  the  area 
in  which  they  live  being  a  "problem  area."  (It  is  obvious  that  such 
areas  overlap,  and  to  this  is  largely  due  the  present  degree  of  "over- 
looking" of  classes  and  races.) 


GEOGRAPHY  AND  MISSIONS 


107 


To  cite  another  instance,  there  are  estimated  to  be  about  30,000,000 
Tai  peoples  living  in  an  area  which  overlaps  parts  of  Siam,  French 


INE)  I  A 

Hindi  SpeaMn^  Population 

EACH  DOT  REPRESENTS  lOO.OOO  PEOPU: 


Indo-China,  Burma,  and  China.  Any  study  of  problem  areas  would 
quickly  reveal  the  situation  here,  whereas  a  study  based  on  political 
units,  as  most  studies  are,  is  apt  to  overlook  these  conditions.  In 
this  particular  case,  the  societies  working  among  these  peoples  have 
been  compelled  to  use  five  different  alphabets  for  the  one  family  of 
languages,  and  they  have  not  yet  nearly  occupied  this  "problem 
area."  A  careful  study  of  the  Tai  problem  is  necessary  which  will 
cover  all  the  political  and  linguistic  areas  in  which  these  people  live. 

Principles  to  be  Observed 

I.  The  work  should  he  continuous,  not  periodic.  It  would  seem 
that  the  time  has  come  that  somewhere,  somehow,  continuity  should 
be  arranged  for  geographical  work  adapted  to  missions.  In  big  busi- 
ness the  perpetual  inventory  is  taking  the  place  of  annual  inventory. 

I.  The  zvork  should  he  continuous,  not  periodic.  It  would  seem  that 
the  time  has  come  th'at  somewhere,  somehow,  continuity  should  be 
arranged  for  geographical  work  adapted  to  missions.  In  big  business 
the  perpetual  inventory  is  taking  the  place  of  the  annual  inventory. 


io8  GEOGRAPHY  AND  MISSIONS 

Many  phases  of  the  geographical  work  of  missions  should  be  con- 
tinuous. The  list  of  stations,  for  instance,  should  be  kept  up-to-date, 
and  the  location  of  each  station  should  be  accurately  indicated  on  a 
base  map.  Whenever  it  is  found  that  a  station  has  been  incorrectly 
located,  the  correction  should  be  made  promptly,  and  whenever  a 
station  is  abandoned,  the  name  should  be  erased  from  the  map.  This 
is  the  more  important  because  it  should  be  possible  to  provide  inex- 
pensive maps  at  any  time,  giving  the  location  of  all  mission  stations 
at  that  time,  and  not  at  the  time  of  the  publication  of  some  atlas, 
years  previously.  A  general  is  expected  to  know  where  his  army  is. 
The  mission  constituency  should  know  where  the  mission  forces  are, 
not  where  they  were  once  upon  a  time. 

2.  Accuracy  should  be  the  unvarying  rule.  For  those  who  do  not 
see  the  need  of  care  in  map-making,  it  may  be  said  that  accuracy 
saves  time,  effort,  temper  and  conscience.  Suppose  station  A  is 
located  on  a  new  mission  map  35  miles  south-east  of  its  proper 
position.  Station  B  is  later  discovered  to  be  43  miles  east  of  A,  but 
it  is  located  on  the  map  with  reference  to  A  as  it  is  wrongly  placed. 
Later  it  is  learned  that  whereas  B  appears  to  be  24  miles  south  of  C 
(which  is  a  city  whose  location  is  known)  it  is  actually  26  miles 
west  of  C.  Suppose  maps  have  now  been  published  showing  the 
incorrect  position  of  A  and  B.  Multiply  the  difficulties  of  this  situa- 
tion by  at  least  ten,  add  the  confusion  of  conflicting  information 
from  three  or  four  different  missionary  societies  whose  maps  are  all 
on  so  small  a  scale  as  to  be  worth  little  for  study  purposes,  and  it 
just  begins  to  approach  the  situation  arising  put  of  the  past  inade- 
quate geographical  work  of  missionary  agencies. 

3.  There  should  be  uniformity  of  method  and  standard  through- 
out. It  should  be  possible  to  compare  the  facts  of  any  area  with 
those  of  any  other  area.  As  suggested  above,  the  maps  should  be 
made  on  equal-area  projections  for  all  fields,  and  all  fields  should  he 
mapped  on  the  same  scale.  By  the  time  of  the  next  world  mis- 
sionary conference,  it  should  be  possible  to  display  a  new  set  of 
topographical  missionary  maps  on  the  same  scale,  on  equal-area  pro- 
jections, with  the  same  symbols  and  in  every  way  comparable  one 
with  the  other.  In  addition,  several  series  of  maps  should  be  pre- 
pared uniformly  on  the  same  scale,  to  show  population,  density  of 
population,  distribution  of  races,  tribes,  languages,  accessibility,  etc. 

4.  Service  rather  than  abstract  research  should  be  the  aim.  One 
chief  difficulty  with  much  of  the  geographical  work  in  missions  in 
the  past  is  that  the  studies  have  been  so  restricted  that  it  has  been 
impossible  to  serve  those  who  asked  questions  in  the  way  they  de- 
served to  be  answered.  In  order  to  serve,  a  wide  range  of  study  is 
imperative.  Data  that  is  ample  for  publicity  purposes  will  not 
suffice  for  missionary  administrators,  for  missionary  candidates  mak- 
ing intensive  preparation  for  a  prospective  field,  or  for  missionaries 
on  the  field.  Much  of  the  geographical  and  semi-geographical 
information  valuable  to  missions  is  technical,  and  must  be  mastered 
by  experts  and  made  available  to  students  in  non-technical  form. 
Information  must  be  accessible  to  students  of  missions  with  respect 


GEOGRAPHY  AND  MISSIONS  109 

to  all  mission  areas  not  only  as  to  what  maps  are  most  artistic  and 
legible  (the  best  criteria  the  novice  in  geography  has  to  go  by)  but 
as  to  what  maps  are  most  reliable,  on  what  they  are  based,  and  which 
parts  of  the  map  are  accurate  and  which  are  inaccurate.  But  the  aim 
in  gathering  maps  or  data  should  be  invariably  to  serve  those  who 
need  advice  and  help  in  missionary  studies.  Methods  and  definitions 
should  be  employed  which  would  make  available  to  anyone  quickly, 
and  at  little  expense,  the  best  maps  and  geographical  data  with 
respect  to  any  mission  field  or  problem. 

5.  Economy  should  he  practised  in  the  zvhole  program.  There  are 
economical  methods  recently  developed  which  few,  if  any,  mission 
boards  are  employing.  If  utilized,  they  would  greatly  help  both 
board  secretaries  and  missionaries  in  numerous  ways.  No  single 
board  can  well  afford  the  equipment  essential  to  a  geographical  estab- 
lishment, but  if  several  should  cooperate,  they  would  get  results 
many  times  greater  than  they  now  obtain  and  at  less  expense,  and  it 
would  make  it  possible  for  each  board  to  compare  its  work  with  that 
of  any  other  board,  in  any  field.  The  inventions  which  could  be 
called  into  use  are  increasing  rapidly.  For  instance,  it  is  now 
possible  to  install  a  card  file  of  mission  stations,  equipped  with  certain 
mechanical  selecting  devices,  by  means  of  which  it  would  be  possible 
to  learn  at  once  (from  a  single  card  file)  such  facts  as  the  following: 

All  mission  stations  of  the  societies  of  one  nationality. 

All  stations  in  which  mission  hospitals  are  located. 

All  stations  within  a  given  field,  or  a  single  province  of  a  field. 

All  stations  of  one  society  within  one  of  its  mission  areas. 

All  stations  in  which  interdenominational  work  is  done. 

The  nurnber  of  categories  which  could  be  obtained  in  this  way  is 
almost  unlimited,  and  it  is  possible  to  make  any  number  of  combina- 
tions in  a  single  operation.  With  such  a  file  installed,  and  a  series 
of  basic  maps,  one  for  each  field,  on  which  all  stations  of  all  societies 
are_ located  accurately,  it  would  be  possible  to  prepare  a  map  for  any 
society,  showing  the  stations  coming  under  almost  any  conceivable 
classification — and  this  can  be  done  with  the  minimum  of  expense 
and  time. 

How  This  Geographical  Program  Would  Assist  Missions 

1.  It  would  assist  mission  boards  and  missionary  administrators 
in  the  following  ways : 

a.  In  preparing  maps  for  publication  in  reports,  bulletins,  etc. 

b.  In  obtaining  wall  maps  and  lantern  slides  of  maps. 

c.  In  making  special  field  studies  of  small  areas,  as  to  population, 
races,  languages,  etc.,  and  the  indication  of  such  facts  on  maps.  It 
would  be  possible  to  prepare  maps  for  any  society  which  would 
show  the_ location  of  all  the  stations  of  all  other  societies  working  in 
the  vicinity,  and  which  would  also  show  where  mission  hospitals, 
educational,  industrial  and  other  institutions  are  located. 

2.  It  would  serve  missionaries  on  the  field  or  on  furlough  in  that  it 
would  be  possible: 


no  GEOGRAPHY  AND  MISSIONS 

a.  To  provide  them  with  large  scale  mission  maps  for  their  own 
areas,  on  which  to  make  reports  to  their  boards,  or  to  make  special 
studies. 

b.  To  furnish  them  with  photographic  copies  of  the  most  reliable 
and  serviceable  maps  of  their  fields,  or  give  them  information  as  to 
the  best  maps  to  purchase  for  their  own  use. 

c.  To  make  available  to  them  the  best  information  as  to  the  peoples 
among  whom  they  are  working,  as  to  natural  resources,  the  explora- 
tions of  travelers,  etc. 

d.  To  help  new  missionaries  to  begin  a  life  study  of  the  people 
and  their  needs  and  problems.  This  is  by  no  means  least  important, 
in  the  opinion  of  missionaries  who  have  felt  the  lack  of  such  assist- 
ance, and  who  have  seen  missionaries  atrophy,  never  having  been 
encouraged  to  make  a  genuine  study  of  their  field. 

3.  It  would  greatly  serve  publicity  propaganda.  It  would  make  it 
possible  to  portray  many  facts  which  cannot  now  be  interpreted  be- 
cause present  information  is  so  partial.  The  writer  is  confident 
that  the  plan  contemplated  in  this  paper  is  both  comprehensive  and 
practical,  and  would  almost  instantly  make  accessible  data  which  has 
been  gathered.  Those  who  are  engaged  in  publicity  work  will  ap- 
preciate these  features. 

Conclusion 

Up  to  the  present  time  missionary  geography  has  been  limited 
chiefly  to  the  preparation  of  simple  topographical  maps  showing  the 
location  of  mission  stations.  Grundemann  produced  an  atlas  of 
missions  in  1901,  both  international  and  interdenominational  in  scope, 
but  a  glance  reveals  its  inadequacy  as  a  means  of  discovering  the 
status  of  Christian  work  in  the  non-Christian  world.  Professor 
Warneck  has  done  valuable  geographical  work  of  an  historical  nature 
in  connection  with  his  study  of  the  history  of  Protestant  missions. 
A  few  of  the  denominations  and  missionary  societies  have  produced 
fairly  satisfactory  maps  of  their  own  restricted  fields.  Professor 
Harlan  P.  Beach  has  done  much  to  confute  those  critics  who  belittle 
everything  American  as  inaccurate  and  unscholarly.  His  Volume  I, 
accompanying  the  World  Atlas  of  Christian  Missions  of  1901,  seems 
to  be  the  most  successful  attempt  to  enlarge  the  field  of  missionary 
geography  to  include  more  than  a  mere  collection  of  maps  showing 
place  names.  The  report  of  Commission  I  of  the  Edinburgh  Con- 
ference makes  large  use  of  geographical  data  in  a  way  to  indicate 
what  services  may  still  be  required  of  geography  as  an  aid  to 
missions. 

In  general  the  geographical  work  in  missions  has  been  heretofore 
too  much  limited  to  the  location  of  stations.  What  is  needed  now 
is  a  study  of  the  adequacy  of  occupation  and  the  utilization  of  means 
to  make  the  data  which  is  gathered  accessible  in  the  most  convenient 
form,  quickly,  and  at  small  expense.  It  would  certainly  seem  that 
the  time  has  come  to  put  into  practice  a  plan  which  is  not  only  com- 
prehensive and  scientific,  but  perfectly  adapted  to  the  requirements 
of  a  church  which  has  the  divine  commission  to  go  into  all  the  world 
and  preach  the  gospel. 


SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY  in 

A     SELECTED     BIBLIOGRAPHY     OF     RECENT 
LITERATURE  RELATING  TO  FOREIGN 
MISSION  WORK 

Miss  Mollis  W.   Hering^  M.A.* 

The  following  bibliography  is  distinctly  not  exhaustive.  It  has 
been  selected  with  the  idea  of  presenting  some  of  the  best  material 
relating  to  mission  lands  which  has  appeared  since  the  last  Year 
Book  was  issued.  Mission  work  and  thought  have  been  profoundly 
aflFected  by  the  war,  and  the  aim  therefore  has  been  to  emphasize 
such  books  and  articles  as  show  actual  conditions  on  the  field  or  the 
trend  of  thought  in  mission  circles.  This  has  necessarily  resulted  in 
the  inclusion  of  some  non-missionary  books,  since  economic  and 
political  conditions  are  influencing  greatly  the  type  of  mission  work 
which  is  developing.  The  two  great  annuals— the  China  Mission 
Year  Book,  and  the  Christian  Movement  in  the  Japanese  Empire— it 
is  taken  for  granted  are  known  to  all  interested  in  this  subject,  and 
have  not,  therefore,  been  included  in  the  list. 

A  word  must  be  said  in  regard  to  the  periodical  entries.  It  is 
manifestly  impossible  to  do  other  than  abstract  in  briefest  fashion 
the  leading  articles,  selecting  those  in  keeping  with  the  general  aim 
of  the  bibliography.  Few  purely  inspirational  articles  are  noted. 
The  periodicals  thus  indexed  are  practically  the  same  as  those  chosen 
last  year,  with  the  exception  of  the  Church  Missionary  Review.  This 
has  been  substituted  for  The  Missionary  Review  of  the  World,  and 
the  latter  has  been  indexed  by  author  and  title  only  at  the  end  of  the 
various  sections.  It  is  believed  that  in  this  way  there  can  be  pre- 
sented to  the  North  American  constituency  a  well-rounded  view  of 
the  mission  situation  as  a  whole.  As  the  bibliography  has  been 
concluded  in  early  October,  the  complete  files  for  the  year  have  not 
been  available. 


MISSION  LANDS  IN  GENERAL 
Books 

ALLEN,  B.  J.,  comp.  A  crusade  of  compassion  for  the  healing 
of  the  nations.  West  Medford,  Mass.,  Central  Committee  on 
the  United  Study  of  Foreign  Missions,  C1919,  pp.  240.    $.50, 

A  mission  study  text-book  dealing  with  medical  missions  for  women 
and  children  on  the  foreign  field,  carefully  compiled  by  a  medical  mis- 
sionary. It  gives  a  necessarily  somewhat  cursory  glance  over  all  the 
helds,  emphasizing  the  terrible  conditions  resulting  from  native  treatment 
and  showing  the  immeasurable  need  of  women  doctors  trained  in  Western 
medical  science.  The  chapter  on  the  Near  East  is  particularly  interesting 
showing  the  ravages  m  the  mission  ranks  made  by  the  war.  The  book  is 
very  fully  illustrated. 


Avenue^Ntw  Yor?^    Missionary    Research    Library,    located    at    25    Madison 


112  SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY 

BROWN,  A.  J.  The  mastery  of  the  Far  East;  the  story  of 
Korea's  transformation  and  Japan's  rise  to  supremacy  in  the 
Orient.     New  York,  Scribner,  1919,  pp.  671.    $6.00. 

One  of  the  outstanding  books  of  all  times  dealing  with  mission  lands. 
Its  general  theme  is  that  the  Korean  Peninsula  is  the  strategic  point  in  the 
mastery  of  the  Far  East.  Dr.  Brown  further  endeavors  to  show  the  place 
and  influence  of  Christian  missions  as  a  potent  force  of  reconstruction 
in  the  Far  East.  Dividing  his  book  into  four  parts,  he  treats  of  the 
country  and  the  people  of  Korea;  the  events  culminating  in  Japan's 
annexation  of  Korea;  the  country  and  the  people  of  Japan;  and  the 
attitude  of  both  countries  towards  Christian  missions. 

CHUNG,  Henry.  The  Oriental  policy  of  the  United  States.  New 
York,  Revell,  C1919,  pp.  306.  $2.00. 

The  author  was  Korean  envoy  to  the  Peace  Conference,  and  here 
discusses  some  features  of  the  problems  in  the  Korea-Japan-China  triangle. 
Stating  facts  plainly  and  fairly,  with  copious  references  and  citation  of 
authorities,  he  presents  this  much-debated  "Eastern"  question  from  the 
viewpoint  of  an  Oriental,  which  it  must  be  admitted  is  not  always  such  as 
to  make  Americans  satisfied  with  themselves.  Some  of  the  important 
official  documents  are  reprinted,  and  there  is  an  excellent  selected  bib- 
liography. 

DENNETT,  Tyler.  The  democratic  movement  in  Asia.  New 
York,  Association  Press,  1918,  pp.  252.    $1.50. 

Several  of  the  chapters  appeared  in  the  periodical  "Asia,"  but  they 
here  are  re-written  and  materially  enlarged.  Written  in  a  ra.cy  style, 
the  book  presents  a  survey  of  how  mission  work  is  touching  social  condi- 
tions in  Asia  generally.  It  is  largely  the  result  of  personal  observation, 
intended  to  stimulate  mission  interest  in  the  American  business  man  and 
the  social  worker,  and  to  answer  with  an  emphatic  affirmative  the  ever- 
recurring    question,    "Are    missions    worth-while?" 

FRANKLIN,  J.  H.  Ministers  of  mercy.  New  York,  Missionary 
Education  Movement,  1919,  pp.  239.    $.75. 

A  series  of  sketches  of  ten  medical  missionaries,  English  and  American, 
working  in  various  of  the  foreign  fields.  While  somewhat  biographical, 
they  are  not  detailedly  so,  striving  rather  to  make  vivid  the  personality  of 
the  subject.  It  is  an  excellent  book  for  those  just  beginning  to  be  inter- 
ested in  missions,  and  for  those  seeking  live  material  for  addresses. 

GIBBONS,  H.  A.  The  new  map  of  Asia  (1900-1919).  New 
York,  Century  Company,  1919,  pp.  571.     $2.50. 

This  is  the  third  of  a  series  by  the  same  author,  the  New  map  of 
Europe  having  appeared  in  1914,  and  the  New  map  of  Africa  in  1916. 
According  to  the  foreword,  the  present  work,  although  planned  several 
years  ago,  was  written  during  the  Peace  Conference,  "witli  the  aim  of 
presenting  the  principal  facts  and  problems  of  Asiatic  history  since  1900 
in  so  far  as  they  are  the  result  of  or  have  been  largely  influenced  by  the 
maintenance  and  extension  of  European  intervention."  It  is  an  arraign- 
ment of  imperialism,  whether  British,  American,  or  German.  Japanese 
imperialism  in  Asia  is  natural,  while  "most  of  the  animosity  and  resent- 
ment against  Japan  is  due  to  the  fact  tliat  tlic  Japanese  refuse  to  allow 
themselves  to  be  exploited  by  us,  as  the  otlicr  Asiatic  countries  have  been." 
All  of  Japan's  moves  in  Asia  are  directed  by  her  determined  policy  of 
opposition  to  European  right  of  eminent  domain  in  that  continent.  Mr. 
Gibbons  has  made  a  good  study  of  Asiatic  problems  growing  out  of  rela- 
tions with  Western  nations,  but  on  account  of  the  wide  field  he  covers,  he 


SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY  113 

at  times  contents  himself  with  summaries  rather  than  with  thorough-going 
fundamental  discussions.     The  book  has  clear  maps  and  an  index. 

HYNDMAN,  H.  M.  The  awakening  of  Asia.  New  York,  Boni 
and  Liveright,  1919,  pp.  280.    $2.00. 

This  book  was  held  up  by  the  Censor  for  more  than  two  years.  ^  As 
it  was  written  to  inspire  the  Western  nations  to  a  more  serious  consider- 
ation of  their  relations  with  those  of  the  East,  and  with  the  premise  that, 
in  all  fairness,  faults  as  well  as  virtues  should  be  shown,  it  is  not  sur- 
prising to  find  in  it  radical  ideas.  This  is  especially  true  in  regard  to  the 
relations  of  Great  Britain  and  India.  Some  of  the  statements  are  not 
very  conclusively  supported,  as  that  "all  China"  is  "tending  to  combine 
in  a  demand  for  the  final  exclusion"  of  all  missionaries,  protestant  and 
catholic.  It  is  to  be  remembered,  however,  that  291  pages  form  a  very 
small  canvas  on  which  to  sketch  all  phases  of  Western  contact  with  the 
East,  and  results  therefrom,  and  much  of  the  work  must  necessarily  be 
superficial.  The  book  at  least  challenges  us  to  prove  that  we  have  given 
or  are  now  giving  the  East  fair  play. 

LENWOOD,  Frank.  Social  problems  and  the  East.  A  point  of 
honour.     London,  Church  Missionary  Society,  1919,  pp.  208. 

This  is  an  attempt  to  show  to  all  who  are  interested  in  the  social  problems 
of  their  own  country  how  deeply  Christian  missions  are  committed  to 
the  solution  of  similar  problems  in  foreign  lands.  Africa  and  South 
America  are  included  in  the  "East."  The  great  outstanding  moral  prob- 
lems of  the  world — east  or  west — are  considered;  the  problem  of  the 
sanctity  of  human  life,  of  education  as  a  help  to  social  morality,  of  sex,  of 
industry,  of  race  consciousness.  The  walls  around  "mission  work"  are 
battered  down  in  the  search  for  a  guiding  principle  to  a  clean  society — 
east  and  west;  we  are  forced  to  admit  that  "we  have  not  taught  our 
young  men  and  women  a  loyalty  to  Christ  sufficiently  strong  to  protect 
them  against  the  temptations  of  a  non-Christian  environment,"  and  a 
strong  plea  is  made  for  such  a  presentation  of  Christianity  that  we  will 
recognize  the  fundamental  likeness  of  social  questions  the  world  over,  and 
fight    for   their   solution    from    a    world    point-of-view. 

LEVINE,  I.  D.  The  resurrected  nations;  short  histories  of  the 
peoples  freed  by  the  great  war  and  statements  of  their  national 
claims.     New  York,  Stokes,  [C1919],  pp.  309.    $1.60. 

The  author  distinctly  states  that  this  is  not  a  controversial  treatise, 
but  a  popular  history.  It  is  divided  into  two  parts;  the  resurrected  nations 
in  Europe,  freed  by  the  collapse  of  the  Russian  and  German  empires; 
and  those  in  Asia,  freed  by  the  collapse  of  the  Turkish  and  Austro- 
Hungarian  empires.  In  the  latter,  the  resurrection  of  Palestine  is  made 
synonymous  with  the  Zionist  movement,  a  good  brief  sketch  of  which  is 
given.  It  is  self-evident  that  in  309  pages,  the  histories  of  18  nationalities 
can  only  be  sketched  in  the  very  briefest  way,  yet  the  book  is  good  for  those 
■fjusy  people  who  wish  to  "keep  up  with  the  times." 

PELL,  E.  L.  Adventures  in  faith  in  foreign  lands.  Nashville, 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  1919,  pp.  296.    $.60. 

This  is  a  sketch  of  what  has  been  accomplished  in  the  missions  of  the 
M.  E.  Church,  South.  It  is  in  the  nature  of  taking  stock,  before  starting 
on  the  new  program  of  the  Centenary  work.  All  the  fields  are  considered, 
a  brief  history  of  the  diiTerent  missions  given,  together  with  a  summary 
of  the  present  situation.  Emphasis  is  laid  on  the  countries  and  the  work 
rather  than  the  workers,  and  the  book  is  written  in  an  interesting,  telling 
manner.  It  is  an  excellent  compact  little  reference  book  of  the  mission 
work  of  this  church. 


ri4  SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY 

AFRICA 
Books 

KEITH,  A.  B.     The  Belgian  Congo  and  the  Berlin  act.     Oxford, 
Clarendon  Press,  1919,  pp.  344.    $6.75. 

This  is  a  history  and  criticism  of  the  Berlin  Act  of  1885,  and  offers 
amendments  to  it  whereby  Belgium  shall  be  able  more  eifectively  to  civilize 
and  free  the  great  tract  of  Central  Africa.  Written  before  the  Peace 
Conference,  part  of  it  is  out-of-date,  but  it  is  an  excellent  historical  study 
of  a  growingly  important  problem — the  rights  of  the  African  in  Africa. 

LEEDER,  S.  H.     The  modern  sons  of  the  Pharaohs.     London, 
Hodder  and  Stoughton,  1918,  pp.  371.     i6s. 

This  book,  whose  subject  is  the  Copts  of  Egypt,  was  prepared  before 
the  war,  and  has  been  very  little  changed  as  a  result  of  it.  There  is  an 
excellent  description  of  the  social  life,  and  religious  beliefs  and  cus- 
toms of  this  people,  and  a  sharp  contrast  drawn  between  the  treatment 
accorded  to  them  and  that  given  to  the  Moslems  of  Egypt  by  the  British 
government.  That  in  this  instance  the  minority  has  distinctly  suffered 
by  the  entrance  of  Great  Britain  is  unquestionable  and  Mr.  Leeder  writes 
to  promote  a  better  understanding  which  shall  lead  to  the  redress  of  this 
injustice.  As  a  sample  of  the  danger  in  which  the  Coptic  church  now 
stands  is  cited  the  fact  that  the  only  religion  officially  taught  in  government 
schools  is  Islam,  and  while  Christians  are  not  forced  to  attend  these 
lessons  no  state  {provision  is  made  for  their  religious  teaching.  A  list  is 
given  of  the  Coptic  gentlemen  who  vouch  for  the  accuracy  of  the  excellent 
descriptions   of   the    Coptic    Chuich. 

Periodical  Articles 
BURNET,  Amos.     The  native  question  in  South  Africa.     (The 
Church  Missionary  Review,  September,  1919,  pp.  234-242.) 

This  "question"  is  really  a  series  of  racial,  economic,  political,  and 
social  problems,  the  solving  of  which  will  influence  all  racial  contact  of 
all  peoples  everywhere.  As  the  author  points  out,  the  local  background 
is  a  million  and  a  quarter  white  people,  widely  scattered  over  a  country 
occupied  by  some  five  million  natives  in  every  possible  stage  of  civilization. 
Division  of  opinion  among  the  whites  is  not  sharply  drawn  between  Dutch 
and  British;  it  ranges  from  those  who  would  make  civilization  the  test 
for  political  privilege  to  those  who  would  forever  deny  all  rights  to  every 
native.  So  far,  the  Union  Government  has  consistently  decided  against 
the  native.  This  is  noticeable  in  the  Pass  Laws,  in  the  discrimination 
between  white  and  black  miners  in  regard  to  the  right  to  strike,  but 
above  all  in  the  Native  Land  Act  of  1913.  By  this  Act,  the  land  in  the 
Union  was  divided  into  mutually  exclusive  European  and  native  areas — 
a  million  and  a  quarter  white  people  receiving  87  per  cent  of  the  whole 
country,  five  million  natives  receiving  the  remaining  13  per  cent,  much  of 
which  is  uninhabitable.  Despite  desperate  efforts  of  the  friends  of  the 
natives,  this  law  still  stands.  The  outlook,  however,  is  not  hopeless. 
The  whole  missionary  body  stands  strongly  for  native  rights;  but  more 
than  that,  the  best  minds  throughout  the  country  seem  increasingly  willing 
to  look  at  the  native  side  of  the  question. 

DALE,  Godfrey.     In  "German"  East  Africa.     (The  East  and  The 
West,  January,  1919,  pp.  19-33.) 

German  East  Africa  has  been  the  center  of  very  great  interest,  and 
there  was  unanimous  agreement  that  it  should  not  be  returned  to 
Germany.  The  largest  non-German  missionary  work  in  this  district  was 
that  of  the  Universities'  Mission  to  Central  Africa,  and  the  author,  who 
has  worked  there  for  twenty-five  years,  gives  a  survey  of  the  social  and 
political  prospects  of  the  district,  including  the  desolation  wrought  by  the 
war  in  this  mission.  Originally,  the  country  belonged  to  tribes  of  Bantu 
descent,  but  large  tracts  of  land  were  unoccupied  and  there  was  no  settle- 


SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY  115 

ment  and  no  peace  in  the  country.  When  the  Germans  acquired  the  land, 
they  failed  to  observe  the  necessary  conditions  of  good  government, 
treating  the  African  as  a  thing,  not  as  a  man,  and  thus  raising  many 
economic  problems.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  war,  the  Universities'  Mission 
was  faithfully  endeavoring  to  work  in  harmony  with  the  Government, 
it  had  the  nucleus  of  a  native  ministry,  a  large  body  of  native  teachers 
and  out-schools,  promising  work  among  the  women,  and  decided  possi- 
bilities of  expansion  in  many  directions.  During  the  war,  two-thirds  of 
the  staff  were  interned,  many  of  the  teachers  doing  "hard  labour,"  the 
schools,  churches,  and  hospitals  closed,  the  natives  exposed  to  persecution 
because  they  belonged  to  the  English  mission.  The  fact  that  in  spite  of 
everything  the  work  has  now  been  resumed  has  resulted  almost  in  a 
revival  among  the  natives,  while  the  possibilities  of  expansion  are  infinitely 
greater  than  ever  before. 

FULLANI  bin  FULLANI.  Religion  and  common  life.  A  prob- 
lem in  East  African  missions.  (The  International  Review  of 
Missions,  April,  1919,  pp.  155-172.) 

The  Christian  missionary  movement  of  the  twentieth  century  must 
respond  vitally  to  twentieth  century  needs,  no  matter  with  how  many 
traditions  it  breaks  in  so  doing.  This  principle  applied  to  Africa  means 
a  re-examination  of  methods  of  approach  to  the  African's  daily  life.  The 
early  missionaries  conceived  oversight  of  the  changes  in  the  life  of  the 
village,  tribe,  or  race  due  to  the  teaching  of  the  Christian  religion  to  be 
beyond  the  scope  of  missionary  duties.  Their  position  was  justifiable  only 
so  long  as  the  convert  continued  to  live  in  an  organized  social  structure. 
Tremendous  economic  changes,  due  to  the  white  man,  occurring  with  the 
rapidity  of  lightning,  have  now  broken  down  the  African's  social  structure, 
and  left  his  mind  as  homeless  as  his  body  is  wandering.  The  educational, 
medical,  industrial,  and  agricultural  developments  of  the  missions  are  thus 
vitally  important  and  must  be  such  as  to  make  the  church  related  practi- 
cally to  present-day  conditions  of  native  life. 

JONES,  F.  M.  The  mass  movement  in  the  Yoriiba  country. 
(The  Church  Missionary  Review,  March,  1919,  pp.  46-56.) 

The  fluid  state  of  native  thought  in  the  Yoruba  country  brings  squarely 
before  the  church  two  questions:  is  Christianity  or  Islam  to  be  the  pre- 
vailing religion?  what  is  to  be  the  character  of  the  Christianity?  Where 
Christian  teachers  are  first  on  the  spot,  in  adequate  numbers,  Islam  has 
only  a  poor  chance;  if  the  Moslem  gets  there  first,  the  chances  of  Christi- 
anity are  small.  So  far,  it  is  not  hard  to  fulfil  here  the  first  two  clauses 
of  the  Great  Commission — to  baptize,  and  to  make  disciples.  The  people 
are  coming  over  in  numbers,  yet  in  such  numbers  that  most  of  them 
do  not  realize  all  that  conversion  ought  to  involve.  Here  follows  the 
difficulty — to  teach  them  to  do  all  things  God  has  commanded  us. 
Naturally,  this  is  a  task  made  doubly  hard  in  a  land  where  heredity  and 
public  opinion  are  opposed_  to  what  we  accept  as  fundamental  morals. 
The  need  of  adequately  trained  native  teachers  is  tremendous,  but  along 
with  that  is  the  great  need  for  superintending  missionaries,  and  for  mis- 
sionaries working  among  the  women.  The  women  are  the  hardest  to 
reach,  yet  without  Christian  wives  there  can  be  no  Christian  homes,  and 
these  are  essential  to  Church  life. 

KING,  G.  L.  The  local  church  and  its  activities.  (The  East  and 
The  West,  July,  1919,  pp.  193-201.) 

The  heathen  are  always  with  us,  and  our  great  problem  is:  if  all  men 
are  to  be  evangelized,  how  is  it  to  be  done?  Bishop  King  here  sums  up 
his  conclusions  reached  during  twenty  years  service  in  Madagascar.  Evi- 
dently, the  world  cannot  be  evangelized  by  the  foreign  missionary  alone; 
the  local  church,   however,   should  be  made   into  a  very  effective  tool   for 


li6  SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY 

his  hand.  It  is  humble  and  prosaic  in  outward  appearance,  undeveloped 
and  imperfect  in  its  inner  life.  Yet  it  takes  itself  seriously,  and  if  en- 
couraged develops  a  healthy  corporate  life.  It  visits  its  members  in  sick- 
ness, as  a  church,  it  looks  up  its  absent  members,  and  it  endeavors  to  look 
after  its  material  interests  (if  convinced  that  the  Mission  will  not  do  so 
for  it).  It  is  now  the  chief  business  of  the  European  missionary^  to 
develoD  this  esprit  de  corps  if  he  is  seriously  working  for  the  evangeliza- 
tion of  the  world. 

MACDONALD,  A.  J.  A  new  development  in  the  West  Africa 
liquor  traffic.  (The  Church  Missionary  Review,  June,  1919, 
pp.   104-113.) 

The  author  quite  frankly  believes  that  "temperance  is  always  pref- 
erable to  total  abstinence,"  at  least  so  far  as  the  white  man  is  concerned. 
At  present,  it  is  undeniable  that  liquor  is  bad  for  the  native  races  of 
Africa,  and  the  war  has  proved  it  also  unnecessary.  Since  the  Paris 
Conference  has  laid  down  the  principle  that  the  government  of  native 
races  is  in  the  nature  of  a  trustee-ship  the  interests  of  the  black  man  in 
the  black  man's  country  (West  Africa)  should  be  considered  ahead  of 
those  of  the  white  man.  But  progressive  black  opinion  has  ^  declared 
emphaticallv  against  liquor,  the  Governor-General  and  the  Lieutenant 
Governor  of  Nigeria  have  each  declared  "trade  spirits"  to  be  ruining  the 
native,  and  war-time  conditions  (under  which  the  importation  of  liquor 
was  reduced  to  a  minimum  since  Germany  supplied  almost  all  of  the 
shipping)  have  exploded  the  theory  that  prohibition  would  have  a  bad 
effect  on  the  trade  of  West  Africa  and  on  the  raising  of  the  revenue 
there.  Therefore,  the  Secretary  of  State  for  the  colonies  has  informed  the 
Governments  of  the  British  West  African  colonies  that  for  the  present 
the  importation  of  all  spirits  is  to  be_  prohibited  except  under  special 
licenses  which   do  not  include   "trade   spirits." 

ROWLING,  F.  The  building  of  the  Uganda  cathedral.  (The 
International  Review  of  Missions,  April,  1919,  pp.  227-237.) 

The  great  cathedral  of  Uganda,  the  fourth  on  the  present  site,  is  one  of 
the  marvels  of  missionary  structure  in  Africa.  After  the  preparation  of 
the  designs,  actual  work  was  begun  in  Africa  in  1912  by  cutting  awav  six 
feet  of  the  top  of  the  hill  to  provide  a  large  enough  area  for  the  building. 
The  quarrying  of  the  foundation  stones,  the  making  of  the  bricks,  the 
surveying  and  making  the  road  over  which  much  of  the  hauling  was  to  be 
done,  and  various  other  snags  proved  so  much  more  expensive  than  antici- 
pated that  the  plans  had  finally  to  be  greatly  changed.  The  war  neces- 
sarily intensified  all  difficulties.  The  fact  that  financially  the  Baganda 
Christians  have  put  forth  an  effort  equivalent  to  that  necessary  to  raise 
at  least  £250,000  in  an  English  diocese  speaks  eloquently  for  their  desire 
for  the  building  and  their  devotion  to  the  cause  it  represents. 

STONELAKE,  Alfred.  The  missionary  situation  in  Congo. 
(The  International  Review  of  Missions.  July,  1919,  pp.  314-330.) 

A  masterly  review  of  the  great  Congo  region,  which  calls  for  a  thorough 
scientific  survey  of  the  field,  and  an  irresistible  plea  for  advance.  By 
means  of  a  brief  sketch  of  the  present  missionary  forces  in  Congo,  their 
high  standard  of  church  membership,  their  emphasis  on  education  and 
especially  industrial  education,  the  writer  approaches  the  great  problems 
of  the  district.  These  he  summarizes  as  that  of  great  unoccupied  terri- 
tory; the  tremendous  need  of  medical  missionaries  (there  are  only  1 1  in 
the  whole  of  Congo);  the  language  difficulty,  which  is  a  growing  problem; 
the  cities,  "filled  with  natives  from  all  parts,  coast  men,  white  traders,  and 
imported  wickedness";  relations  with  the  government,  with  the  increasing 
inimical  pressure  on  the  latter  of  the  Roman  Catholics;  and,  finally,  the 
approaching    Mohammedan    menace. 


SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY  117 

WILLIS,  J.  J.  The  principle  of  alliance  in  missionary  work. 
(The  Church  Missionary  Review,  March,  1919,  pp.  6-14.) 

Among  the  valuable  lessons  taught  us  by  the  war,  it  is  doubtful  whether 
any  is  more  valuable  than  that  of  the  necessity  and  practicability  of 
alliance.  That  the  Church  recognized  this  and  was  moving  towards  it 
before  the  war  was  evidenced  by  the  Kikuyu  conference  in  1913;  that 
that  meeting  was  somewhat  premature  was  evidenced  by  the  controversy 
then  aroused.  But  in  19 18  another  Kikuyu  Conference  was  held  in  which 
the  principle  of  alliance  was  not  only  adopted,  but  was  put  into  active 
operation.  The  conference  was  representative,  for  practically  every  mis- 
sionary society  working  in  the  Uganda  Protectorate,  including  the  Bible 
Society,  was  represented.  Four  heads  of  government  departments,  district 
commissioners,  and  representative  planters  were  also  present.  The  five 
larger  missionary  societies  definitely  entered  the  alliance,  the  others  acced- ' 
ing  to  the  general  scheme  to  the  utmost  of  their  ability.  The  Alliance 
has  a  representative  council,  appointed  by  the  local  governing  bodies  of 
the  allying  societies,  and  is  advised  by  a  number  of  sub-committees 
responsible  for  departments  such  as  education,  finance,  literature,  etc.  It 
is  important  to  note  that  this  covmcil  is  to  take  immediate  action  to  secure 
the  co-operation  of  African  Christians  in  its  work,  for  the  administi'ation 
of  the  alliance  ought  not  to  be  solely  in  European  hands. 

See  Also: 

Eraser,  Donald.  An  African  autobiography.  (The  Missionary 
Review  of  the  World,  August,  1919,  pp.  603-608.  September, 
1919,  pp.  683-686.     To  be  continued.) 

Harris,  J.  H.  African  reconstruction  after  the  war.  (The  Mis- 
sionary Review  of  the  World,  February,  1919,  pp.  103-108.) 

Johnston,  Sir  H.  H.  Prohibition  of  alcohol  in  Africa.  (The  Mis- 
sionary Review  of  the  World,  June,  1919,  pp.  426-430.) 

Springer,  J.  M.  Men  and  minerals  in  Katanga.  (The  Missionary 
Review  of  the  World,  June,  1919,  pp.  421-425.) 

Taylor,  J.  D.  The  missionary  situation  in  Bantu  Africa.  (The 
Missionary  Review  of  the  World,  January,  1919,  pp.  32-36.) 

Taylor,  J.  D.  Some  effects  of  the  war  on  Africa.  (The  Mis- 
sionary Review  of  the  World,  June,  1919,  pp.  439-446.) 


INDIA 

Books 

CARVELL,  A.  M.  In  jungle  depths.  True  stories  from  a  mis- 
sionary's diary.  London,  Religious  Tract  Society,  1919,  pp.  132. 
3s  6d. 

This  is  a  description  of  pioneer  missionary  life  in  Assam,  in  which  the 
privations  and  hardships  are  touched  upon  lightly,  while  the  everyday 
scenes  and  incidents  of  native  life  are  graphically,  frequently  humorously 
depicted.  There  is  no  deep  discussion  of  mission  problems,  although  the 
backsliding  evangelist  is  honestly  and  sympathetically  drawn,  but  the  daily 
round  of  teaching,  judging,  and  doctoring  draws  forth  many  an  interested 
smile.  The  earnestness  and  worth-while-ness  of  the  work  done  is  so 
obvious  that  it  does  not  need  to  be  emphasized,  while  the  glimpses  of  home 
making  difficulties  bring  home  the  realization  that  the  days  of  frontier 
heroism  are  by  no  means  past. 


ti8  SELECTED  BIBLIOGRAPHY 

FISHER,  F.  B.    India's  silent  revolution.    New  York,  Macmillail, 
1919,  pp.   192.    $1.50. 

This  is  one  of  the  best  brief  studies  which  has  appeared  of  a  country 
which  is  rapidly  changing.  According  to  the  foreword  it  aims  to  present 
"from  the  American  viewpoint  the  economic,  social,  political  and  religious 
situation  in  India."  While  written  in  a  way  to  appeal  to  the  general 
public,  it  gives  accurate  information,  and  is  of  great  use  in  helping  to 
understand  the  underground  currents  at  present  seething  through  India. 

KIPLING,  Rudyard.     The  eyes  of  Asia.     Garden  City,  Double- 
day,  Page,  1918,  pp.  loi.    $1.00. 

Imaginary  letters  from  Indian  troopers  in  France  to  their  home-folks. 
It  is  an  attempted  interpretation  of  how  the  western  customs  must  appear  to 
Eastern  minds,  and  as  such  is  significant.  The  local  color  is  worthy  of 
Kipling  at  his  best.  In  view  of  the  recent  developments  in  India,  how- 
ever, it  must  be  remembered  that  after  all  the  interpretation  is  through  the 
mind  of  one  of  the  Ruling  Race. 

Periodical  Articles 
ANNETT,  E.  A.     The  Sunday  school  in  India.     (The  Interna- 
tional Review  of  Missions,  April,  1919,  pp.  205-217.) 

The  author  has  for  nine  years  devoted  his  time  to  Sunday-school  work 
in  India.  He  here  gives  a  brief  survey  of  the  present  situation,  finding 
the  schools  are  generally  of  four  types,  (a)  those  approaching  most  nearly 
to  the  type  common  in  western  lands;  (b)  those  held  in  connection  with 
the  mission  day  school;  (c)  those  found  in  mass  movement  areas;  (d) 
those  found  in  areas  little  touched  by  other  Christian  influences.  The 
hardest  problems  are  connected  with  the  two  latter.  The  opportunity  is 
seemingly  boundless,  but  the  dangers  lie  in  the  lack  of  proper  outlines  for 
teaching,  the  small  proportion  of  purely  voluntary  workers,  and  the  lack 
of  teachers  thoroughly  trained  to  teach  the  Bible  to  Indian  children.  To 
remedy  the  latter  the  India  Sunday  School  Union  has  instituted  a  Teacher 
Training  Course,  missions  are  emphasizing  a  definite  period  of  training 
for  these  workers,  and  there  is  becoming  increasingly  evident  a  desire  for 
a  central  training  institution  for  leaders  of  teachers. 

AUSTIN,  Harold.     Christian  education  in  S.  India.     (The  East 
and  The  West,  July,  1919,  pp.  258-264.) 

This  is  written  from  the  point  of  view  of  work  in  a  mass  movement 
country,  and  is  a  plea  for  a  more  successful  scheme  of  general  education 
of  these  masses.  The  author  finds  three  factors  having  an  important  bear- 
ing on  the  subject:  the  growing  number  of  Indians  aspiring  to  a  certain 
measure  of  self-government;  the  demand  for  the  conscience-clause  in 
Indian  schools;  the  comparative  failure  of  missions  to  educate  the  people 
in  the  village  elementary  schools.  The  Christian  community  in  India  is 
growing  by  leaps  and  bounds,  and  if,  in  the  future,  it  is  to  be  of  any 
influence  in  the  country  it  must  be  educated,  both  for  the  franchise  and 
for  daily  life.  Therefore  would  it  not  be  wiser  to  bow  to  the  conscience 
clause  to  the  extent  of  concentrating  educational  work  on  the  Christians; 
and  to  emphasize  the  importance  of  this  education  to  the  masses  by  in- 
cluding more   vocational   work  in   the    mission    boarding-schools. 

BANDY,  C.  H.     The  building  of  the  church  among  village  com- 
munities.    II.    The  North  Indian  Presbyterian  mass  movement. 
(The  International  Review  of  Missions,  April,  1919,  pp.  193-204.) 
The    second   of   two   articles,    the   first    of    which    appeared    in    the    Inter- 
national   Review    of    Missions   in    1918,    and    related    to    China.     This    is   a 


SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY  119 

brief  description  of  the  work  carried  on  by  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
the  U.  S.  A.  among  the  Bhangis,  one  of  the  outcaste  castes.  How  the  prob- 
lem of  village  education  is  being  tentatively  met  by  the  preacher-teachers 
is  outlined,  together  with  the  plan  for  higher  and  theological  schools.  The 
organization  of  the  churches  shows  how  almost  impossible,  and  in  many 
cases  downright  harmful,  it  is  to  try  to  force  Eastern  peoples  into  Western 
schemes  of  management. 

DUNLOP,  D.  C.  L.  The  Kumbh  Mela  at  Allahabad.  (The  East 
and  The  West,  April,  1919,  pp.  152-164.) 

India  is  the  land  of  sacred  rivers,  and  at  Allahabad  the  holy  Jumna 
joins  the  still  holier  Ganges.  At  this  juncture  there  wells  up  from 
underground  a  third  river,  most  sacred  of  all,  the  Saruswati,  and  those 
who  bathe  here  receive  great  blessings.  Every  year  this  is  the  scene  of 
a  great  fair,  or  Mela,  but  every  twelfth  year  comes  the  great  Kumbh  Mela. 
The  last  one  of  these  was  held  in  191 8,  on  the  great  days  of  which  it  is 
estimated  that  over  3,000,000  people  were  present  in  the  river  at  one  time. 
Mr.  Dunlop  spreads  before  us  this  great  panorama  of  Eastern  religious  life, 
with  all  its  devotion,  and  all  its  hopelessness.  Human  nature  is  the  same 
the  world  over,  for  even  as  Turkish  soldiers  used  to  stand  guard  over  the 
sacred  places  in  Jerusalem  at  Easter  to  prevent  fights  among  the  Chris- 
tian pilgrims,  so  the  processions  of  the  Kumbh  Mela  are  regulated  by  the 
authorities,  must  be  headed  by  a  force  of  sowars,  and  led  by  a  European 
civilian,  to  control  disorders  arising  from  jealousy  and  disagreements. 

EDDY,  G.  S.  Church*  union  in  India.  (The  Chinese  Recorder, 
August,  1919,  pp.  525-532.) 

The  movement  for  church  union  is  strongest  on  the  mission  fields,  and 
among  those  fields  it  is  farthest  advanced  in  India.  Here  there  is  the 
South  India  United  Church,  composed  of  Christians  who  formerly  be- 
longed to  the  Congregational,  London  Missionary  Society,  Dutch  Reformed, 
Free  Church  of  Scotland,  Established  Church  of  Scotland,  and  Basel 
Reformed  missions.  Now  these  have  taken  a  step  to  bridge  the  gulf 
to  the  Episcopal  churches.  Mr.  Eddy  here  gives  the  agreement  which  was 
recently  unanimously  adopted.  It  conserves  the  Congregational,  the 
Presbyterian,  and  the  Episcopal  elements;  it  provides  for  the  consecration 
of  the  first  bishops  in  the  South  India  United  Church,  but  limits  the 
present  ministers,  until  further  common  arrangements  can  be  made,  to 
preaching  and  administering  the  communion  in  churches  of  their  own 
body.  The  union  is  not  yet  officially  sanctioned  but  a  step  so  far  in 
advance  has  been  taken  that  it  will  be  possible  to  test  the  truth  of  the 
statement  that  if  it  were  not  for  the  foreign  missionary  the  Indian 
Churches  would  speedily  unite. 

GIBSON,  J.  Paul  S.  R.  The  presentation  of  Christianity  in 
Ceylon.  (The  International  Review  of  Missions,  July,  1919,  pp. 
341-356;  October,  1919,  pp.  53I-545-) 

The  great  differences  in  modes  of  thought  between  the  Singhalese  and 
Westerners  are  helpfully  and  interestingly  suggested  by  means  of  four 
great  channels:  customs,  religious  and  social;  literature;  thought;  and 
language.  The  fundamental  influence  on  custom  is  found  in  the  doctrine 
of  Kharm.a,  which,  as  interpreted  by  the  masses,  is  deadening  to  all 
initiative.  This  is  supplemented  by  the  absolute  "ego-centricity"  of  their 
Buddhism,  which  is  carried  to  such  an  extreme  in  daily  life  that  there  is 
lack  of  co-operation,  even  trust  to  a  large  extent,  between  members  of  the 
same  family.  While  in  family  life  there  is  much  that  is  dignified  and 
gracious  (rudeness  being  the  unpardonable  sin)  "subtlety  and  concealment 
are  the  very  marrow  of  daily  life."  This  is  very  evident  in  the  literature 
and  language,  in  which  the  effect  sought  for  is  sensuous  rather  than 
mental,  concealment  rather  than  clearness.  As  a  direct  result  of  the 
doctrine  of  Nirvana,  the  folklore  shows  no  characterization,  no  pathos,  no 
depth    of    feeling.     Three    great    factors    influence    the    mentality    of    the 


120  SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY 

people — lack  of  relationships,  lack  of  value  of  life,  and  fear,  constant, 
overpowering  fear.  As  a  direct  result,  the  connotation  of  a  word  in  their 
language  is  utterly  different  from  that  of  the  word  which  translates  it  into 
English.  It  is  in  this  fact  that  Mr.  Gibson  finds  the  explanation  of 
the  erroneous  idea  that  Christian  truths  lay  hidden  in  eastern  books  long 
before  Christ  gave  them  to  the  world.  The  author  closes  with  a  few 
suggestions  of  approach  to  the  Singhalese,  and  a  brief  outline  of  the 
constructive  teaching  he  follows  in  the  Training  College  at  Peradeniya. 

HOGG,  Prof.  A.  G.     Political  reform  and  Hinduism.     (The  Inter- 
national Review  of  Missions,  July,  1919,  pp.  303-313.) 

Raises  the  question  of  the  extent  to  which  the  problem  of  Indian 
political  reform  may  turn  out  to  be  one  with  the  problem  of  evangeliza- 
tion. Starting  from  the  ground  that  much  blame  is  laid  "at  the  door  of 
racial  characteristics  which  ought  to  be  laid  at  the  door  of  religion," 
and  proceeding  with  the  belief  that  political  reform  may  prove  to  be  a 
significant  influence  in  altering  the  religious  faith  of  India,  the  author 
discusses  some  features  in  Hinduism  which  lend  support  to  the  latter 
idea.  For  example,  caste,  as  a  religious  system,  is  diametrically  opposed 
to  responsible  government,  or  equality  before  the  law;  as  a  social  system, 
it  has  proved  flexible  enough  to  be  compatible  with  responsible  government. 
The  idea  that  the  present  state  of  aflfairs  is  divinely  ordered  as  a  result 
of  previous  incarnations  deprives  Hinduism  of  initiative.  By  inevitable 
inference,  the  problem  of  political  reconstruction  is  closely  bound  up 
with  the  problem  of  permeating  India  with  a  dynamic  religion,  i.  e., 
Christianity. 

HOLLAND,  W.  E.  S.    University  reform  in  India.     (The  Church 
Missionary  Review,  March,  1919,  pp.  24-36.) 

Indian  education  has  recently  been  under  heavy  fire,  during  which 
Calcutta  University  has  been  searchingly  investigated  by  an  authoritative 
commission.  The  13  volume  report  of  this  commission  has  just  been 
published,  but  Dr.  Holland  here  gives  a  remarkable  summary  of  the 
conditions  which  underlie  the  criticism,  and  led  to  the  work  of  the  com- 
mission. Unfortunately,  Indian  universities  were  conceived  as  examining 
and  degree  giving  bodies.  Gradually  the  university  had  affiliated  to  it  a 
group  of  entirely  independent  colleges  scattered  at  different  centers  over 
a  wide  territory,  and  almost  universally  nonresidential.  The  chief  motive 
in  creating  the  university  was  to  provide  Government  with  candidates  for 
various  posts.  As  the  Indian  student  is  appallingly  poor,  this  inevitably 
resulted  in  the  university  being  considered  merely  an  employment  agency, 
a  place  in  which  to  cram  for  examinations,  the  failure  to  pass  which  meant 
losing  the  chance  of  earning  a  respectable  livelihood.  This  means  further 
that  there  is  a  total  lack  of  a  clear  perception  of  what  university  work 
means,  as  there  is  no  time  which  can  be  given  to  original  research,  and 
the  university  is  dominated  by  school  methods.  Few  of  the  colleges  have 
sufficient  financial  support;  the  result  is  huge  classes  and  a  small  staff, 
"which  at  once  spells  incompetent  and  shoddy  education."  One  of  the 
most  unsatisfactory  conditions  is  that  a  foreign  language,  English,  is 
the  medium  of  instruction.  Indeed,  the  whole  setting  of  the  curricula  is 
so  foreign  that  a  subject  is  memorized,  not  assimilated. 

MARRIS,  A.  J.     Everyday  difficulties  of  Indian  Christians.     (The 
East  and  The  West,  April,  1919,  pp.   121-133.) 

Miss  Marris  divides  the  Indian  Christians  into  three  classes:  converts 
from  Mohammedanism,  converts  from  Hinduism,  and  Christians  by  birth. 
She  then  discusses  the  daily  difficulties  met  by  these  converts  in  the 
economic,  the  educational,  and  the  social  fields.  Putting  aside  the  great 
difference  made  "by  the  conversion  itself  she  speaks  of  the  daily  pin-pricks 
and  isolation  if  the  converts  live  in  the  midst  of  the  heathen  community; 
of  the  few  avenues  of  livelihood  open  to  them,  and  of  the  trouble  in  secur- 
ing   an    education    to    the    children    in    schools    where    the    moral    tone    is 


SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY  121 

high.     These   incidental   difficulties  make   the  danger  real   lest  Christianity 
become   one  more  caste  among  many. 

MARSH,  Noel.  A  day  of  opportunity  at  Delhi.  (The  East  and 
The  West,  July,  1919,  pp.  232-245.) 

The  Cambridge  University's  Mission  to  Delhi  has  consistently  aimed 
to  develop  a  Church  of  India  that  should  be  self-supporting,  self-governing, 
and  self-propagating.  There  is  now  evident  a  newly  awakened  self  con- 
sciousness among  the  Indian  Christians  in  Delhi,  a  rapidly  developing 
vitality  in  the  young  Indian  Churcii,  which  the  home  Church  should 
whole-heartedly  welcome.  The  heavier  responsibility  assumed  by  the 
Indian  Church  has  opened  great  possibilities,  but  also  great  transitional 
dangers.  It  is  not  necessarily  capable  of  assuming  a  heavier  financial 
burden;  the  quickening  life  of  the  community  makes  it  more  than  ever 
important  to  maintain  a  mission  staff  large  enough  to  guide  wisely  and 
sympathetically  the  younger  Indian  Christians.  The  mission's  wonderfully 
successful  work  among  the  outcaste  Chamars  has  brought  with  it  both 
the  possibilities  and  the  responsibilities  inseparable  from  the  Mass  Move- 
ments. All  of  this  makes  this  a  day  of  supreme  possibility  and  great 
danger  in   dealing  with  the  Indian   Christians. 

PATON,  William.  Personal  relationships  between  Indians  and 
Europeans.  (The  International  Review  of  Missions,  October, 
1919,  pp.  522-530.) 

The  question  of  the  right  relation  between  the  foreign  mission,  between 
the  Indian  worker  and  the  European  worker,  is  the  most  urgent  question 
facing  Christian  statesmanship  in  India;  for  the  undeniable  fact  is  that 
in  that  country  today  there  exists  a  vast  amount  of  ill-feeling,  misunder- 
standing and  bitterness  between  the  Indian  and  the  European.  This  is  true 
in  both  religious  and  political  circles,  and  fundamentally  it  resolves  itself 
into  sheer  mistrust  of  the  good  faith  of  the  ruling  race.  The  Indian  is 
supersensitive,  and  it  must  be  admitted  that  in  many  Europeans  there 
exists  a  sense  of  racial  superiority.  This  the  Indian  senses  and  exagger- 
ates, and  the  flame  is  fanned  by  the  bigotry  of  some  of  the  papers,  both 
Indian  and  English.  In  both  the  religious  and  the  political  realm  this 
racial  feeling  emphasizes  the  ever-present  danger  of  paternalism,  and, 
closely  akin  to  that,  the  even  more  insidious  danger  of  considering  the 
country  as  "material"  for  missionary  activities.  After  all,  improved  social 
relationships  lie  very  near  the  heart  of  the  problem.  No  one  likes  to  be 
considered  a  "case,"  and,  when  the  child  grows  up,  the  paternal  attitude 
should  give  way  to  one  of  fellowship.  Behind  it  all,  however,  lies  the 
question  of  temper  and  spirit;  it  is  for  the  European  to  realize  that  India 
has  something  to  give  him  as  well  as  he  to  give  India;  that  "equality  is  a 
part  of  love,   and  love  is  not  the  same  as  philanthropy." 

PAUL,  Kanakarayan.  How  missions  denationalize  Indians. 
(The  International  Review  of  Missions,  October,  1919,  pp.  510- 
521.) 

Without  question  the  Indian  Christian  community  is  isolated  from  the 
rest  of  India.  Believing  that  this  is  very  detrimental  to  the  Christian  as 
well  as  to  the  non-Christian  the  National  Secretary  of  the  Indian  Y.  M.  C. 
A.  here  endeavors  to  analyze  some  of  the  deep-lying  causes  of  the  condition. 
Early  missionary  effort,  in  the  endeavor  to  purify  the  thought  and  prac- 
tices of  the  convert,  inculcated  a  horror  of  Indian  folk-lore,  art,  and 
literature  along  with  its  religion.  But  it  is  just  these  things  which 
express  the  spirit  of  a  country.  This  horror  has  now  become  softened 
into  suspicion,  in  which  latter  form  it  is  still  active.  In  place  of  the 
native  product,  the  missionary  introduced  his  Western  art  and  literature, 
at  times  with  a  ludicrous  effect,  as  when  Western  hymns,  translated  by  a 
committee  of  non-Indians,  who  tortured  the  language  into  a  foreign 
prosody,  are  sung  by  Indians  to  tunes  the  rhythms  of  which   are  utterly 


122  SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY 

foreign  to  their  feeling.  Yet  Indian  genius  has  two,  at  least,  distinctive 
lines  which  even  Indian  Christians  should  keep.  One  is  a  deep  and 
abiding  sense  of  the  spiritual  within  and  behind  all  things  and  acts  of  sense. 
The  Westerner  has  not  the  "gift  of  the  mystical,"  and  tends  to  train 
Indians  in  habits  of  thought  which  consider  physical  culture,  industrial 
organization,  even  moral  progress  as  ends  in  themselves.  This  is  denation- 
alization, greatly  facilitated  by  the  isolation  of  the  Christian  community. 
The  second  is  a  social  heritage.  The  Indian  is  born  into  certain  obliga- 
tions, which  are  often  incomprehensible  to  the  western  missionary.  Yet  it 
is  far  from  proved  that  the  western  doctrine  of  "individual  rights"  is  more 
civilized  than  the  eastern  one  of  "individual  responsibilities."  Here  the 
boarding-school  system,  for  example,  is  a  strong  denationalizing  agency. 
Taking  children  away  from  their  homes  during  the  most  impressionable 
period  of  their  lives,  it  so  isolates  them  as  to  prevent  any  real  assimilation 
of  their  native  community  responsibilities.  This  assimilation  is  happening 
among  non-Christians,  who  are  obtaining  Western  education;  there  the 
younger  and  the  older  generations  interchange  constantly  Western  and 
Eastern  ideas.  The  Indian  has  a  wonderful  heritage;  is  it  right  so  to 
isolate  and  "westernize"  the  convert  as  to  rob  him  of  this  wealth? 

POPLEY,  H .  A.  The  evangelistic  movement  in  the  Indian 
church.     (The  East  and  The  West,  April,  1919,  pp.  138-144.) 

The  Evangelistic  Movement  is  quite  distinct  from  the  Mass  Movement 
both  in  aim  and  method.  It  centers  in  the  individual  church  rather  than 
in  the  mission,  and  its  agents  are  the  individual  members  of  the  churches. 
Mr.  Popley  describes  its  effect  in  strengthening  Indian  leadership,  in 
building  up  voluntary  workers  in  the  churches,  in  increasing  the  Christian 
community,  and  in  stimulating  and  deepening  the  spiritual  life  of  the 
Indian   Christians. 

SINCLAIR,  R.  The  development  of  a  mass  movement  church. 
(The  East  and  The  West,  July,  1919,  pp.  265-271.) 

The  outcaste  is  essentially  social;  so,  when  he  comes  to  Christianity, 
his  concern  is  for  his  community,  he  seeks  its  social  uplift  and  emancipation. 
His  aim,  therefore,  is  worldly,  yet  gives  to  the  missionary  an  opening  for 
emphasizing  the  spiritual  nature  of  the  aid  given,  and  for  educating  his 
community  passion  into  the  higher  brotherhood  of  the  church.  This 
education  of  the  convert  is  founded  in  the  sifting  processes  leading  to 
baptism  and  the  great  privilege  of  Church  membership.  It  is,  however, 
the  aim  of  all  missionary  effort  to  develop  an  independent  native  church, 
and  the  plan  followed  by  the  London  Missionary  Society  in  South 
Travancore,  with  its  results,  is  here  outlined.  Complete  independence 
of  the  Mission  on  the  part  of  the  more  advanced  churches  has  been 
encouraged,  these  churches  being  placed  on  a  self-supporting  and  self- 
governing  basis,  with  a  union  of  their  own  of  which  the  missionaries  are 
members.  Thus  there  has  been  a  great  gain  in  self-reliance,  as  also  in 
the  type  of  village  pastor.  Nevertheless,  the  actual  working  of  the  scheme 
has  resulted  in  sterilizing  interest  in  the  salvation  of  others,  and  in  a 
deep  rooted  suspicion  of  missionary  friendliness.  These  drawbacks  have 
now  been  partially  met  by  so  modifying  the  plan  as  to  make  each  church 
responsible  for  its  own  affairs,  yet  represented  in  a  council  charged  with 
meeting  the  evangelistic  needs  of  its  own  area. 

See  Also: 

Ewing,  J.  C.  R.  The  masses  and  the  classes  of  India.  (The  Mis- 
sionary Review  of  the  World,  April,  1919,  pp.  259-365.) 

Warne,  F.  W.  India's  national  and  Christian  progress.  (The 
Missionary  Review  of  the  World,  January,  1919,  pp.  21-22.) 


SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY  123 

CHINA 
Books 

ANDREWS,  R.  C,  and  ANDREWS,  Y.  B.  Camps  and  trails  in 
China.     New  York,  Appleton,  1919,  pp.  334.     $3.00. 

This  is  not  a  missionary  book;  it  is  a  popular  narrative  of  the  Asiatic 
Zoological  Expedition  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  in 
China  in  191 6-17.  Part  of  the  trip,  however,  vi^as  in  unmapped  country, 
all  of  it  in  little-known  sections,  and  among  people  with  whom  missionary 
work  is  becoming  increasingly  important.  Much  of  the  work  was  done 
in  Yunnan,  and  we  are  given  valuable  information  as  to  the  economic 
and  social  conditions  prevailing  in  this  province.  A  fine  tribute  is  paid  to 
the  sterling  value  of  the  many  missionaries  encountered,  especially  to  their 
altruism  and  self-sacrifice.  This  chapter,  be  it  added,  is  put  in  not  as  "a 
brief   for  the  missionary,   but  simply  a  matter  of   fair   play." 

BROOMHALL,  Marshall.  John  W.  Stevenson.  One  of  Christ's 
stalwarts.     London,  Morgan   &   Scott,   1919,  2/6. 

John  W.  Stevenson  passed  fifty  years  in  missionary  service,  a  period 
covering  the  opening  of  all  China  to  Christian  influence.  He  was  a 
reserved,  quiet  Scot,  who  devoted  himself  heart  and  soul  to  China  through 
work  in  the  China  Inland  Mission.  The  biography  is  well  written,  and 
we  follow  with  interest  the  successful  years  in  Shaohing,  the  lean  years 
in  Bhamo,  and,  finally,  the  long  stretch  in  Shanghai,  devoted  to  administra- 
tive work.  The  human  side  rather  than  the  official  is  emphasized,  and 
pathetic  glirnpses  are  given  us  here  and  there  of  that  great  burden  of 
missionary   life — loneliness. 

COCHRAN,  J.  C,  Foreign  magic.  Tales  of  every-day  China. 
New  York,  Missionary  Education  Movement,  C1919,  pp.  191. 
$1.50. 

Readable  sketches  of  missionary  contact  with  native  life  in  the  interior 
of  China.  The  book  gives  good  local  color,  and  the  stories  are  interesting 
to  read  aloud  in  mission  circles. 

GAMEWELL,  M.  N.  New  life  currents  in  China.  New  York, 
Missionary  Education  Movement,  1919,  pp.  227.     $.75. 

That  China  is  responding  to  the  influence  of  Western  civilization,  for 
better  and  also  for  worse,  is  a  commonplace.  In  this  mission  study  tjook, 
Mrs.  Gamewell  emphasizes  the  medical,  educational,  and  economic  attitude 
of  the  Chinese,  their  openmindedness,  and  the  consequent  tremendous  op- 
portunities before  the  Christian  Church.  The  book  is  particularly  timely  as 
great  effort  is  being  made  at  present  to  develop  a  strong  sense  of  social 
responsibility  among  Chinese  Christians,  while  we  of  the  West  are  more 
willing  than  ever  before  to  learn  the  truth  about  the  East,  unvarnished 
by  prejudice  or  special  pleading. 

LA  MOTTE,  E.  N.  Peking  dust.  New  York,  Century  Company, 
1919,  pp.  240.    $1.50. 

This  is  a  brightly  written  description  of  how  the  European  powers  try  to 
rule  poor  China  through  the  "advice"  given  by  the  diplomatic  circles. 
While  not  strictly  missionary,  its  pictures  of  European  life  in  China  are 
so  breezy,  so  interesting,  and  the  contact  of  these  people  with  the  Chinese 
reacts  so  inevitably  on  missionary  work,  that  no  apology  is  necessary  for 
including  it  in  this  bibliography. 

MILLARD,  T.  F.  Democracy  and  the  Eastern  question.  New 
York,  Century  Company,   1919,  pp.  446.     $3.00. 

The  book  repudiates  any  idea  of  being  non-partisan,  since  "few 
Westerners  could  live  in  the  Far  East  during  the   last   twenty  years  and 


124  SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY 

still  be  impartial  on  the  questions  included  in  the  position  of  China  and 
^  her  contacts  with  Japan."  The  aim  frankly  is  to  educate  the  people  in 
the  United  States  "to  a  realization  of  the  true  position  of  Japan  as  the 
author  sees  it,  the  latter  people  having  done  everything  in  their  power  to 
keep  us  in  ignorance  of  what  is  actually  happening  in  China.  The  real 
issue  is  between  militarism,  or  Japanese  interests,  and  democracy,  or 
Chinese  interests.  Japan  is  unquestionably  efficient,  but  so  was  Germany; 
her  policy  during  the  war,  of  self-aggrandizement,  of  secret  diplomacy, 
of  oblique  methods,  was  ruthless,  as  was  that  of  Germany.  The  situation 
of  China  in  the  war,  her  fear  of  Japan,  and  the  ignoring  of  her  by  the 
Allies  is  dealt  with  at  length.  The  corrupting  of  the  country  systematically 
carried  on  by  Japan,  the  Siberian  question,  and  the  future  possibilities 
to  the  world  if  China  were  given  a  "square  deal"  are  all  touched  upon. 
It  is  a  case  of  special  pleading  without  doubt,  but  the  pleading  is  well 
backed  by  texts  of  official  documents,  and  by  proved  facts. 

NOYES,  H.  N.  A  light  in  the  land  of  Sinim.  Forty-five  years 
in  the  True  Light  Seminary,  1872-1917.  New  York,  Revell, 
01919,  pp.  250.    $1.50. 

It  was  due  to  a  letter  from  Miss  Noyes  that  in  1871  the  founding  of 
the  True  Light  Seminary  became  one  of  the  first  of  the  special  objects 
taken  up  by  the  Woman's  Board  in  Philadelphia  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church,  U.  S.  A.  It  was  largely  due  to  her  guidance  that  it  grew  to  be 
such  a  power  for  good  in  Canton.  She  gives  us  the  history  of  its  growth 
in  vivid  pictures  rather  than  in  formal  historical  form,  endeavoring  thus 
to  make  the  reader  feel  the  atmosphere,  and  comprehend  the  aim  of  the 
work.  The  chief  aim  has  been  to  make  the  seminary  as  far  as  possible 
an  evangelistic  agency,  for  which  reason  children  of  both  Christian  and 
heathen  parents  have  been  received,  the  whole  number  of  students  who 
have  been  enrolled  being  3,724.  Of  this  number,  915  have  united  with 
the  church.  Perhaps  the  best  means  of  gauging  the  influence  of  the  school 
is  found  in  the  lives  of  those  trained  there;  so  Miss  Noyes  gives  many 
sketches  of  the  work  of  the  Bible  Women,  the  Christian  leaders,  the  nurses, 
and  the   medical   students.     The  book  is  well   illustrated. 

OVERLACH,  T.  W.  Foreign  financial  control  in  China.  New 
York,  Macmillan,  1919,  pp.  395.    $2.00. 

This  "presents  an  unbiased  analysis  of  the  financial  and  political  activi- 
ties of  the  six  leading  powers  in  China  during  the  last  twenty  years,  and 
emphasizes  the  need  of  international  financial  co-operation. "_  While  not 
intrinsically  missionary,  international  relations  are  so  many-sided  that  all 
intercourse  with  foreign  nations  by  China  has  a  reflex  action  on  missions. 
This  book  deals  largely  with  railway  concessions  and  transportation  deal- 
ings and  .surely  the  Christianization  of  business  in  China  is  of  fundamental 
importance  to  all  Christian  work  in  that  country.  The  author  concludes 
with  recommendations  that  international  capital  and  educative  forces  co- 
operate rather  than  compete  in  their  efforts  to  develop  China  in  the  future. 

WHEELER,  W.  R.  China  and  the  world  war.  New  York, 
Macmillan,  1919,  pp.  263.     $1.50. 

The  Far  East  is  looming  larger  and  larger  upon  the  horizon,  which 
makes  this  book  likely  to  be  of  permanent  value.  China  has  been  pro- 
foundly affected  by  the  war,  both  internally  and  externally,  and  the 
author  here  gives  a  study  of  some  of  the  great  problems  of  the  country 
as  they  appear  against  the  back-ground  of  the  war.  Primarily  this  is  a 
political  outline,  well  done;  actually  it  is  a  discussion  of  international 
ethics  as  applied  to  the  great  giant  of  the  East.  There  is  a  short  but 
excellent  bibliography. 

WERNER,  E.  T.  C.  China  of  the  Chinese.  London,  Sir  Isaac 
Pitman  &  Sons,  1919,  pp.  309.     9s. 

The  author  is  a  Sinologue  of  recognized  authority,  and  approaches  his 
work  chiefly    from    the    point   of   view   of  sociology.     This   book   gives   the 


SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY  125 

history  in  very  brief  form  of  each  class  of  phenomena  in  the  Chinese  social 
structure  from  its  earliest  beginnings  to  its  latest  developments.  Despite 
some  curious  omissions  it  is  well  indexed  and  forms  a  good  reference 
work. 

WOODBRIDGE,  S.  I.  Fifty  years  in  China.  Richmond,  Va., 
Presbyterian   Committee  of   Publication,    1919,  pp.  231.    $.60. 

The  sub-title  explains  that  this  is  an  account  of  the  missions  in  China 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  from  1867  to  the  present. 
There  is  a  good  map  locating  the  mission  stations,  and  a  supplement 
containing  a  bibliography,  satistics,  and  a  list  of  the  church's  missionaries 
in  China.  It  is  really,  however,  an  interpretation  of  the  status  of  the 
missions  in  China  rather  than  their  history.  Written  in  a  conversational 
style  one  readily  accepts  the  author's  indication  that  it  is  an  endeavor  to 
answer  some  of  the  questions  put  to  the  missionary  on  furlough.  It  is 
the  text-book  of  the  Southern  Presbyterians  to  be  used  in  the  mission  study 
campaign  in   1 919- 1920. 

Periodical  Articles 

ARNOLD,  Julean.  China's  economic  problems  and  Christian  mis- 
sionary effort.  (The  Chinese  Recorder,  August,  1919,  pp.  515- 
524.) 

One  of  the  most  important  articles  which  has  appeared  in  the  Recorder 
this  year.  Mr.  Arnold,  the  American  Commercial  attache  for  China, 
frankly  and  sympathetically  discusses  the  missionary  situation.  Present- 
day  China  is  a  new  China,  marvelously  wealthy  in  natural  resources, 
with  a  wonderful  future  in  the  modern  economic  world.  The  great  gulf 
between  her  and  Western  industrial  development  is  partially  shown  in 
the  fact  that  the  nation  and  the  communities  have  not  as  yet  enacted 
factory  legislation,  made  provision  for  sanitation  in  connection  with  their 
civic  and  industrial  life,  or  developed  a  body  of  corporate  law.  The 
resulting  problems,  as  well  as  the  great  one  of  transportation,  will 
inevitably  be  solved,  and  China  will  be  revolutionized  in  the  process.  But 
are  the  mission  forces  alive  to  the  demands  these  tremendous  economic 
changes  will  create?  The  important  thing  is  what  will  the  Chinese  do 
for  themselves;  that  will  depend  upon  native  leadership;  and  that 
in  turn  may  be  determined  by  the  work  of  missionaries  if  they  are  big 
enough  men  and  women,  with  a  big  enough  policy  to  which  they  will 
adhere  strongly.  Missionaries  that  are  narrow-minded,  stagnating,  set 
in  their  ways,  or  without  vision  should  be  retired  at  once;  the  young 
missionaries  should  be  given  a  much  broader  training.  The  lack  of 
co-ordination  in  mission  work,  the  duplication  and  waste  are  striking, 
while  there  should  be  a  far  larger  friendship  with  foreign  mercantile  com- 
munities and  Chinese  prominent  in  business  and  other  walks  of  life. 
Christian  missionary  effort  is  facing  a  serious  crisis,  and  supreme  efforts 
should  be  put  forth;  no  man  or  woman  is  too  big  for  the  work,  for  the 
field  cries  out  for  inspired,  Christian  trained  native  leaders. 

BUCK,  T.  L.  Practical  plans  for  the  introduction  of  agriculture 
into  our  middle  and  primary  schools.  (The  Chinese  Recorder, 
May,  1919,  pp.  307-319-) 

Agriculture  as  a  part  of  mission  work  has  achieved  a  definite  place. 
Already  six  agricultural  missionaries  are  in  China,  while  the  demand  in 
mission  schools  for  a  text-book  on  agriculture,  or  a  teacher  of  the  subject, 
is  more  and  more  insistent.  There  are  two  main  phases  for  the  mission- 
ary work  in  agriculture — the  strengthening  of  the  educational  program, 
and  the  introduction  of  agriculture  into  evangelistic  missions  as  extension 
work.  The  chief  problem  in  introducing  it  practically  into  the  schools 
IS  the  securing  of  adequately  trained  native  Christian  teachers.  Mr.  Buck 
suggests  that  this  need  be  met  by  establishing  two  first  class  agricultural 
high    schools,    with    normal    training;    and,    until    these   are    sending    forth 


126  SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY 

graduates,   by  establishing  a  teachers'  training  course   in  school-gardening, 
nature    study  and   general   agriculture   at   some   suitable  center   or   centers. 

BURGESS,  J.  S.     The  Christianization  of  life  in  China.     (The 
Chinese  Recorder,  April,  1919,  pp.  221-226.) 

There  is  evident  increasing  dissatisfaction  with  the  role  that  is  being 
played  by  the  Chinese  Church  so  far  as  it  relates  to  community  better- 
ment. There  is  a  self-centered  tendency  to  cut  themselves  off  from  their 
Chinese  fellows  found  among  the  Christians  which  results  not  only  in 
their  making  no  social  effort  (such  as  opening  wholesome  recreation  centers 
which  shall  be  also  for  the  non-Christians  of  the  community)  but  at  times 
even  in  their  not  knowing  what  movements  are  going  on  around  them 
against  which  the  church  might  protest.  To  remedy  this  the  church  must 
have  a  vision  of  what  social  service  may  mean,  and  this,  it  is  noticeable, 
the  strong  lay  leaders  seem  to  realize  far  more  fully  than  the  Chinese 
clergy. 

CHAO,  K.  C     The  ideals  of  new  China.     (The  Chinese  Recorder, 
January,  1919,  pp.  11-19.) 

Mr.  Chao  briefly  surveys  the  social,  political,  and  spiritual  problems 
in  awakening  China,  and  the  ideals  of  Young  China  in  regard  to  them. 
F'irmly  believing  that  China  will  take  her  place  among  the  strong  nations 
of  the  world,  he  points  out  her  great  need,  in  order  to  accomplish  this, 
of  developing  moral  backbone,  and  finds  her  only  hope  for  this  in  her 
acceptance    of    Christianity. 

CHENG,  C.  Y.     The  Chinese  Christian  church  and  national  move- 
ments.    (The  Chinese  Recorder,  July,  1919,  pp.  456-460.) 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Cheng  is  connected  with  the  London  Missionary  Society, 
has  been  a  pastor  of  the  Independent  Church,  Peking,  and  is  now  Chinese 
Secretary  of  the  China  Continuation  Committee.  He  therefore  speaks 
with  authority.  The  title  of  his  article,  however,  is  somewhat  misleading. 
He  chiefly  describes  and  justifies  the  patriotic  protest  of  the  Chinese 
students  against  the  Tsingtao  decision  of  the  Paris  Conference,  and  their 
successful  demand  that  the  government  remove  the  three  chief  pro- 
Japanese  officials.  The  movement  resulted  in  a  general  strike  of  govern- 
ment and  mission  students,  and  a  boycott  among  the  commercial  classes 
throughout  the  country  of  Japanese  goods.  As  the  Christian  Church  stands 
for  truth  and  righteousness,  it  naturally  welcomed  a  movement  prompted 
by  pure  democratic  ideals,  but  the  church  does  not  take  sides  in  party 
politics.  The  conflict  was  not  that  of  Chinese  against  Japanese,  but  of  a 
right  idea  against  a  militaristic  or  wrong  one.  But  the  Chinese  Christians 
were  right  to  take  part  in  the  movement,  in  upholding  real  patriotism 
and  high  ideals  for  their  country,  since  Christianity  seeks  to  work  for 
the  salvation  of  the  individual,  the  society,  the  nation,  and  the  world. 

DICKSON,  E.  J.  M.    A  case  of  real  self-support.     (The  Chinese 
Recorder,  June,  1919,  pp.  392-399-) 

It  is,  of  course,  the  ultimate  aim  of  all  mission  work  to  develop  a  self- 
supporting  church,  but  opinions  as  to  methods  differ.  Dr.  Dickson  here 
describes  how  he  set  out,  independently  of  all  mission  societies,  to  preach 
a  gospel  which  should  purify  the  lives  of  the  hearers  and  make  them 
voluntarily  support  any  Christian  work  undertaken.  By  selling  ordinary 
drugs,  such  as  epsom  salts  and  quinine,  he  supported  himself,  and  had 
opportunities  to  preach  and  sell  gospels.  Posch,  near  Yunnan,  he  made 
his  headquarters.  As  a  result  of  his  work,  this  town  now  has  a  self- 
supporting  and  self-governing  church  with  fourteen  baptized  members, 
and  an  average  weekly  contribution  of  25  cents  per  member. 


SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY  127 

DOVEY,  J.  W.  A  policy  for  the  distribution  of  Chinese  Christian 
literature.     (The  Chinese  Recorder,  July,  1919,  pp.  473-479-) 

The  problem  of  the  production  of  Christian  literature  Tias  been  search- 
ingly  investigated  by  the  Literature  Council  of  the  China  Continuation 
Committee.  Supplementary  to  its  report,  Mr.  Dovey,  General  Manager 
of  the  Mission  Book  Company,  Shanghai,  here  gives  a  policy  of  distribut- 
ing the  literature  produced.  At  present,  over  50  per  cent  of  the  Christian 
literature  in  China  is  sold  retail  at  Shanghai,  and  the  25  odd  small 
mission  book-stores  scattered  over  the  country  are  carrying  only  a  minimunv 
part  of  what  they  should.  To  remedy  this,  there  should  be  greater 
publicity  (now  partially  met  by  the  new  "China  Bookman"),  and  greater 
co-operation  in  selling  between  the  different  societies.  It  should  also  be 
possible  for  Christian  business  men  to  make  a  living  at  selling  this 
literature,  which  would  mean  an  increase  in  catalogued  prices  in  order 
to  allow  reasonable  discount  and  fair  profit  to  the  local  dealer.  This 
raising  of  prices  with  the  subsequent  discount  policy  would  also  help  to 
solve  the  problem  of  relationships  between  Christian  publishing  societies 
and  the  existing  Chinese  book  stores. 

KULP,  D.  H.  (II).  A  sociological  apologetic  for  Christian 
propaganda  in  China.  (The  Chinese  Recorder,  February,  1919, 
pp.  88-94.) 

Jesus  emphasized  the  fact  that  salvation  is  individual  and  social; 
Christianity  in  China,  therefore,  is  very  definitely  committed  to  make 
contributions  to  the  social  life  of  the  Chinese.  Neither  Buddhism  nor 
Taoism  has  a  strong  social  gospel,  and  socialization,  the  placing  of  skill, 
brains,  and  resources,  at  the  service  of  society  instead  of  the  individual, 
is  the  great  need  at  present  in  China.  It  is  possible  for  social  economy 
to  effect  social  progress  without  Christianity.  The  material  development 
of  the  country,  the  opening  of  mines,  the  building  of  railways,  is  inevitable, 
and  China  can  not  escape  it  if  she  would.  But  in  a  new  age  of  progress 
a  new  set  of  adequate  and  vital  controls  must  be  set  up  or  demoralization 
of  society  and  race  degeneration  must  result.  Christianity  is  funda- 
mentally concerned  with  the  ultimate  values  to  society  of  all  social 
progress;  and  this  is  why  China  (as  well  as  the  rest  of  the  world)  needs 
Christianity. 

KUO,  P.  W.  The  future  place  of  education  in  China.  (The 
Chinese  Recorder,  January,   1919,  pp.  20-24.) 

The  importance  of  education  as  emphasized  by  the  World  War  has  led 
the  Chinese  government  to  adopt  a  definite  forward  educational  policy. 
In  this  article  note  is  made  of  what  constitutes  this  forward  movement, 
and  the  necessity  of  raising  the  standard  of  the  Christian  educational  work 
in   China  in  order  to  meet  the  modern  needs. 

MACNAUGHTON,  W.  The  evangelization  of  provinces — Man- 
churia.    (The  Chinese  Recorder,  February,  1919,  pp.  81-88.) 

The  author,  who  is  evangelistic  secretary  of  Manchuria,  views  the 
problems  of  evangelizing  China  by  considering  those  of  this  one  province. 
The  primary  necessity  is  for  the  workers  to  look  up  from  their  work 
and  consider  a  definite  policy.  The  occupation  of  strategic  centers  by  the 
foreign  forces,  with  the  present  dangers  of  large  areas  and  small  forces; 
the  utilizing  of  the  potentialities  for  service  in  the  individuals  forming  the 
Chinese  Church;  the  necessity  of  arousing  the  Chinese  leaders  to  seek  to 
win  more  men  instead  of  being  satisfied  with  preaching  at  those  already 
in  the  church;  all  these  are  fundamentals  to  a  forward  policy.  Closely 
related  are  the_  inherent  possibilities  of  great  usefulness  in  the  Chinese 
Missionary  Societies,  the  evangelistic  bands,  the  Chinese  doctor  evangelists, 
and  the  forward  movement  campaigns.  All  these  considerations  show 
that  the  task  is  tremendous,  and  the  situation  ripe  for  a  big  movement. 


128  SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY 

MILLS,  S.  J.  Chinese  student  volunteer  movement  for  the 
ministry.     (The  Chinese  Recorder,  February,  1919,  pp.  110-118.) 

Describes  briefly  the  work  of  an  organization  which  endeavors  to  present 
the  call  of  the  ministry  to  Chinese  students.  The  organization  was  started 
in  1 910  by  Pastor  Ding  Li  Mei,  who  has  been  the  moving  spirit  ever  since. 

PLANS  OF  THE  CHRISTIAN  LITERATURE  COUNCIL  IN 
CHINA.  (The  International  Review  of  Missions,  April,  1919, 
pp.  238-253.) 

This  article  shows  the  processes  of  international  missionary  co-operation 
in  the  actual  working,  and  consists  of  letters  from  the  chairman  of  the 
Christian  Literature  Council  for  China,  the  acting  secretary  of  the  China 
Continuation  Committee,  a  minute  of  the  American  section  of  the  Com- 
mission on  Christian  Literature  of  the  World  Missionary  Conference,  and 
a  minute  of  the  Committee  on  Christian  Literature  in  Great  Britain.  The 
letter  from  the  Christian  Literature  Council  gives  the  results  of  a  thorough 
survey  of  the  literature  situation  in  China,  the  needs  of  which  come  under 
four  headings.  1.  The  discovery  and  development  of  Chinese  Christian 
literary  talent.  This  problem  could  be  attacked  by  means  of  prizes, 
the  opening  of  a  Christian  Literature  Correspondence  School,  and  scholar- 
ships to  be  conditional  on  the  recipients  specializing  along  literary  lines. 
2.  The  survey  and  correlation  of  Christian  literary  effort,  with  the  aim  of 
learning  the  types  of  literature  most  urgently  needed.  3.  The  early  produc- 
tion of  this  most  urgently  needed  literature,  attention  now  to  be  focused  on 
annotated  Scriptures  for  the  educated  classes,  literature  for  evangelistic 
campaigns,  for  the  illiterate,  for  women  and  children,  for  young  people, 
devotional  literature,  that  for  Chinese  pastors,  and  that  giving  the  social 
application  of  Christianity.  4.  The  establishment  of  a  Christian  Press 
Bureau  for  China,  to  supply  to  the  press  the  best  thought  of  Christian 
leaders  in  China  and  in  other  countries  on  matters  of  current  interest. 
A  rninimum  budget  for  the  whole  program  is  appended.  The  action  of 
the  international  bodies  approving  this  report  concludes  the  article. 

ROOTS,  L.  H.  What  the  China  continuation  committee  has  done. 
(The  Chinese  Recorder,  June,  1919,  pp.  367-371.) 

This  is  the  Continuation  Committee  of  the  National  Conference  held 
at  Shanghai  in  1913,  and  is  one  of  the  finest  examples  of  union  work 
on  the  mission  field.  Its  work  is  far  reaching  and  its  results  are  here 
surveyed  briefly.  The  Forward  Evangelistic  Movement,  the  undertaking 
of  a  comprehensive  survey  of  existing  missionary  work,  the  compiling  of 
accurate  statistics;  the  work  on  the  subjects  of  comity,  of  training  mis- 
sionaries, and  of  producing  Christian  literature;  the  study  of  theological 
education,  of  mission  admirfistration,  of  work  for  Moslems;  the  compiling 
of  the  China  Mission  Year  Book  and  the  Chinese  Church  Year  Book,  and 
the  making  possible  a  feasible  procedure  in  regard  to  phonetic  writing,  all 
these  are  definite  results  of  this  Committee's  arduous  work.  The  survey 
here  presented  should  be  supplemented  by  the  article  following  it,  namely, 
"Progressive  plans  for  Christian  work  in  China  as  seen  in  the  reports  of 
the  China  Continuation  Committee." 

STOCK,  Eugene.  Hudson  Taylor  and  the  China  Inland  Mission. 
(The  East  and  The  West,  April,  1919,  pp.  97-114.) 

One  of  the  greatest  of  missionary  names  is  that  of  Hudson  Taylor, 
most  of  whose  work  was  done  outside  the  old  order  of  the  Church.  He 
first  went  to  China  in  1853,  and  in  i860  was  invalided  home,  where  he 
prayed  so  continually  about  China  that  in  1866  he  was  able  to  start  back 
to  the  country  with  fifteen  co-workers.  This  was  the  beginning  of  the 
great  C.  L  M.,  founded  on  the  principles  which  have  ever  been  unswerv- 
ingly adhered  to — (a)  no  restriction  as  to  denomination  provided  there 
was  soundness  of  the  faith  in  all  fundamental  truths;  (b)  no  guarantee 
of  income;   (c)  no  collections  or  personal  solicitation  of  money.     In  regard 


SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY  129 

to  certain  methods  of  work,  Hudson  Taylor  laid  down  the  principles  that 
the  missionaries  to  China  should  become  as  the  Chinese  in  dress,  food, 
and  customs  where  possible;  that,  with  due  precaution,  unmarried  women 
should  be  sent  to  the  interior;  that,  as  fresh  parties  from  England  arrived 
they  should  be  sent  two  and  two  to  the  far  interior.  These  were  revo- 
lutionary ideas,  and  Mr.  Stock  gives  us  a  brief  description  of  some  of 
the   difficulties   encountered   in   carrying   them    out. 

STUART,  J.  L.    Man-power  in  Christian  warfare.     (The  Chinese 
Recorder,  February,  1919,  pp.  104-110.) 

It  is  in  the  air,  just  now,  to  draw  breath  and  take  stock,  as  it  were. 
of  one's  forces.  Dr.  Stuart,  glancing  at  the  results  of  some  hundred 
years  of  Protestant  missionary  effort  in  China,  finds  the  tangible  results 
very  meagre.  Moreover,  the  entire  country  is  in  dire  plight,  suffering 
from  intensified  forms  of  old-time  corruption  and  superstition  with^  many 
Western  vices  added;  and  yet,  with  an  opening  to  Christianity  hitherto 
unequalled.  One  of  the  fundamental  causes  for  failure  so  far  Dr.  Stuart 
finds  in  the  lack  of  comprehensive  planning  for  an  adequately  trained 
Chinese  ministry.  Four  lines  of  attack  on  this  problem  are  suggested: 
I.  That  each  missionary  feel  an  individual  responsibility  to  secure  a 
better  quality  of  man  power  in  the  native  ministry.  2.  That  mission  funds 
be  so  re-adjusted  that  there  be  sufficient  money  available  for  securing, 
training,  and  supporting  capable  Chinese  students,  even  at  the  sacrifice 
of  the  foreign  missionary  force.  3.  That  the  teaching  in  theological 
colleges  be  made  to  measure  up  to  the  very  highest  standard  set  anywhere 
in  the  world.  4.  That  the  student  Volunteer  Movement  for  the  Ministry 
be  given  all  possible  help  and  sympathy, 

YUI,  D.  Z.  T.     The  coming  Chinese  Christian  leadership.     (The 
Chinese  Recorder,  January,  1919,  pp.  24-34.) 

Mr.  Yui  discusses  Chinese  Christian  leadership  from  the  point  of  view 
of  its  necessity  to  enable  China  to  take  her  proper  place.  After  analyzing 
the  past  and  the  present  leadership,  and  the  influences  which  developed  it, 
he  considers  the  necessary  elements  for  the  future.  These  he  finds  to  be 
uncompromising  Christian  integrity,  thorough  scientific  training,  and 
emphasis    on   the   development   of    Christian   social    leadership. 

See  Also: 
Beach,  H.  P.     Shall  China  have  an  alphabet.     (The  Missionary 

Review  of  the  World,  February,  1919,  pp.  127-130.) 
Gale,     F.     C.     Central     institutional     church,     Nanchang.      (The 

Chinese  Recorder,  April,  1919,  pp.  229-233.) 
Hodous,  Lewis.     China  at  the  cross  roads — a  review  of  the  year 

1918  and  the  outlook   for  1919.     (The  Missionary  Review   of 

the  World,  January,  1919,  pp.  16-18.) 
McKee,  Sidney.    The  relation  of  the  institutional  church  to  other 

Christian     organizations     with     institutional     features.       (The 

Chinese  Recorder,  April,  1919,  pp.  238-241.) 
McLeod,    R.   A.    The   opening   of    Tibet   to    Christianity.     (The 

Missionary  Review  of  the  World,  January,  1919,  pp.  18-20.) 
Scott,  C.  E.     Salt  and  its  savor  in  China — An  answer  to  the  ques- 
tion:  Do  the  Chinese  make  good  Christians?     (The  Missionary 

Review  of  the  World,  February,  1919,  pp.  109-114;  April,  1919, 

pp.  274-280.) 


130  SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Throop,  F.  H.     The  institutional  church  in  China.     (The  Chinese 
Recorder,  April,  1919,  pp.  226-229.) 

Wheeler,  W.   R.     China,   world   democracy  and  missions.     (The 
Missionary  Review  of  the  World,  February,  1919,  pp.  91-96.) 


JAPANESE  EMPIRE 
Books 
HARRINGTON,  C.  K.     Captain  Bickel  of  the  Inland  Sea.    New 
York,  Revell,  C1919,  pp.  301.    $1.75. 

This  is  an  interesting  outline  of  the  work  of  Captain  Luke  Bickel  and 
the  "Fukuin  Maru"  in  the  great  Inland  Sea  of  Japan,  written  by  a  mis- 
sionary of  the  American  Baptist  Foreign  Mission  Society.  Captain  Bickel, 
the  "mariner-missionary,"  did  stich  outstanding  and  unique  work  that  this 
biography  is  particularly  welcome. 

HERSHEY,  A.  S.,  and  HERSHEY,  S.  W.  Modern  Japan ;  social 
— industrial — political.  Indianapolis,  Bobbs-Merrill  Company, 
C1919,  pp.  382.     $1.50. 

The  book  is  the  result  of  a  visit  to  Japan,  made  after  several  years 
study  of  the  country.  It  takes  up  the  general  problems,  such  as 
industrial  development,  poverty,  political  parties,  colonial  methods,  and 
religion,  treating  all  with  a  decided  leaning  to  the  Japanese  point  of  view. 
It  is  a  worth-while  description  of  the  country  for  those  who  are  sincerely 
anxious  to  understand  Japan  and  who  have  not  the  time  to  make  an 
exhaustive   study   of   it.     It  is   not   the   book   for  the   specialist. 

THE  PROBLEM  OF  JAPAN.  A  political  study  of  Japan  and  of 
her  relations  with  Russia,  Great  Britain,  China,  Germany,  the 
United  States,  the  British  colonies,  and  the  Netherlands,  and  of 
the  world  politics  of  the  Far  East  and  the  Pacific.  By  an  Ex- 
Counsellor  of  Legation  in  the  Far  East.  London,  Luzac,  1918, 
pp.  280.    73.  6d. 

This  book,  which  is  somewhat  difficult  to  obtain  in  this  country,  is  an 
excellent  presentation  of  a  complicated  situation.  The  relation  of  Japan 
with  each  of  the  powers  named  is  discussed  from  an  international  point 
of  view,  and  the  development  of  her  policy  traced  since  it  was  outlined  in 
1868.  It  is  the  author's  opinion  that  one  of  two  combinations  must 
inevitably  arise  to  solve  the  problem  of  Japan:  that  composed  of  England, 
Germany,  and  the  United  States;  or  that  composed  of  Japan,  Germany, 
and  Russia.  Of  special  value  for  reference  are  the  Appendices,  which 
give  a  skeleton  of  the  form  of  Japanese  government,  and  the  terms  of 
various  treaties  and  agreements. 

MADDEN,  M.  W.  Women  of  the  Meiji  era.  New  York,  Revell, 
C1919,  pp.  63.    $.25. 

Short  sketches  of  a  few  of  the  most  notable  leading  women  of  Japan. 
These  are  the  women,  the  pioneers,  who  have  safely  crossed  from  old 
to  new  Japan,  who  give  the  promise  for  the  future  Japanese  woman. 
The  list  includes  the  late  Queen,  an  educator,  a  temperance  reformer,  a 
social  reformer,  an  author,  Japan's  millionaire  evangelist,  a  Y.  W.  C.  A. 
secretary,  and  a  Bible  woman.  They  are  not  biographies;  they  are 
pictures  of  real  women,  and  the  things  they  have  accomplished. 


SELECTED  BIBLIOGRAPHY  131 

Periodical  Articles 
POLE,  G.  H.     The  "new"  Japanese  national  cult.     (The  Church 
Missionary  Review,  June,   1919,  pp.   127-135.) 

The  Rev.  Pole  finds  this  new  "cult"  in  Japan  strikingly  analogous  to 
the  cult  of  emperor-worship  as  it  existed  in  the  Roman  Empire  in  the 
first  three  centuries  A.  D.  Notwithstanding  its  modern  government  the 
Japanese  imperial  authority  unquestionably  reaches  out  into  the  moral 
and  spiritual  domain,  and  the  Government  has  five  aims  in  view  in  its 
promotion  of  this  "cult";  i:  to  maintain  that  traditional  spirit  which  is 
considered  the  soul  of  the  nation;  2:  to  realize  a  national  unity  and  to 
bind  by  sacred  ties  the  people  and  their  Emperor;  3:  to  provide  an  ideal, 
something  recognized  as  necessary  for  the  well-being  of  society;  4:  to 
emphasize  unity  and  patriotism  in  one  "cult,"  since  to  do  so  in  one 
"religion"  is  impossible;  5:  to  constitute  thereby  a  dam  against  foreign 
ideas  believed  to  be  subversive  of  social  order.  The  non-religious  char- 
acter of  the  cult  being  contradicted  by  the  required  worship  at  shrines,  the 
author  foresees  grave  difficulties  ahead  for  Christianity  in  Japan. 

TROLLOPE,  M.  N.  Progress  in  Corea.  (The  East  and  The 
West,  July,  1919,  pp.  246-257.) 

The  Bishop  in  Corea  limits  his  article  rather  rigidly  to  the  condition  of 
the  English  Church  Mission  to  Corea.  After  a  very  sketchy  outline  of 
past  history,  the  situation  or  development  is  considered  along  the  lines  of: 
(a)  the  organization  into  a  whole  of  detached  mission  stations;  (b)  educa- 
tion, showing  how  the  English  Church  is  co-operating  with  the  Japanese 
educational  scheme  by  means  of  student-hostels;  (c)  training  of  native 
clergy;  (d)  self-support,  in  which  the  English  mission  has  made  consider- 
able progress;  (e)  Church  government;  (f)  Japanese  work.  Despite  the 
tremendous  handicap  of  the  war,  with  its  serious  drain  on  an  already  in- 
adequate force,  considerable  progress  has  been  made,  and  the  mission 
stands  ready  for  a  big  advance  on  a  solid  basis,  thanks  to  the  enforced 
intensive,    rather   than  extensive   cultivation. 

See  Also: 

Davis,  J.  M.  The  need  for  Christ  in  Japan's  factories.  (The 
Missionary  Review  of  the  World,  September,  1919,  pp.  673-682.) 

Pettee,  J.  H.  The  outlook  in  Japan — 1918  and  1919.  (The  Mis- 
sionary Review  of  the  World,  January,  1919,  pp.  13-15.) 

Reports  on  the  Korean  uprising.  (The  Missionary  Review  of  the 
World,  September,  1919,  pp.  664-668.) 

Suzuki,  Takashi.  The  emergency  in  Chosen.  (The  Missionary 
Review  of  the  World,  September,  1919,  pp.  661-663.) 

ISLAM  LANDS 
Books 

FINLEY,  J.  H.  A  pilgrim  in  Palestine;  being  an  account  of 
journeys  on  foot  by  the  first  American  pilgrim  after  General 
Allenby's  recovery  of  the  Holy  Land.  New  York,  Scribner, 
1919,  pp.  251.    $2.00. 

This  is  an  attempt  to  help  those  of  us  who  must  stay  at  home  really 
to  make  the  Hgly  Land  our  own.  It  is  a  collection  of  poems,  of  essays, 
of  impressions  made  during  tramps  over  lands  hallowed  by  our  religion, 
and  associated  now  also  with  the  undying  bravery  of  the  army  that 
wrested  the  Holy  City  from  the  Turk. 


132  SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY 

HARDING,  H.  G.  The  land  of  promise.  London,  Church  Mis- 
sionary Society,   1919,  pp.   116.    2s. 

A  small  handbook  packed  with  interesting  facts  about  Palestine.  The 
author,  who  for  some  years  was  a  C.  M.  S.  missionary  in  the  country, 
takes  up  the  questions  which  the  man  on  the  street  is  asking,  and  out- 
lines briefly  an  explanation  of  the  difficulties  therein  expressed.  The  land, 
the  different  races,  the  religions,  and  the  missionary  work  are  all  touched 
upon,  and  the  Zionist  movement  is  sympathetically,  albeit  not  very  hope- 
fully   discussed. 

WINGATE,  Sir  Andrew.  Palestine,  Mesopotamia,  and  the  Jews. 
The  spiritual  side  of  history,  with  a  synopsis  of  the  war. 
London,  Alfred  Holness,  1919,  pp.  290.     5/-. 

A  rather  disjointed  work.  It  is  somewhat  tantalizing  in  that,  assuming 
considerable  knowledge  on  the  part  of  the  reader,  the  conclusions  are 
obvious  and  somewhat  superficial.  On  the  other  hand,  for  one  without 
a  fairly  rich  background,  it  is  confusing  and  inconclusive.  Nevertheless, 
it  gives  fairly  a  spiritual  criticism  of  the  warring  countries  which  have 
influenced  Palestine  and  Mesopotamia,  provided  we  interpret  spiritual  as 
synonymous  with  biblical.  It  is  well  illustrated,  and  has  an  excellent 
chronological  table  of  the  war.  The  author  idealizes,  it  might  almost  be 
said  idolizes.  Great  Britain  throughout. 

Periodical  Articles 

BUXTON,  Harold.  Armenia  and  the  peace  settlement.  (The 
East  and  The  West,  January,  1919,  pp.  10-18.) 

"To  the  moral  conscience  of  Europe,  the  sufferings  of  Armenia  must 
remain  an  unforgetable  horror,"  and  to  disregard  the  voice  of  conscience 
is  to  stifle  the  greatest  safeguard  of  Christian  peoples.  That  Armenia 
still  needs  and  deserves  our  help  is  evident  in  this  survey  of  the  situation. 
She  is  delivered  from  Turkish  slavery,  delivered  by  Christian,  Moham- 
medan, Arabian,  and  Indian  troops,  but  before  her  deliverance  she  had 
taken  her  stand  for  righteotisness,  and  had  fought  hard  on  the  Caucasian 
front.  As  a  result,  the  Ottoman  Armenians  were  systematically  murdered 
by  the  Turkish  government.  There  are  scattered  remnants  left  in  the 
Russian  Caucasus,  in  Persia  (where  an  American  relief  unit  is  workirig), 
in  Mesopotamia  (where  starvation  has  been  terrible),  and  in  Palestine. 
The  responsibility  for  permanent  relief  and  repatriation  must  rest  with  the 
allied  Powers,  but  there  are  needed  also  philanthropic  agencies.  Besides 
immediate  relief  for  the  starving,  besides  the  political  settlement,  there  is 
desperate  need  of  healing  for  the  spirit  of  the  nation  in  love,  in  work 
done  in  the  spirit  of  love,  and  in  offers  of  personal  service  abroad. 

ZWEMER,  S.  M.  Islam,  the  war,  and  missions.  (The  Church 
Missionary  Review,  September,  1919,  pp.  209-225.) 

A  discussion  of  the  future  for  Moslem  evangelization  in  view  of  the 
League  of  Nations  and  the  new  internationalism.  The  war  has  seen  the 
collapse  of  Moslem  political  power,  but  as  an  intellectual  and  spiritual 
empire  Islam  still  exists.  The  distribution  of  Moslems,  and  the  possi- 
bility of  their  drawing  together  in  face  of  a  common  peril,  along  with 
the  reluctance  of  governments  to  take  any  action  that  might  lead  to  a 
political  complication,  place  a  serious  problem  before  the  church  as  well 
as  an  "open  door."  Dr.  Zwemer  gives  a  survey  of  the  situation  before 
the  armistice,  showing  the  seething  unrest  of  the  Moslem  world,  the 
different  government  policies  pursued,  and  the  German  plan  for  a  general 
Moslem  uprising.  There  follows  a  bird's-eye  view,  country  by  country, 
of  the  present  situation  and  the  attitude  of  the  people  during  the  wai, 
ending  with  a  summary  of  the  dangers  and  opportunities  to  be  frankly 
faced.  It  is  true  that  British  occupation  of  Egypt  has  strengthened  Islam 
there.  There  is  grave  danger  of  the  same  happening  in  Palestine,  Syria, 
Persia,  and  the   former  Ottoman    Empire.     The   sacred  places,  shrines  and 


SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY  I33 

mosques  will  be  repaired  and  beautified,  facilities  for  pilgrimage  will  be 
increased,  government  education  tends  to  develop  with  Islam  as  a  basis, 
while  there  may  be  the  policy  of  rewarding  their  loyalty  (not  often 
spontaneous,  nor  always  genuine)  by  pampering  Moslem  prejudices.  The 
church  must  act  wisely  and  promptly  lest  the  "evangelization  of  Moslem 
lands  be  hindered  most  of  all  by  Governments  professedly  Christian."  A 
useful  bibliography  is  appended. 

See  Also: 

Coan,  F.  G.  The  peril  of  Persia.  (The  Missionary  Review  of  the 
World,  January,  1919,  pp.  23-25.) 

Donaldson,  D.  M.  An  American  door  to  Central  Asia.  (The 
Missionary  Review  of  the  World,  April,  1919,  pp.  267-269.) 

Riggs,  H.  H.  The  outlook  among  Turkish  Moslems.  (The  Mis- 
sionary Review  of  the  World,  March,  1919,  pp.  204-208.) 

Trowbridge,  Stephen.  Stories  of  liberated  Armenians.  (The 
Missionary  Review  of  the  World,  July,  1919,  pp.  511-518.) 

LATIN  AMERICA 
Books 

INMAN,  S.  G.  Intervention  in  Mexico.  New  York,  Association 
Press,  1919,  pp.  248.    $1.50. 

Author  is  executive  secretary  of  the  Committee  on  Co-operation  in 
Latin  America,  and  is  a  recognized  authority  on  those  lands.  This  book 
considers  the  present  and  former  relations  between  the  United  States  and 
Mexico,   and  outlines  a  constructive  policy   for  the   future. 

MILLER,  G.  A.  Prowling  about  Panama.  New  York,  Abingdon 
Press,  C1919,  pp.  254.    $1.50. 

Some  people  travel,  some  go  on  personally  conducted  tours,  but  on 
only  a  few  have  the  gods  bestowed  the  gift — and  the  opportunity — of  prowl- 
ing. To  the  author,  Panama  is  the  great  American  curiosity  shop;  it  is  also 
"the  net  result  of  a  continuous  and  consistent  follow-up  campaign  of 
wholesale  demoralization  through  a  long  period  of  years."  The  prowler 
in  this  case  certainly  found  much  to  interest  him;  not  only  the  pleasing 
idiosyncrasies  of  the  people,  with  their  abounding  imagination,  making 
up  for  their  utter  ignorance  of  their  country;  their  uniformly  courteous 
officials;  and  their  never  failing  mystification  over  the  "hurry"  of  travel- 
lers; but  also  in  the  wonderful  possibilities  of  the  country,  in  the  rich 
resources  of  the  interior,  and  in  the  need  of  the  people.  Eighty  per  cent 
of  those  in  the  provinces  were  found  to  be  suffering  with  hookworm,  because 
the  common  people  know  nothing  of  sanitation  and  clean  food.  Yet,  if 
the  author  be  correct,  the  Panamanians  are  not  the  only  ones  who  are 
ignorant;  many  of  us  Americans  have  not  even  discovered  that  there  is  a 
Latin  America.  This  book  should  at  least  make  a  little  more  definite  in 
our  minds  that  "hazy  and  troubled  region  southward  about  which  we  have 
known  little  and  cared  less." 

MUNRO,  D.  G.  The  five  republics  of  Central  America.  Their 
political  and  economic  development  and  their  relations  with  the 
United  States ;  ed.  by  David  Kinley.  New  York,  Oxford  Uni- 
versity Press,  1918,  pp.  332.  (The  Carnegie  Endowment  for 
International  Peace.  Division  of  Economics  and  History.) 
$3.50. 

This  is  one  of  a  proposed  series  of  studies  of  similar  conditions  in 
others   of   the    Latin   American    Republics,    and    is    a    good    presentation    of 


134  SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY 

the  life  of  the  people  as  seen  by  an  outsider.  A  separate  chapter  is 
devoted  to  each  of  the  five  countries,  but  the  major  part  of  the  book 
dells  with' Central  America  as  a  unit.  Central  American  revoutions  are 
disliked  and  feared  by  the  great  majority  of  the  people,  but  their  in- 
heritance of  exploitation  by  the  Spaniards  seems,  to  P^fvent  them  from 
making  any  concerted  opposition  to  the  politicians  m  charge  of  the 
J^volutions  Ignorance  and  indifference  of  the  masses  are  found  every- 
where, and  are  largely  responsible  for  the  instability  of  governments 
Thfs  latter  should  Eventually  yield  to  education,  as  is  P^d  by  the 
imorovement  in  the  Isthmus.  The  influence  of  the  United  btates,  and  tne 
SgZiTm"lro"used  by  its  opportunist  policy  of  pi^tection  is  well  summed 
up,  while  our  international  responsibility  to  keep  t^e  peace  is  tuny 
recognized.  The  economic  condition  is  frankly  considered  ve^.Y  .f  "°"^ 
and  fundamental,  yet  not  so  hopeless  but  that  the  standard  of  living  foi 
the  mass  of  the  people  may  eventually  be  raised. 

SWEET,  W.  W.    A  history  of  Latin  America.     New  York,  The 
Abingdon  Press,  C1919,  PP-  283.    $3-00. 

For  some  time  there  has  been  a  need  for  a  brief^  "p^±^\?Je^rsitT'has 
historv  of  Latin  America.  Professor  Sweet,  of  DePauw  University,  nas 
a  tSed  to  meet  this  need,  preparing  the  book  P"-J"^>; /j,/*"^? 
and  teachers,  yet  keeping  n  mind  also  the  more  general  reader  Alter 
Tbrief  chapter'^devoted  tS  the  Spanish  and  Portuguese  charactensics  as  a 
back-ground,  the  colonization  is  considered  in  ^^"^  divisions,  (a)  that 
of  fhl  Islands  and  the  Isthmus,  (b)  the  conquests  pf  Mexico.  Pe^«.  ^n^ 
Chile,  (c)  the  founding  of  the  agricultural  Colonies  of  Venezuela, 
Colombia,  and  La  Plata,  and  (d)  the  Portuguese  colonization  of  BraziL 
Following  the  wars  of  Independence,  the  countries  "f  "^^"^  ^^"  .\'i*°  ^Z^ 
groups,  the  backward  states  and  the  progressive  states.  .The  latter  pait 
of  the  book  is  good  for  reference  purposes,  but  "|al^e%fo^  """^^^ff!*^^^ 
general  reading.  Good  maps  and  bibliographies  help  to  make  this  an 
excellent  text-book. 

WILLIAMS,    M.    N.     The    least    of    these— in    Colombia.     New 
York,    Revell,    C1918,   pp.    183.    $1.25. 

As  the  foreword  warns  us,  this  bo9k  is  concrete  and  specific;  it  is 
highly  specialized,  dealing  with  a  particular  group  of  a  particular  class 
of  people  in  Colombia,  namely,  the  servants  of.  the  ^^^^or  Yet  the  little 
incidents  related  give  a  sharply  outlined  view  of  certain  missionary 
problems  typical  of  the  country.  The  immorality  resultmg  from  economic 
pressure,  the  lack  of  standards,  the  prevailing  drunkenness,  the  Jack  ot 
responsibility,  and  the  appalling  superstition  form  a  dark,  ^^7°^f^^^^°P^^^f^ 
pic  ure.  The  high  lights  are  found  in  the  cheerfulness  of  the  people 
under  intolerable  conditions,  in  their  loyalty,  unselfishness,  and  losing 
sympathy.  The  book  is  in  the  way  of  being  an  enhghtenmg  foot-note  on 
missionary   work   in   Latin    America. 

Periodical  Articles 

GRUBB,  W.  Barbrooke.  The  problem  of  the  South  Anierican 
Indian.  (The  East  and  The  West,  October,  1919,  PP-  3o8-3i»0 
For  thirty  years,  this  pioneer  missionary  has  worked  among  t^e  South 
American  aborigines,  and  ranks  today  as  the  greatest  .l^^mg  au  hoiity 
on  the  subject.  He  points  out  that  very  ittlc  interest  is  taken  in  the 
South  Anierican  Indian,  and  yet  in  him  lies  a  possible  fo^^t'O"  ^^^  *^? 
question  of  populating  and  thus  of  increasing  the  producing  capacity  ot 
the  Continent.  Some  of  the  Indians  have  taken  to  civilized  YnS=,nT 
settled  sections,  and  politically  they  are  no  longer  .classed  as  ^riaians 
but  as  citizens.  P.ut  there  are  from  two  to  three  million  .heathen  wild 
tribes,"  ranging  from  very  low  savages  to  fine  people  M"'te_  capable  ot 
culture.  They  are  by  law  outlaws.  Yet  the  work  of  the  South  American 
Missionary  Society,  working  along  sound  practical  lines,  and  c'ripnasizing 
industrial   missions    has   been    so    successful,    and    so   influential    tor    gooa 


SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY  135 

that  it  has  won  to  friendliness  the  Paraguayan,  Argentine,  and  Bolivian 
governments.  Only  industrial  missions  will  succeed.  The  cost  is  heavy, 
however,  for  not  only  a  church  but  a  whole  civilization  must  be  built  up 
for  these  wild  tribes.  The  Indian  must  eventually  come  in  contact  with 
the  settlers;  and  Mr.  Grubb  closes  his  articles  with  a  plea  for  Christian 
settlers  who  will  band  together  and  found  Christian  colonies,  thus  helping 
the  professional  missionary  enterprise  to  cover  the  great  extent  of  land, 
and  to  solve  the  many  other  almost  insurmountable  diificulties. 

See  Also: 

Ihman,  S.  G.  An  advanced  program  for  Mexico.  (The  Mission- 
ary Review  of  the  World,  June,  1919,  pp.  431-438.) 

Inman,  S.  G.  Encouraging  signs  in  Latin  America.  (The  Mis- 
sionary Review  of  the  World,  February,  1919,  pp.  1 19-122.) 

Inman,  S.  G.  A  year  of  Latin  American  missions.  (The  Mission- 
ary Review  of  the  World,  January,  1919,  pp.  36-39.) 

McClelland,  A.  J.  Have  conditions  improved  in  Mexico.  (The 
Missionary  Review  of  the  World,  March,  1919,  pp.  195-197.) 

Taylor,  W.  C.  Working  in  Mexico  under  difficulties.  (The  Mis- 
sionary Review  of  the  World,  March,  1919,  pp.  191-194.) 

PACIFIC  ISLANDS 
Books 

KALAW,  M.  M.  Self-government  in  the  Philippines.  New  York, 
Century  Company,  1919,  pp.  210.     $1.50. 

In  191 6,  Congress  pledged  the  people  of  the  United  States  to  recognize 
the  independence  of  the  Philippines  "as  soon  as  a  stable  government  can 
be  established  therein,"  at  the  same  time  giving  them  the  largest  amount  of 
autonomy  compatible  with  the  exercise  of  the  rights  of  American 
sovereignty.  The  Philippines  Legislature  believes  the  time  has  now  come 
for  the  fulfillment  of  this  pledge,  and  the  author  here  places  before  us  the 
record  of  what  the  Filipino  people  have  done  since  the  establishment 
of  their  autonomy,  and  their  reasons  for  now  asking  for  separation.  The 
establishment  and  organization  of  the  government,  the  economic  develop- 
ment of  the  country,  the  progress  of  local  government,  and  the  attitude 
of  the  Filipinos  during  the  war  are  _  all  concisely  and  clearly  described, 
making  an  excellent  presentation  of  their  case.  The  treatment  of  the 
non-Christian  tribes  is  well  summarized,  and  gives  a  good  back-ground 
for  all  missionary  work  that  must  be  conducted  among   them. 

WHITE,  Gilbert.  Thirty  years  in  tropical  Australia.  London, 
Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge,  1918,  pp.  264.  10/6. 
(New  York,  Macmillan.     $3.75.) 

For  the  iirst  half  of  this  period,  Bishop  White  worked  in  Queensland  as 
a  priest;  during  the  last  fifteen  years  he  served  as  Bishop  of  Carpentaria 
in  Northern  Australia.  The  book  shows  a  wide  appreciation  of  the 
country's  difficulties,  and  touches  frankly  on  both  the  white  and  the  black 
problems.  The  work  can  be  better  appreciated  by  first  gaining  some 
knowledge  of  Australian  missions,  such  as  is  given  in  the  same  author's 
"Round  About  the  Torres  Strait,"  published  in  191 7.  But  that  is  not 
necessary  thoroughly  to  enjoy  his  descriptions,  especially  of  the  aborigines. 
These  he  does  not  hold  to  be  of  the  very  lowest  type  of  humanity,  an 
opinion  often  advanced  by  scientists;  his  attitude  seems  to  be  that  this  is 
"all  very  well  in  theory,  but  it  is  not  so  in  fact!"  as  shown  by  the  natives 
who  have  tak^n  responsible  positions  in  the  mission  stations.  There  is 
an   excellent    i-'hapter   on   "A   white   Australia,"    which   policy   the    Bishop 


136  SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY 

finds  justifiable  only  if  the  white  man  "admits  he  owes  special  duties  to 
less  fortunate  peoples,  and  especially  to  the  less  advanced  colored  races 
of  the  East." 

Periodical  Articles 
LONG,  G.   M.    "White  Australia."     (The  East  and  The  West, 
October,  1919,  pp.  289-296.) 

The  Bishop  of  Bathurst  disclaims  writing  an  apologia  for  a  "White 
Australia"  policy;  he  merely  attempts  here  to  show  how  and  why  the  policy 
is  maintained.  It  is  the  inflexible  will  of  the  country  rigidly  to  exclude 
immigrants  of  non-European  origin,  and  this  despite  the  clamant  need 
of  the  country  for  populatiorl.  This  decision  is  based  on:  i.  the  political 
need  of  keeping  the  government  in  the  hands  of  those  whose  inheritance 
includes  the  instincts  of  justice  and  self-government;  and  the  danger 
of  a  small  ruling  class  of  Whites,  and  a  large  mixed  colored  population; 
2.  the  dangers  and  problems  arising  from  the  miscegenation  of  widely 
disparate  races;  3.  the  endeavor  to  make  prevail  the  white  man's  high 
standard  of  living  for  the  workman  and  the  danger  to  this  that  would 
result  from  flooding  the  country  with  Asiatic  labor.  To  the  criticism  that 
this  policy  is  anti-Christian  the  Australian  replies  that  the  country  can 
make  its  noblest  contribution  to  the  developing  life  of  the  Orient,  as 
well  as  to  the  peace  and  happiness  of  the  whole  world,  by  maintaining 
in  their  purity  the  ideals,  the  form,  and  the  manner  of  a  distinctively 
European  civilization  in  the  Far  East. 

RELIGIONS 

Books 

BARTON,    J.    L.    The    Christian    approach    to    Islam.    Boston, 
Pilgrim  Press,  C1918,  pp.  316.    $2.00. 

The  substance  of  lectures  given  at  the  College  of  Missions.  The 
book  divides  naturally  into  three  parts — I.  External  history  of  Islam, 
from  its  beginning  to  the  failure  of  the  Holy  War,  the  attitude  of  the 
scattered  Moslems,  and  the  revolt  of  Arabia.  II.  Mohammedanism  as 
a  religion,  giving  the  distinctive  Mohammedan  beliefs,  the  beliefs  common 
with  Christianity,  and  the  various  reform  attempts.  III.  Relations  to 
Christianity,  with  the  change  from  intense  antagonism  to  a  gradual  dis- 
appearance of  hatred  and  discontent.  It  is  an  important  study  of  Chris- 
tianity's message  to  Mohammedans,  and  a  ringing  call  for  a  definite 
campaign  planned  on  a  true  appreciation  of  present  day  needs,  rather 
than  on  the  traditional  attitude.  The  arrangement  is  rather  loose,  and 
the  reading  at  times  difficult,  but  for  those  who  are  following  seriously 
the  Moslem  problem  the  book  is  invaluable. 

GILMORE,  G.  W.    Animism;  or,  Thought  currents  of  primitive 
peoples.     Boston,  Marshall  Jones,   1919,  pp.  250.    $1.75. 

A  thoughtful  discussion  in  non-technical  language,  with  frequent 
citations  from  recent  publications.  The  importance  to  be  attached  to 
the  study  of  animism  is  indicated  by  the  fact  "that  over  half  the 
population  of  the  globe  is  animistic  in  its  main  features  of  faith  and 
action,  that  a  large  part  of  humanity  entertain  beliefs  only  one  remove 
away  from  this  and  regards  as  fundamental  a  philosophy  of  life  grounded 
in  animistic  thought,  and  that  at  least  three  basal  tenets  of  Christianity 
itself  are  common  to  Christians  and  animists."  The  small  book  is  interest- 
ing for  the  general  reader,  giving  a  better  survey  than  is  usual  in  such 
books. 

HOPKINS,  E.  W.     The  history  of  religions.     New  York,  Mac- 
millan,  1918,  pp.  624.     $3.00. 

From  the  point  of  view  of  comparative  religions,  this  book  is  very 
important;  from  that  of  help  for  missionary  work  it  is  disappointing.     The 


SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY  137 

author,  who  is  Professor  of  Sanskrit  and  Comparative  Philology  at  Yale 
University,  has  summed  up  the  best  explanations  and  criticisms  of  the 
various  religions,  past  and  present,  supplementing  each  chapter  with  an 
excellent  bibliography.  He  has  consistently  refrained  from  drawing  any 
conclusions,  treating  each  religion  with  the  same  detachment,  almost 
impassivity.  His  statements  of  facts  are  valuable,  but  he  makes  no 
attempt  to  show  the  reader  the  living  soul  of  any  faith.  Judged  from  a 
coldly  intellectual  point  of  view,  Christianity  is  "more  intense  and  broader 
than  any  other";  that  it  is  more  dynamic,  or  has  any  higher  authority 
than   any  other   Dr.   Hopkins   apparently  considers   beside   the   point. 

JOSEPH,  Isya.  Devil  worship.  The  sacred  books  and  traditions 
of  the  Yezidiz.  Boston,  Richard  G.  Badger,  C1919,  pp.  222. 
$2.50. 

The  Yezidiz  are  a  small  and  obscure  religious  sect,  most  of  whom  are  in 
the  mountains  of  northern  and  central  Kurdistan.  Despite  the  interest 
which  their  mysterious  religion  has  aroused,  very  little  is  known  about_  it, 
almost  the  only  certain  thing  being  that  it  contains  Moslem,  heretical 
Christian,  pagan,  and  perhaps  Persian  elements.  The  first  part  of  this 
book  contains  the  translation  of  one  of  the  Arabic  manuscripts  _  of  the 
Yezidiz;  one  of  their  poems,  their  principal  prayer,  and  their  articles  of 
faith,  with  explanatory  notes.  Part  II  is  a  critical  discussion  of  their 
religion,  religious  observances,  and  the  various  explanations  of  them 
given  by  religious  scholars.  So  brief  a  book  is  necessarily  in  the  nature 
of  an  outline,  but  an  excellent  bibliography  helps  those  desiring  to  make 
a  more  thorough  investigation  of  the  subject. 

MOORE,  G.  F.  History  of  reh'gions.  New  York,  Scribner,  1919, 
(International  Theological  Library.)  Vol.  II.  Judaism,  Chris- 
tianity, Mohammedanism.    $3.00. 

The  first  volume  of  this  work  appeared  in  1914.  Dr.  Moore  is  recog- 
nized as  the  foremost  authority  in  _  the  United  States  on  the  history  of 
religion,  and  this  completes  a  work  justly  termed  "a  masterpiece,  not  only 
for  its  comprehensive  survey  of  the  facts.  .  .  .  but  also  for  its  pragmatic 
presentation  of  history." 

STARR,  Frederick.  Korean  Buddhism,  history — condition — art. 
Boston,  Marshall  Jones  Company,  1918,  pp.  104,    $2.00. 

Korean  Buddhism,  as  presented  to  Westerners,  is  in  some  respects  an 
almost  virgin  field.  The  three  lectures  here  published  do  not,  however, 
attempt  a  profound  study  of  the  subject.  Their  great  significance  lies  in 
the  fact  that  they  represent  the  most  complete  work  on  it  as  yet  published 
in  English.  Much  travel  in  Korea,  and  many  visits  to  the  monasteries 
there  enable  the  author  to  vivify  the  work  by  personal  touches,  while 
the  illustrations  help  greatly  to  an  appreciation  of  Korean  thought. 
A  short  bibliography  and  good  notes  are  appended. 

URQUHART,  W.  S.  Pantheism  and  the  value  of  life  with 
special  reference  to  Indian  philosophy.  London,  Epworth  Press, 
1919,  pp.  ^^2.     12/6. 

This  is  a  valuable  book  for  those  working  among  thoughtful  Hindus. 
After  fifteen  years  in  India,  the  author  has  come  to  the  conclusion  that  a 
radical  transformation  of  Indian  thought  will  be  necessary  if  India  is  to 
advance  mentally,  morally,  and  religiously,  and  this  book  has  been  written 
to  indicate  the  necessity  for  this  transformation.  Hindu  philosophy  is 
sympathetically  treated,  for  every  effort  is  made  to  present  the  best 
aspects  of  it,  but  the  showing  is  clear  that  it  does  not  meet  the  needs  of 
life.  The  work  is  carefully  done,  with  constant  references  to  authorities, 
and  the  value  of  the  whole  is  enhanced  by  an  excellent  index. 


138  SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Periodical  Articles 
KERRIDGE,   H.    S.    Hindu    religious    setting.     (The   East   and 
The  West,  January,  1919,  pp.  34-50-) 

A  discussion  by  a  lecturer  at  Noble  College,  Masulipatam,  India,  of 
how  "to  retain  the  rich  fringe  of  the  Indian  corporate  religious  life"  in 
order  to  make  Christianity  a  little  less  barren  and  "western"  to  the 
Indian  convert.  Love  of  ceremonies  with  life,  color,  and  movement  being 
ingrained  in  the  Indian,  would  it  not  be  better  psychologically  to  retain 
as  much  of  this  as  possible  for  the  native  church  ?  Care  should  be  taken, 
however,  not  to  think  out  the  problem  from  the  Western  point  of  view. 
Isolated  attempts  at  making  this  enrichment  to  Christian  native  life  by  the 
S.  P.  G.  in  its  annual  fair,  by  the  Methodist  Community  at  Cawnpore, 
in  its  anniversary  procession  around  the  city,  and  by  the  Wesleyan 
Methodists  in  the  State  of  Hyderabad,  are  noted.  The  Roman  Catholics 
make  great  efforts  to  preserve  a  ceremonial  setting  for  all  the  church 
festivals.  But  there  is  need  for  more  general  recognition  of  the  fact  that 
the  East  needs  color,  light,  and  crowds  for  its  life. 


MASON,  I.    Chinese  Mohammedanism.     (The  Chinese  Recorder, 
March,  1919,  pp.  176-187 ;  April,  1919,  pp.  242-247.) 

The  number  of  Moslems  in  China  can  at  best  be  only  estimated,  but 
it  seems  safe  to  consider  that  there  are  at  least  8,000,000.  The  number 
of  missionaries  definitely  working  to  win  them  is  very  small,  while  liter- 
ature for  them  is  almost  non-existent.  After  a  _  very  brief  summary  of 
the  history  of  the  sect  in  China,  Mr.  Mason  discusses  certain  of  their 
beliefs  and  practices  as  they  exist  in  that  country.  After  mentioning 
their  conception  of  the  unity  of  God,  their  belief  in  angels,  and  a  pre- 
existent  supernatural  world,  he  gives  translations  of  some  of  their  reason- 
ing against  Christianity.  Particularly  enlightening  is  a  brochure  written 
in  1 9 14  concerning  Jesus  and  his  reported  crucifixion  and  resurrection. 
The  five  practices — or  Five  Pillars  of  the  Faith — are  sketched;  purifica- 
tion, prayer,  almsgiving,  fasting,  and  pilgrimage;  and  there  follows  the 
translation  of  a  tract  summarizing  the  position  of  the  Chinese  Moslem, 
entitled  "The  Root  of  all  Goodness,"  ending  with  a  beautiful  Moslem 
prayer. 

See  Also: 

Labaree,  R.  M.     The  Bahai  propaganda  in  America.     (The  Mis- 
sionary Review  of  the  World,  August,  1919,  pp.  591-596.) 


CHILDREN 
Books 
HUTTON,  S.  K.    By  Eskimo  dog-sled  and  Kayak.    A  descrip- 
tion of  a  missionary's  experiences  and  adventures  in  Labrador. 
London,   Seeley,   Service,   1919,  pp.  219.    4/-. 

Written  for  young  people,  the  book  endeavors  to  give  an  idea  of  Eskimo 
life  by  means  of  the  author's  travel  experiences.  The  long,  bitterly  cold 
journeys,  the  hospitality  of  the  stifling  huts,  the  loyalty  and  endurance  of 
the  Eskimo  drivers  arc  well  described.  We  shiver  in  sympathy  with  the 
cold,  tired  missionary  who  pushes  his  feet  into  a  fine  thick  sleeping-bag, 
only  to  meet  with  an  icy  mass  of  half-frozen  snow,  and  we  almost  envy 
the  Eskimos,  who,  with  no  bed  but  the  dogs'  harness,  are  sleeping 
comfortably  near  by!  Missionary  work  proper  is  almost  confined  to  the 
last  two  chapters,  but  we  appreciate  its  significance  all  the  better  for  what 
has  preceded. 


SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY  13$ 

MATHEWS,    Basil.    The   ships    of   peace.    London,    Humphrey 
Milford,  1919,  pp.  136.    6s  6d. 

This  is  the  story  of  the  gospel  ships  of  the  London  Missionary  Society, 
told  for  boj's  and  girls  as  only  Basil  Mathews  can.  There  were  adven- 
tures, there  were  hardships,  there  was  triumph  in  the  lot  of  those  early 
missionaries,  and  no  child  can  help  being  caught  by  the  magnificent  re- 
sponse made  to  those  calls  to  heroic  sacrifice. 

WOOD,  M.  D.    Fruit  from  the  jungle.     California,  Pacific  Press 
Publishing  Association,  C1919,  pp.  331.     $1.00. 

In  large  part,  experiences  of  real  mission  life  in  India  are  here 
described,  many  of  the  chapters  having  originally  appeared  in  young 
people's  periodicals. 

Periodical  Articles 

COCK,  A.  A.     Missions,  school,  and  the  child.     (The  Church  Mis- 
sionary Review,  September,  1919,  pp.  199-208.) 

The  present  inadequacy  of  missionary  teaching  for  children  is  becoming 
increasingly  evident;  and  so  Professor  Cock,  acting  professor  of  Education 
and  Philosophy  at  University  College,  Southampton,  here  pleads  for  the 
recognition  of  the  value  of  the  missionary  story  in  any  reconstruction  of 
primary  and  secondary  education.  Its  essential  appropriateness  is  evident, 
for  Christian  schools  and  Christian  education  require  the  Christian  story. 
Moreover,  the  missionary  story  links  inevitably  with  our  knowledge  of 
history,  and  of  geography,  while  it  is  rich  supplementary  material  for  the 
teaching  of  literature.  Its  psychological  appeal  to  the  love  of  adventure, 
of  movement,  and  of  continued  stories  well  adapts  it  for  use  in  moving 
pictures.  It  is  also  of  unexampled  value  in  teaching  world  citizenship 
and  sympathy  for  other  races.  Above  all,  "education  is  a  spiritual  process, 
and  mission  study  and  story  yield  a  cumulative  spiritual  value  of  the 
utmost  importance  to  the   growing  religious  experience   of  the  child." 


MISCELLANEOUS 
Books 

EDWARDS,  W.  J.     Twenty-five  years  in  the  black  belt.    Boston, 
The  Cornhill  Company,  C1918,  pp.  143.     $1.50. 

An  autobiography  of  an  earnest  negro,  working  for  the  uplift  of  his 
race  and  better  racial  relations  in  the  United  States  by  means  of  sound 
industrial  education.  The  book  is  in  large  part  a  history  of  the  Snow 
Hill  Normal  and  Industrial  Institute,  which  has  done  excellent  work 
in  the   last  twenty-five   years. 

MEANS,  P.  A.     Racial  factors  in  democracy.     Boston,  Marshall 
Jones,   1918   [C1919],  pp.  278.    $2.50. 

The  general  aim,  as  the  author  states,  "is  that  of  setting  forth  .  .  .  the 
exact  nature  of  the  principles  which  have  governed  the  growth  of  civiliza- 
tion in  the  past  and  that  of  studying  the  application  of  those  principles 
to  current  problems."  The  book,  therefore,  is  an  outline  of  principles, 
given  by  means  of  a  brief  resume  of  distinctive  human  cultures  in  different 
parts  of  the  world.  Inter-racial  courtesy  is  something  which  needs  de- 
velopment especially  in  these  days,  and  the  book  is  worth  while  in  showing 
us  how  much  good  there  is  in  those  cultures  of  races  different  from  ours. 
There  is  an  excellent  section  on  the  anthropological  aspects  of  colonization. 
Constant  reference  throughout  is  made  to  authorities,  and  a  29  page 
bibliography  is  appended. 


140  SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY 

MOORE,  E.  C.  The  expansion  of  Christianity  in  the  modern 
world.  Chicago,  University  of  Chicago  Press,  C1919,  pp.  352. 
(Handbooks  of  ethics  and  reHgion.)     $2.00. 

This  is  a  survey  of  the  history  of  missions  since  the  beginning  of  the 
modern  era,  depicting  the  missionary  movement  against  the  back-ground 
of  general  history.  The  first  part  treats  generally  of  the  expansion  of 
Europe;  the  second  (by  far  the  larger)  part  considers  the  history  of  the 
missionary  movement,  and  the  present  situation  in  different  lands.  In 
so  small  a  book  much  must  necessarily  be  omitted,  and  the  rest  greatly 
condensed,  yet  for  those  desiring  to  get  a  quick  survey  of  missionary  work, 
readably  presented,  the  book  is  excellent.  Each  paragraph  is  numbered, 
each  chapter  is  summarized  by  paragraph  headings,  the  index  is  full,  and 
the  bibliography  gives  wide  references  by  the  paragraph  numbers,  thus 
increasing  many  times  the  usefulness  of  the  book. 

PATTON,  C.  H.  World  facts  and  America's  responsibility.  New 
York,  Association  Press  [1919],  pp.  236.    $1.00. 

As  the  title  indicates,  this  gives  a  survey  of  the  world  situation  from 
the  point  of  view  of  what  America  should  do.  Ten  outstanding  facts  or 
tendencies  are  analyzed,  in  a  way  to  challenge  further  study  on  the  part 
of  the  reader  rather  than  in  an  attempt  to  be  fundamental.  America  has 
won  a  high  place  as  a  nation  of  idealists;  correspondingly  heavy  is  her 
responsibility  to  lead  in  "the  movement  to  make  Christ  supreme  in  the 
world's  affairs."  While  we  may  not  always  agree  with  the  conclusions 
reached,  the  book  gives  a  good  general  impression  of  existing  ethical  and 
religious  opportunities. 

VAN  ESS,  John.  The  spoken  Arabic  of  Mesopotamia.  London 
and  New  York,  Oxford  University  Press,  1918,  pp.  256.    $1.50. 

Designed  to  answer  the  needs  of  those  working  with  the  common  people 
of  Mesopotamia.  It  consists  of  a  grammar  and  exercises,  and  a  fairly  full 
vocabulary.  While  not  pretending  to  be  exhausive  it  is  probably  the  best 
recent  book  of  its  kind.  It  is  recommended  by  the  Board  of  Missionary 
Preparation. 

WERNER,  Alice.  Introductory  sketch  of  the  Bantu  languages. 
London,  Kegan  Paul,  1919,  pp.  346.    7s  6d. 

The  author  is  reader,  in  Swahili,  in  the  School  of  Oriental  Studies, 
London,  and  is  here  endeavoring  to  uncover  the  "broad  principles  under- 
lying the  structure  of  all  flanguages]  belonging  to  the  Bantu  family,  in 
such  a  form  as  to  facilitate  the  subsequent  study  of  the  one  specially 
chosen." 

Periodical  Articles 

BROUGH,  J.  S.  B.  The  eternal  source  of  missions.  (The  In- 
ternational Review  of  Missions,  January,  1919,  pp.  7-17.) 

The  challenge  of  Christian  countries  at  war  with  each  other  has  forced 
the  realization  that  our  normal  standards  differ  from  those  of  God.  The 
question  should  be  squarely  faced,  therefore:  is  the  missionary  effort  a 
purely  human  activity,  or  ih  spite  of  all  defects,  is  it  the  expression  of 
something  belonging  to  the  bemg  and  character  of  God  Himself?  The 
answer  lies  in  our  conception  of  the  nature  of  God  as  a  Being  in  the  heart 
of  the  struggle  of  mankind;  of  the  nature  of  Jesus,  as  truly  God  and 
truly  man;  of  our  own  nature  as  human  beings  with  the  power  to  question 
and  to  choose,  and  the  consequent  responsibility  for  our  actions.  The 
missionary  obligation  is  inherent  and  fundamental  in  each  nature. 


SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY  141 

COFFIN,  H.  S.  The  spiritual  basis  of  the  new  world  order. 
(The  International  Review  of  Missions,  April,  1919,  pp.  145-154.) 

The  war  has  caused  the  very  foundations  of  the  world  to  be  questioned. 
Is  blind  matter  omnipotent?  If  so,  reconstruction  is  not  only  useless 
but  wrong.  Is  it  a  gamble  whether  or  not  there  is  such  a  thing  as 
realizing  an  ideal  civilization?  If  so,  strenuous  efifort  is  worth  while,  but 
to  the  thoughtful  by  no  means  satisfying.  In  the  last  analysis,  searchers 
for  a  stable  foundation  are  driven  to  despair  or  to  faith;  and  Christian 
faith  alone  makes  its  appeal  to  these  searchers  who  desire  a  world  that 
is  orderly,  kindly,  and  brotherly-.  An  orderly  world  must  assume  the 
organic  unity  of  ethical  values — God  is  one.  The  Christian  ideal  thoroughly 
interpreted  must  work  to  subdue  strife  through  kinship  with  the  Father — 
to  create  a  kindly  world.  A  democratic  world,  i.  e.,  a  brotherly  world, 
must  follow  where  is  applied  the  ideal  of  the  God  who,  through  Christ, 
dwells  among  men  as  Comrade,  not  suppressing  their  individualities,  not 
breaking  their  wills,  but  encouraging  them  to  their  fullest  development 
as  sons  and  daughters. 

DIFFENDORFER,  R.  E.  Developing  a  dominantly  missionary 
Church.  (The  International  Review  of  Missions,  January,  1919, 
pp.  95-103.) 

The  last  three  words  of  the  title  are  almost  equally  emphasized  in  the 
article.  Successfully  to  develop  such  an  organization  there  must  first  of 
all  be  presented  to  the  Church  definitely  and  concretely  an  adequate  world 
program,  this  program  to  be  the  result^  of  a  thorough-going  survey  of  the 
actual  condition  of  the  world,  accompanied  by  definite  statements  of  methods 
for  meeting  the  needs  thus  revealed.  There  must  then  be  developed  in  the 
Church  an  intelligent  interest  in  the  program.  The  people  should  be 
shown  why  the  program  should  be  undertaken,  and  leaders  should  be 
trained  for  this  purpose.  The  program  must  be  accepted  willingly,  and 
so  it  must  be  proved  to  the  people  that  it  is  reasonable.  The  social  traits 
of  character,  those  concerning  our  relations  with  our  fellows,  must  be 
trained,  in  some  cases  even  awakened,  and  then  definitely  converted  into 
action. 

GOLLOCK,  G.  A.  The  missionary  service  of  the  simple  and  the 
poor.  (The  International  Review  of  Missions,  January,  1919, 
pp.  88-94.) 

Starting  with  a  few  examples  of  wonderful  giving  by  the  poor  selected 
at  random  from  the  many  listed  on  mission  treasurers'  books,  three  points 
are  developed,  i.  The  possibility  of  a  new  scale  of  giving  in  relation 
to  income.  According  to  the  standard  of  the  poor  and  simple,  well-to-do 
Church  members  have  scarcely  begun  to  give.  2.  Sources  of  service.  So 
far,  men  in  the  prime  of  life  are  so  negligible  a  source  of  missionary 
giving  that  the  deduction  is  logical  that  the  missionary  cause  has  been 
so  presented  as  to  win  the  weaker  rather  than  the  stronger.  3.  The  future 
cannot  be  conducted  on  the  same  basis  as  the  past.  Merciless  light  is 
thrown  on  the  truth  that  much  of  the  past  service  has  been  rendered  under 
economic  and  social  conditions  flagrantly  unchristian.  The  missionary 
cause  must  be  presented  afresh,  and  the  message  must  be  full,  rich  and 
real. 

GOLLOCK,  M.  C.  _  The  best  use  of  missionary  furlough.  (The 
International  Review  of  Missions,  April,  1919,  pp  218-226.) 

The  end  of  the  war,  bringing  home  numbers  of  missionaries  on 
furloughs  long  overdue,  points  the  discussion  of  what  the  furlough  should 
mean  to  the  worker  and  to  the  church.  Primarily,  it  should  be  everywhere 
recognized  that  it  is  an  integral  part  of  mission  work.  It  is  not  accumu- 
lated holiday,  since  most  missionaries  have  an  annual  holiday  on  the 
field.     Yet  the  mission  field  exacts  a  severe  toll  from  the  worker  both  in 


142  SELECTED    BIBLIOGRAPHY 

body  and  in  spirit,  and  it  is  the  business  of  the  church  at  home  to 
help  make  good  this  toll.  Study  comes  to  the  foreground  since  most 
missionaries  have  given  out  so  much,  or  have  missed  so  much,  as  to  be 
empty  mentally  or  spiritually.  Some  know  what  is  best  to  do  for  their 
individual  needs,  and  are  able  to  do  it.  Others  must  receive  advice  and 
help  from  the  church.  This  touches  closely  the  problem  of  deputation 
work;  but  while  much  of  this  is  to  be  deplored  from  the  point  of  view 
of  the  worker,  some  of  it  is  necessary  to  make  him  review  his  work,  and 
gain  the  proper  perspective.  After  all,  the  dominating  issue  is  the  out- 
look; he  comes  home  to  go  through  another  period  of  preparation  for  his 
task.  With  this  kept  in  view,  the  problems  relative  to  rest  and  work 
are  easier  to   solve. 

MACLEAN,  J.  H.     Missionary  apologetics.     (The  International 
Review  of  Missions,  July,  1919,  pp.  387-397.) 

Despite  recent  events,  despite  the  mission  study  movement,  there  is  still 
a  surprising  vogue  in  objections  to  missions.  Rejecting  reliance  on  the 
Great  Command  (the  authenticity  of  which  having  been  seriously  chal- 
lenged), and  maintaining  that  the  missionary  obligation  expresses  the  whole 
spirit  of  Christ's  life,  Mr.  Maclean  sketches  briefly  a  normal  attitude  to 
take  to  such  critics.  Even  admitting  that  all  that  has  so  far  been  done 
has  been  a  failure  (which  Mr.  Maclean  does  not),  this  high  ground  for 
missionary  work  still  remains  binding,  and  it  is  the  methods,  not  the 
fundamental  obligation  which  are  at  fault.  But  instead  of  being  on  the 
defensive,  the  missionary  apologist  has  good  ground  for  attack  if  he  knows 
facts,  while  the  results  of  missions,  poor  and  imperfect  as  they  may  be, 
yet  form  one  of  the  strongest  proofs  possible  that  Jesus  is  the  Word  of 
God. 

( 
MATHEWS,   Basil.     Some  unoccupied  fields  at  the  home  base. 
(The    International    Review    of    Missions,    January,    1919,    pp. 
I04-II7-) 

Strictly  speaking,  the  fields  are  preoccupied  rather  than  unoccupied. 
There  is  that  of  the  educationalist,  and  in  particular  the  day  school  teacher, 
who  exercises  a  continuous  influence  on  the  developing  life  of  the  nation. 
This  field  can  be  occupied  if  missionary  material  is  presented  which  is 
of  unquestionably  high  pedagogic  value.  There  is  the  merchant,  pre- 
occupied with  world  markets.  The  approach  to  him  should  be  uncompro- 
misingly Christian,  presenting  missions  as  a  world  program  and  a  world 
campaign.  He  has  no  patience  with  small  issues.  There  is  the  skilled 
artisan  whom  the  Church  may  find  cold,  but  who  is  roused  to  enthusiasm  by 
practical  projects  for  the  establishment  of  a  just  and  ordered  life  in  his 
own  country  and  in  the  world.  This  class  must  be  shown  that  their 
ideals  and  those  of  missions  are  fundamentally  identical.  And  they  can 
be  shown  this  best  through  the  fourth  field,  the  press.  For  this,  what  is 
needed  is  to  organize  the  supply  of  material  so  that  swiftly  and  with 
freshness  and  real  knowledge  it  may  be  prepared  and  "handed  out"  to 
the  press. 

OLDHAM,  J.  H.     Co-operation — its  necessity  and  cost.     (The  In- 
ternational Review  of  Missions,  April,  1919,  pp.  173-192.) 

This  discusses  the  question  whether  the  time  has  come  for  missionary 
societies  deliberately  and  definitely  to  include  the  work  which  can  best  or 
only  be  done  by  joint  committees  as  an  essential  part  of  their  program. 
Fundamentally,  the  question  is  one  of  finance.  Kxpcricnce  has  proved 
to  missionary  societies  the  value  of  co-operation  in  certain  fields — e.  g., 
the  myriad  and  extraordinarily  important  relationships  between  missions 
and  governments,  the  raising  of  the  quality  of  educational  and  medical 
work  necessitated  by  the  entrance  of  non-religious  institutions  in  these 
fields,  the  provision  of  adequate  Christian  literature,  and  the  necessity 
for  a  bolder  and  stronger  presentation  of  the  missionary  appeal  at  the 
home    base.     A    sound    policy    for    support    of    co-operation    would    be;     (r) 


SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY  143 

a  fixed  amount  contributed  by  all  societies  on  a  proportionate  basis  for 
definite  administrative  expenses;  (2)  further  contributions  from  time  to 
,  time  when  societies  feel  it  to  their  advantage  to  co-operate  in  special 
undertakings;  (3)  individual  gifts  to  funds  of  which  the  ultirnate  control 
would  be  in  the  hands  of  the  Conference  of  Missionary  Societies  in  Great 
Britain  and  the  Foreign  Missions  Conference  of  North  America. 

PATTON,  C  H.  and  HAYWARD,  J.  N.  Life  and  work  in 
mission  houses.  (The  International  Review  of  Missions,  Janu- 
ary,  1919,  pp.  71-87.) 

This  article  is  in  two  parts,  dealing  with  mission  houses  in  America 
and  in  London.  Dr.  Patton,  of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  speaks  for  America, 
giving  the  ideal  towards  which  our  houses  should  work.  This  he  finds 
means  that  the  mission  house  should  be  (a)  an  up-to-date,  thorough-going, 
efficiently  managed  business  office;  (b)  a  house  serving  as  head-quarters 
and  meeting-place  of  missionaries  home  on  furlough,  with  a  rest-room, 
requisite  office-space,  and  other  facilities  ministering  to  his  comfort  and 
convenience;  and  (c)  a  religious  institution  in  which  every  worker,  from 
the  highest  to  the  lowest,  is  imbued  with  the  happy  appreciation  of  the 
"worth-while-ness"  of  the  work.  Mr.  Hayward,  of  the  China  Inland 
Mission,  takes  up  the  same  three  points,  in  reverse  order,  and  tells  of 
actual  conditions   existing  in    English    mission-houses. 

RITSON,  J.  H.  The  growth  of  missionary  co-operation  since 
1910.  (The  International  Review  of  Missions,  January,  1919, 
pp.  53-70.) 

This  is  concerned  primarily  with  the  international  as  opposed  to  national 
aspects  of  missionary  co-operation,  but  force  of  circumstances  results  in 
descriptions  of  the  English  situation.  The  great  executive  instrument, 
in  England,  of  international  co-operation  was  the  outgrowth  of  the  attempt 
to  perpetuate  the  work  of  the  Edinburgh  Conference — namely,  the  Con- 
tinuation Committee.  In  1914  the  war  interrupted  the  work  of  this  body 
as  a  whole,  but  did  not  kill  it.  The  organ  of  this  Committee  is  the  inter- 
national periodical  "The  International  Review  of  Missions."  Central 
organizations  have  been  formed  in  China,  Japan,  and  India;  the  Christian 
College  for  Women  in  Madras  has  been  founded;  the  problem  of  Christian 
literature  in  the  mission  field  has  been  attacked.  Problems  arising  directly 
from  the  war  are  too  great  for  any  but  international  co-operative  handling, 
while  the  war  itself  forced  the  formation  of  an  "Emergency  Committee  of 
Co-operating  Missions." 

SHEFFIELD,  Mrs.  D.  Z.  The  wives  of  missionaries.  (The 
Chinese  Recorder,  March,  1919,  pp.  162-176.) 

No  definite  work  in  the  'mission  station  is  assigned  by  the  Boards  to 
the  wives  of  missionaries.  Believing  that  valuable  service  is  thus  lost, 
and  that  the  missionary  inspiration  as  such  of  the  wife  is  not  given  a  fair 
chance  at  development,  Mrs.  Sheffield  discusses  fundamentally  the  question 
of  her  status,  preparation,  and  work.  She  asks  for  a  more  uniform 
opportunity  for  the  consecration  of  all  the  talents  of  the  wife,  both  on  the 
field,  and  during  the  first  furlough  home,  equal  to  that  given  to  the 
husband. 

SHILLITO,  Edward.  The  appeal  of  the  missionary  enterprise 
to  the  man  of  1919.  (The  International  Review  of  Missions, 
January,   1919,  pp.   18-26.) 

One  of  the  directors  of  the  London  Missionary  Society  here  seeks  to 
find  the  common  ground  of  interest  between  the  witness  of  Christ,  i.  e., 
the  Church,  and  the  man  whose  soul  is  reacting  to  the  absorbing  experi- 
ence and  desperate  tragedy  of  the  war.  The  trouble  that  vexes  the  man 
is   his    fear    for   the   human    race,    while   it   is   an    axiom   to   him   that   the 


144  SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY 

redemption  of  Christ  cannot  be  enjoyed  by  any  unless  it  is  an  effective 
offer  for  all.  The  relations  of  races  one  to  the  other  is  the  fundamental 
problem  for  the  future  of  the  world.  Isolation,  relation  of  master  and 
bond-servant,  teacher  and  taught,  father  and  child,  have  all  been  tried 
and  have  failed.  Mutual  brotherhood  through  mutual  service  is  the  solu- 
tion offered  by  the  Church,  through  its  magnificent  and  daring  missionary 
work. 

SPEER,  R.  E.  Organization  and  life.  (The  International  Re- 
view of   Missions,  January,   1919,  pp.  27-38.) 

Business  methods,  institutions,  organization  prevail  everywhere.  Yet 
Jesus  would  have  none  of  it,  and  St.  Paul,  although  a  great  organizer, 
subordinated  it  all  to  his  own  personal  influence.  Organization  is  inevitable 
and  right,  yet  the  missionary  work  is  so  clogged  with  it  that  it  is  suffering 
from  wrong  proportion,  ineffectiveness,  secularization  and  mechanicaliza- 
tion.  The  chief  remedy  for  this  Dr.  Speer  finds  in  being  uncompromisingly 
true  to  the  religious  aim  of  missions,  to  the  aim  of  "the  possession  of 
persons  by  Christ  and  the  possession  by  persons  of  Christ." 

A  SURVEY  of  the  effect  of  the  war  upon  missions.  (The  Inter- 
national Review  of  Missions,  October,  1919,  pp.  433-490.) 

The  first  of  a  masterly  series  of  articles.  This  survey  is  to  form  an  out- 
standing feature  of  the  Review  in  1920,  and  will  deal  not  only  with  the 
tangible  and  immediate  effects  of  the  war  on  the  different  fields,  but 
will  discuss  the  great  movements  and  their  acceleration  or  retardation  by 
the  war.  The  present  number  includes  a  survey  of  the  position  of 
German  missions,  and  there  are  excellent  statistical  tables  showing  the 
movement  of  the  various  missionary  forces.  Each  chapter  is  written  by 
an  expert,  and  the  series,  when  finished,  will  form  an  extremely  valuable 
reference  book. 

WATSON,  Charles  R.  Foreign  missionary  co-operation  and 
unity  at  the  home  base  in  America.  (The  International  Review 
of  Missions,  January,  1919,  pp.  39-52.) 

A  brief,  succinct  account  of  missionary  co-operative  movements  in  the 
U.  S.  The  most  influential  of  these,  the  annual  conference  of  Foreign 
Mission  Boards,  is  responsible  for  some  of  the  others.  There  is  a  brief 
statement  of  the  function  and  status  of  each  of  the  co-operative  bodies, 
such  as  the  Missionary  Education  Movement  and  the  Laymen's  Missionary 
Movement,  which  are  engaged  in  publishing  co-operative  works;  the 
Missionary  Research  Library,  and  the  Bureau  of  Statistics  and  Research; 
the  Board  of  Missionary  Preparation,  studying  the  problems  of  recruiting 
and  training  candidates;  and,  chief  and  foremost,  the  Committee  of  Ref- 
erence and  Counsel,  serving  all  the  Boards.  Co-operation  in  the  home 
field  is  shown  in  the  work  of  the  Home  Missions  Council  and  the  Federal 
Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America. 

See  Also: 

Brooks,   C.   A.     The  church   and   the  industrial   situation.     (The 

Missionary  Review  of  the  World,  June,  1919,  pp.  447-452.) 
Brown,  W.  A.     The  war's  contribution  to  Christian  unity.     (The 

Missionary  Review  of  the  World,  February,   1919,  pp.  97-102.) 
Chapman,  J.  W.     Signs  of  progress  in  Alaska.     (The  Missionary 

Review  of  the  World,  July,  1919,  pp.  491-498.) 
Du   Plessis,  J.     Value  of   Industrial   training   in   missions.     (The 

Missionary  Review  of  the  World,  June,  1919,  pp.  411-420.) 


SELECTED   BIBLIOGRAPHY  145 

Helms,  E.  J.  A  church  of  all  nations.  (The  Missionary  Review 
of  the  World,  July,  1919,  pp.  499-504.) 

St.  John,  Burton.  The  distribution  of  medical  missions.  (The 
Missionary  Review  of  the  World,  October,  1919,  pp.  735-739.) 

St.  John,  Burton.  German  missions  after  the  war.  (The  Mis- 
sionary Review  of  the  World,  April,  1919,  pp.  251-258.) 

Watson,  C.  R.  A  missionary  balance  sheet  of  the  war.  (The 
Missionary  Review  of  the  World,  March,  1919,  pp.  183-189.) 


MISCELLANEOUS  INFORMATION 


THE  TREATY  OF  PEACE  AS  AFFECTING 
FOREIGN  MISSIONS 

Below  is  given  a  resume  of  the  conditions  of  the  Treaty  of  Peace 
with  Germany  insofar  as  they  affect  foreign  missions  and  comitries, 
other  than  European,  in  which  foreign  missions  are  carried  on.  The 
material  is  arranged  under  three  heads:  First,  General  provisions 
which  affect  mission  work ;  Second,  Clauses  affecting  the  disposal  of 
former  German  Colonies ;  and  Third,  German  relations  with  foreign 
mission  lands. 

Important  provisions  have  been  quoted  in  full,  particularly  those 
referring  to  the  Mandataries  to  be  established  under  the  League^  of 
Nations.  Digests  have  been  given  where  clauses  are  of  less  im- 
portance, and  short  descriptions  of  the  German  Colonies  involved 
have  been  appended  in  the  second  section. 

The  reader  should  remember  that  the  final  disposal  of  the  German 
Colonies  awaits  the  decision  of  the  League  of  Nations,  and  that  the 
present  treaty  does  not  affect  former  Turkish  Territory  except  inso- 
far as  the  League  of  Nations  provisions  are  concerned,  Germany 
merely  agreeing  beforehand  to  any  dispositions  of  such  territory  as 
may  be  decided  upon  in  the  treaty  with  Turkey  itself. 

GENERAL  PROVISIONS  AFFECTING  MISSIONS 

Missions.  "The  Allied  and  Associated  Powers  agree  that  where 
Christian  religious  missions  were  being  maintained  by  German 
societies  or  persons  in  territory  belonging  to  them,  or  of  which  the 
government  is  intrusted  to  them  in  accordance  with  the  present 
Treaty,  the  property  which  these  missions  or  missionary  societies 
possessed,  including  that  of  trading  societies  whose  profits  were 
devoted  to  the  support  of  missions,  shall  continue  to  be  devoted  to 
missionary  purposes.  In  order  to  ensure  the  due  execution  of  this 
undertaking  the  Allied  and  Associated  Governments  will  hand  over 
such  property  to  boards  of  trustees  appointed  by  or  approved  by 
the  Governments  and  composed  of  persons  holding  the  Christian 
faith.  It  will  be  the  duty  of  such  boards  of  trustees  to  see  that  the 
property  continues  to  be  applied  to  missionary  purposes. 

"The  obligations  undertaken  by  the  Allied  and  Associated  Govern- 
ments in  this  Article  will  not  in  any  way  prejudice  their  control  or 
authority  as  to  the  individuals  by  whom  the  missions  are  conducted. 
Germany,  taking  note  of  the  above  undertaking,  agrees  to  accept 
all  arrangements  made  or  to  be  made  by  the  Allied  or  Associated 
Government  concerned  for  carrying  on  the  work  of  the  said  missions 
or  trading  societies  and  waives  all  claims  on  their  behalf."  Annex, 
Article  438. 

Opium  Trade.    By  Part  X,  Section  II,  Article  295,  all  the  signers 

149 


150  THE  TREATY  AS  AFFECTING  FOREIGN  MISSIONS 

of  the  Treaty  agree  to  bring  the  Opium  Convention  of  The  Hague, 
January  23rd,  1912,  into  force,  and  in  the  case  of  signers  of  the 
Treaty  who  did  not  sign  the  Convention  the  signing  of  the  Treaty 
will  be  considered  equivalent. 

FORMER  GERMAN  COLONIES  AND  POSSESSIONS 
AFFECTED  BY  THE  TREATY 

In  Asia:  China 

Kiau-Chau,  located  on  the  east  coast  of  Shantung.  Seized  by 
Germany  November,  1897;  acquired  by  a  99  year  lease  concluded 
with  the  Imperial  Chinese  Government  March  6,  1898;  declared  a 
Protectorate  April  27,  1898.  On  August  15,  1914,  Japan  called  upon 
Germany  to  give  up  the  entire  leased  territory.  On  November  7th, 
Tsingtao,  the  capital  of  the  Protectorate,  fell  to  British  and  Japanese 
forces,  and  since  then  the  territory  has  been  administered  by  the 
Japanese.  Area,  about  200  square  miles,  population  about  192,000. 
There  are  252  miles  of  railway  (Tsingtao  to  Tsinanfu)  built  by 
German  capital,  and  German  State  cables  from  Tsingtao  to  Shanghai 
and  Chefoo. 

By  Part  IV,  Section  VIII,  Article  156,  Germany  renounces  in  favour 
of  Japan  all  rights  in  lease,  and  all  property  and  rights  in  Shantung, 
including  the  railroad,  preferential  rights  of  railroad  construction 
ill  the  Province  of  Shantung  and  exclusive  rights  of  mining  along 
the  course  of  certain  railroads.  China's  representatives  entered  a 
protest  against  the  above  Article,  and  refused  to  sign  the  Treaty 
when  it  was  retained. 

Hankow  and  Tientsin,  concessions  located  in  these  cities,  and 
held  on  lease  from  the  Chinese  Government. 

By  Part  IV,  Section  II,  Article  132,  the  leases  are  abrogated. 
China,  however,  is  to  open  the  concessions  to  International  trade, 
and  the  property  rights  of  Allied  nationals  are  not  affected. 

In  Africa 

Togo,  located  on  the  Gulf  of  Guinea,  in  West  Africa,  between 
the  Gold  Coast  (British)  and  Dahomey  (French).  Acquired  in 
1884,  taken  by  French  and  British  forces  August  7,  1914,  and  now 
(provisionally)  divided  into  two  spheres,  administered  respectively  by 
the  French  and  British  military.  Area,  33,700  square  miles,  popula- 
tion 1,031,978.  There  are  755  miles  of  road  lit  for  motor  traffic,  and 
three  railroads,  totalling  191  miles. 

By  Part  VIII,  Annex  VII,  Germany  renounces  in  favour  of  the 
Allied  Powers  the  Lome-Monrovia  (Liberia)  and  Lome-Duala 
(Kamerun)   cables. 

The  following  clauses  refer  also  to  the  other  German  Possessions 
in  Africa  and  the  Pacific: 

By  Part  IV,  Section  I,  Article  119  Germany  renounces  all  title 
in  favour  of  the  Allied  and  Associated  Powers.  By  Article  122, 
the  Government  exercising  authority  in  the  territory  may  make  such 


THE  TREATY  AS  AFFECTING  FOREIGN  MISSIONS  151 

provisions  as  it  thinks  fit  in  regard  to  repatriation  of  German  na- 
tionals and  "to  the  condition  upon  which  German  subjects  of 
European  origin  shall,  or  shall  not,  be  allowed  to  reside,  hold 
property,  trade  or  exercise  a  profession  in  them." 

Part  I,  Article  22,  states :  "To  those  colonies  and  territories  which 
as  a  consequence  of  the  late  war  have  ceased  to  be  under  the 
sovereignty  of  the  States  which  formerly  governed  them  and  which 
are  inhabited  by  peoples  not  yet  able  to  stand  by  themselves  under 
the  strenuous  conditions  of  the  modern  world,  there  should  be 
applied  the  principle  that  the  well-being  and  development  of  such 
peoples  form  a  sacred  trust  of  civilization  and  that  securities  for  the 
performance  of  this  trust  should  be  embodied  in  this  Covenant. 

"The  best  method  of  giving  practical  effect  to  this  principle  is  that 
the  tutelage  of  such  peoples  should  be  entrusted  to  advanced  nations 
who  by  reason  of  their  resources,  their  experience  or  the  geographical 
position  can  best  undertake  this  responsibility,  and  who  are  willing  to 
accept  it,  and  that  this  tutelage  should  be  exercised  by  them  as 
Mandataries  on  behalf  of  the  League.  .  .  . 

"Other  peoples,  especially  those  of  Central  Africa,  are  at  such  a 
stage  that  the  Mandatary  must  be  responsible  for  the  administration 
of  the  territory  under  conditions  which  will  guarantee  freedom 
of  conscience  and  religion,  subject  only  to  the  maintainance  of  public 
order  and  morals,  the  prohibition  of  abuses  such  as  the  slave  trade, 
the  arms  traffic  and  the  liquor  traffic,  and  the  prevention  of  the 
establishment  of  fortifications  or  military  and  naval  bases  and  of 
military  training  of  the  natives  for  other  than  police  purposes  and 
the  defence  of  territory,  and  will  also  secure  equal  opportunities  for 
the  trade  and  commerce  of  other  Members  of  the  League.  .  .  . 

"In  every  case  of  mandate,  the  Mandatary  shall  render  to  the 
Council  an  annual  report  in  reference  to  the  territory  committed  to 
its  charge. 

"The  degree  of  authority,  control,  or  administration  to  be  exer- 
cised by  the  Mandatary  shall,  if  not  previously  agreed  upon  by  the 
Members  of  the  League,  be  explicitly  defined  in  each  case  by  the 
Council. 

"A  permanent  Commission  shall  be  constituted  to  receive  and 
examine  the  annual  reports  of  the  Mandataries  and  to  advise  the 
Council  on  all  matters  relating  to  the  observance  of  the  mandates." 

Part  I,  Article  23,  reads  in  part;  "Subject  to  and  in  accordance 
with  the  provisions  of  international  conventions  existing  or  hereafter 
to  be  agreed  upon,  the  Members  of  the  League:  .  .  .  {will)  (b) 
undertake  to  secure  just  treatment  of  the  native  inhabitants  of  terri- 
tories under  their  control." 

Kamerun,  located  on  the  Gulf  of  Guinea,  in  West  Africa,  between 
Nigeria  (British),  on  the  one  side,  and  Rio  Muni  (Spanish  Guinea) 
and  the  French  Congo  on  the  other.  Acquired  in  1884,  and  con- 
quered by  French  and  English  forces  February  18,  1916,  since  which 
time  it  has  been  administered  by  the  Government  of  Nigeria,  except 
for  the  "goose-neck"  extending  to  the  Congo  acquired  by  Germany 
from  France  in  191 1,  which  is  administered  by  the  Governor-General 


152  THE  TREATY  AS  AFFECTING  FOREIGN  MISSIONS 

of  French  Equatorial  Africa.  Area,  191,950  square  miles,  population, 
3,648,720.  There  are  149  miles  of  railroad,  a  cable  to  Bonny 
(Nigeria)  and  a  direct  cable  to  Germany. 

Beside  the  Articles  quoted  above  under  Togo  (Part  IV,  Section  I, 
Article  119,  Article  122,  Part  I,  Article  22,  and  Article  23),  the  fol- 
lowing apply ;  Part  IV,  Article  124,  by  which  Germany  agrees  to  pay 
for  damage  suffered  by  French  Nationals  in  the  Cameroons  or  fron- 
tier zone  through  acts  of  German  civil  or  military  authorities,  or  private 
individuals,  from  January  i,  1900  to  August  i,  1914.  By  Part  IV, 
Article  125,  the  treaties  of  191 1  and  1912  (territorial)  are  denounced. 
By  Part  VIII,  Annex  VII,  Germany  renounces  in  favour  of  the 
Allied  Governments  the  cable  from  Duala  to  Lome  (Togo). 

East  Africa,  located  on  the  East  Coast  of  Africa,  between  Portu- 
guese East  Africa  and  British  East  Africa.  Acquired  in  1890. 
Practically  overrun  by  British,  Belgian  and  Portuguese  forces  by  the 
close  of  the  war.  Area,  about  384,000  square  miles,  population 
7,659,898.     There  are  two  lines  of  railway,  totaling  1,000  miles. 

All  the  provisions  of  the  treaty  enumerated  under  Kamerun  apply 
to  German  East  Africa,  with  the  exception  of  Part  VIII,  Annex  VII 
(Lome-Monrovia  and  Lome-Duala  cables). 

By  Part  VI,  Annex  VII,  Section  II,  Article  246,  Germany  agrees 
to  return  to  Great  Britain  the  skull  of  the  Sultan  Mkwawa,  taken 
from  East  Africa  by  the  Germans. 

German  South- West  Africa,  located  on  the  southwest  coast  of 
Africa,  between  Angola  and  Cape  of  Good  Hope  Province.  Acquired 
from  1884-1890.  Conquered  by  British  forces  July  9th,  1915,  since 
when  it  has  been  administered  by  the  Government  of  the  Union  of 
South  Africa.  Area,  322,200  square  miles,  population  164,830.  There 
are  1,419  miles  of  railroad  in  the  Protectorate,  and  2,868  miles 
of  telegraph. 

In  addition  to  the  provisions  of  the  treaty  enumerated  under  Togo, 
which  apply  with  the  exception  of  the  part  relating  to  the  Lome- 
Monrovia  and  Lome-Duala  cables,  the  following  has  direct  reference 
to  German  South-West  Africa;  Part  I,  Article  22,  6th  paragraph; 
"There  are  territories,  such  as  South-West  Africa  and  certain  of 
the  South  Pacific  Islands,  which,  owing  to  the  sparseness  of  their 
population,  or  their  small  size,  or  their  remoteness  from  the  centres 
of  civilization,  or  their  geographical  contiguity  to  the  territory  of  the 
Afandatary,  and  other  circumstances,  can  be  best  administered  under 
the  laws  of  the  Mandatary  as  integral  portions  of  its  territory,  sub- 
ject to  the  safeguards  above  mentioned  in  the  interests  of  the 
indigenous  population." 

In  the  Pacific 

Kaiser  Wilhelm*s  Land.  Located  in  the  North  East  part  of 
the  island  of  New  Guinea.  Declared  a  German  Protectorate  in  1884. 
Occupied  by  Australian  troops  since  September  12,  1914,  and  ad- 
ministered by  the  military.  Area,  about  70,000  square  miles,  popula- 
tion  from   110,000  to  350,000.     The  provisions  of  the  treaty  which 


THE  TREATY  AS  AFFECTING  FOREIGN  MISSIONS  153 

apply  to  Togo  and  German  South-West  Africa  also  apply  to  all  the 
German  possessions  in  Oceania. 

Bismarck  Archipelago,  immediately  to  the  east  of  Kaiser  Wil- 
helm's  Land.  Proclaimed  a  German  protectorate  in  November,  1884. 
Since  September  12,  1914,  mider  Australian  military  control. 

Solomon  Islands  (Bougainville,  Buka  and  a  few  small  islands  in 
this  group  only),  located  east  of  the  Bismarck  Archipelago.  Acquired 
1899.  Occupied  since  September  12,  1914,  by  Australian  troops,  and 
administered  by  the  military. 

Caroline  Islands,  located  north  of  the  Bismarck  Archipelago. 
Purchased  from  Spain  February  12,  1899.  Occupied  by  the  Japanese 
soon  after  the  opening  of  the  war,  and  now  administered  by  them. 

Pelew  Islands,  located  north-west  of  the  Bismarck  Archipelago. 
Purchased  from  Spain  February  12,  1899.  Occupied  by  the  Jap- 
anese, and  administered  by  them. 

In  addition  to  the  provisions  of  the  treaty  mentioned  under  Togo 
and  German  South- West  Africa,  by  Part  VI,  Annex  VII,  Germany 
renounces  all  rights  and  titles  in  the  Yap-Shanghai  (China),  Yap- 
Guam  (Marianne  Islands)  and  Yap-Menado  (Celebes,  Dutch  East 
Indies),  cables  in  favour  of  the  Principal  Allied  and  Associate 
Powers. 

Marianne  Islands  (not  including  Guam),  located  north  of  the 
Caroline  Islands.  Purchased  from  Spain  February  12,  1899.  Occu- 
pied by  the  Japanese  early  in  the  war  and  administered  by  them. 

Marshall  Islands,  located  east  of  the  Caroline  Islands;  acquired 
in  1885.     Occupied  by  the  Japanese,  and  administered  by  them. 

Samoan  Islands  (Savai  and  Upolo  Islands  with  a  few  small 
islands  adjacent),  located  about  2,700  miles  south  of  east  of  New 
Guinea.  Acquired  by  treaty  with  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States  November  14,  1899;  occupied  by  British  forces  August  29, 
1914,  and  since  administered  by  New  Zealand.  Area,  1,000  square 
miles,  population,  34,579.     There  are  60  miles  of  road. 

RELATIONS  WITH  MISSIONARY  COUNTRIES  OTHER 
THAN  THE  ABOVE 

Asia 

China.  By  Part  IV,  Section  II,  Article  130,  Germany  cedes  to 
China  all  public  property  anywhere  in  Chinese  territory,  except 
diplomatic  residences.  By  Article  131,  Germany  agrees  to  restore 
the  astronomical  instruments  carried  to  Berlin  in  1900.  By  Article 
134,  Germany  renounces  in  favour  of  Great  Britain  the  German  State 
property  in  the  British  Concession  at  Shameen,  Canton,  and  in 
favour  of  France  and  China  conjointly  the  German  School  in  the 
French  Concession  at  Shanghai.  By  Article  128,  Germany  renounces 
claim  to  the  Boxer  indemnity  since  March  14,  1917. 

Siam.  By  Part  IV,  Section  III,  Articles  135  and  136,  all  treaties 
between  Germany  and  Siam,  including  those  referring  to  extraterri- 
torial jurisdiction,  are  terminated,  and  all  German  State  property, 
except  consular  premises,  passes  to  the  Siamese  Government. 


154  THE  TREATY  AS  AFFECTING  FOREIGN  MISSIONS 

Africa 

Egypt.  By  Part  IV,  Section  VI,  Article  147,  Germany  recognizes 
the  British  protectorate  in  Egypt.  By  Article  148,  all  treaties  be- 
tween Egypt  and  Germany  are  terminated,  and  by  Article  153  all 
German  State  property  in  Egypt  passes  to  the  Egyptian  Government 
without  compensation. 

Liberia.  Germany,  by  Part  IV,  Section  IV,  Article  138,  renounces 
all  rights  and  privileges  in  Liberia,  and  particularly  the  right  of 
nominating  a  German  Receiver  in  Liberia.  By  Part  VIII,  Annex 
VII,  German  rights  in  the  Monrovia-Lome  (Togo),  Monrovia- 
Teneriffe  (Canary  Islands),  and  Monrovia-Pernambuco  (Brazil), 
cables  are  ceded  to  the  Allied  Powers. 

Morocco.  By  Part  IV,  Section  V,  Germany  recognizes  the 
French  Protectorate  in  Morocco,  and  cedes  all  rights  from  the 
agreements  of  1906,  1909,  and  191 1.  All  German  State  property 
is  passed  to  the  government,  and  all  German  interest  in  the  State 
Bank  of  Morocco. 

Canary  Islands,  by  Part  VIII,  Annex  VII,  the  Ernden  (Ger- 
many)— Teneriffe  cable  is  renounced  in  favor  of  the  Allied  Powers. 

Turkey.  By  Part  X,  Section  II,  Article  2go,  all  treaties  between 
Germany  and  Turkey  concluded  since  August  i,   1914,  are  void. 

For  the  disposition  of  portions  of  the  Turkish  Empire,  see  under 
German  Colonies,  Togo,  Part  I,  Article  22  and  Article  23.  The  fol- 
lowing (paragraph  4),  Part  I,  Article  22,  applies  to  former  Turkish 
possessions;  "Certain  communities  formerly  belonging  to  the  Turk- 
ish Empire  have  reached  a  stage  of  development  where  their  ex- 
istence as  independent  nations  can  be  provisionally  recognized  sub- 
ject to  the  rendering  of  administrative  advice  and  assistance  by  a 
Mandatary  until  such  time  as  they  are  able  to  stand  alone.  The 
wishes  of  these  communities  must  be  a  principal  consideration  in  the 
selection  of  the  Mandatary." 

The  portions  of  Turkey  evidently  affected  by  this  are: 

The  Hedjaz.  Located  on  the  west  coast  of  Arabia,  extending 
from  El  Akabah  in  the  north  (approximately)  to  Shakkat  e'  Shamieh 
(approximately)  on  the  south.  Declared  its  independence  from 
Turkey  in  November,  1916.  Was  a  signer  of  the  Treaty  of  Versail- 
les, as  one  of  the  Allied  and  Associated  Powers.  An  original  mem- 
ber of  the  League  of  Nations  signatory  of  the  treaty  of  peace  {Part 
I,  Annex,  I).  One  of  the  communities  formerly  belonging  to  the 
Turkish  Empire  which  "have  reached  a  stage  of  development  where 
their  existence  as  independent  nations  can  be  provisionally  recognized 
subject  to  the  rendering  of  administrative  advice  and  assistance  by  a 
Mandatary  until  such  time  as  they  are  able  to  stand  alone.  ^  The 
wishes  of  these  communities  must  be  a  principal  consideration  in  the 
selection  of  the  Mandatary."  (Part  I,  Article  22,  Paragraph  4.) 
By  Part  VIII,  Annex  VII,  Section  II,  Article  246,  Germany  restores 
to  the  King  of  the  Hedjaz  "the  original  Koran  of  the  Caliph  Othman, 
which  was  removed  from  Medina  by  the  Turkish  authorities  and  is 
stated  to  have  been  presented  to  the  ex-Emperor  William  II." 


GENERAL  TABLES  i55 

Nejd  and  Hasa.  Comprises  Nejd,  located  in  the  central  part  of 
Arabia,  and  containing  the  capital,  Riyadh ;  and  Hasa,  on  the  Persian 
Gulf,  between  the  Sultanate  of  Koweit  on  the  north  and  Oman  on 
the  south.  The  Turks  were  expelled  from  El  Hassa  in  1913.  (See 
Part  I,  Article  22,  Paragraph  4,  under  The  Hedjaz.) 

Western  Asia  Minor,  Armenia,  Mesopotamia,  and  Syria. 
The  disposition  of  all  of  these  is  still  in  question,  as  is  the  case  with 
portions  of  Turkey  in  Europe. 

Cyprus.  An  island  off  the  coast  of  Syria,  was  administered  by 
Great  Britain  until  November  5,  1914,  under  a  convention  concluded 
with  the  Sultan  in  1878,  but  at  the  entrance  of  Turkey  into  the  War 
the  island  was  annexed  by  Great  Britain.  Area,  3,584  square  miles, 
population,  274,108. 

Egypt.  A  dependency  of  Turkey,  ruled  by  almost  independent 
Khedive,  under  advice  from  a  British  financial  advisor.  December 
18,  1914,  a  British  Protectorate  over  Egypt  was  proclaimed.  By  Part 
IV,  Section  VI,  Article  147,  this  protectorate  was  recognized  by 
Germany,  by  Article  148  all  treaties  between  Germany  and  Egypt  are 
abrogated,  and  by  subsequent  articles  in  the  same  section  Germany 
renounces  all  property  and  special  rights  in  Egypt. 

The  special  privileges  enjoyed  in  Turkey  by  subjects  of  western 
countries  (the  Capitulations),  were  abolished  by  a  decree  of  Septem- 
ber 9th,  1914.  None  of  the  nations  involved  has  recognized  the  aboli- 
tion, however. 

By  Part  VIII,  Annex  VII,  Germany  renounced  in  favour  of  the 
Allied  powers  all  rights  and  title  in  the  Constantinople-Constanza 
(Roumania)  cable. 

TABLES  SHOWING  THE  POPULATION  OF  THE 

EARTH    ACCORDING    TO    CONTINENTAL 

DISTRIBUTION,  RACE  AND  RELIGION 

Table  I. 

Area   and   Population   of   the   Earth   AccQrding  to    Continents 
(Figures  from  the  National  Geographic  Society) 

Area 

Continent  (square  miles)  Population 

North  America 8,589,257  140,084,000 

South  America 7, 570,015  S6,337,77S 

Europe 3,872.561  464,681,000 

Asia 17,206,000  872,522,000 

Africa 11,622,619  142,751.000 

Australasia 3,312,613  16,228,591 

Polar  Regions 5,o8i.93S  

Total ,         57.255.000  (a)  1,692,604,366 

(a)  In  employing  these  tables  it  should  be  kept  in  mind  that  accurate  statistics  for 
population  (such  as  were  furnished  by  the  last  census  in  India)  are  non-existent 
for  the  greater  part  of  the  world,  and  that  the  estimates  of  the  most  careful 
authorities  must  differ  by  millions.  The  total  here  given,  for  instance,  should 
be  compared  with  those  of  Tables  III,  IV,  and  V. 


156 


GENERAL  TABLES 


Table  II. 

Population  of  the  Earth  According  to  Race 
(Figures  from  the  National  Geographic  Society) 

Race                                                               Location  Number 

Indo-Germanic  or  Aryan  (White) Europe,  America.  Persia, 

India,  Australia 796,000,000 

Mongolian  or  Turanian  (Yellow  and  Brown) .  .Asia 630.000,000 

Semitic  (White) Africa,  Arabia,  etc 70.000.000 

Negro  and  Bantu  (Black) Africa 134.000,000 

Malay  and  Polynesian  (Brown) Australasia 35,000,000 

American  Indian,  North  and  South  (Red  and 

Half-Breeds) America 27.000,000 


Total 1,692,000.000 


Table  III. 

Population  of  the  Earth  According  to  Religion 

(P.  Karl  Street,  S.V.D.,  Atlas  Hierarchicus) 

Population'  of  J  the  World 1,650.000.000 

Religion  Adherents  Percentage 

Christianity 635.250,000  38 . 5 

Confucianism  and  Taoism 257.400.000  15.6 

Hindooism... 222.750,000  13.5 

Mohammedanism 221,100,000  13.4 

Buddhism 133.650,000  8 .  i 

Animism 100.650,000  6 .  i 

Shintoism 52,800.000  3.2 

Judaism 11,550.000  .7 

Unclassified 14,850,000  .9 


Table  IV. 

Population  of  the  Earth  According  to  Religion 

(Whitaker's  Almanack) 

Population  of  the  World 1,646,491,000 

Religion  Adherents  Percentage 

Christianity (a)  564,510,000  34.28 

Confucianism  and  Taoism 300.830,000  18 .  27 

Mohammedanism 221.825,000  13.47 

Hindooism 210.540,000  12.78 

Animism 158.270.000  9.61 

Buddhism 138,03 1 .000  8 .  38 

Shintoism 25.000.000  1.51 

Judaism 12.205,000  .  78 

Unclassified 15,280.000  .  92 

(a)  Including  272.860,000  Roman  Catholics.  171.650,000  Protestants  and  120,000,000 
members  of  Eastern  Churches  (Coptic  Church,  706,322;  Nestorian,  80,000; 
Jacobite,  70,000). 


POSTAL  RATES 


157 


Table  V. 

Population   of   the  Earth  According  to   Religion   and   Continental 
Distribution 


Religion 

Christianity . . 

Confucianism  and  Taoism . 

Mohammedanism 

Hindooism 

Animism 

Buddhism 

Shintoism 

Judaism 

Unclassified 


(Whitaker's  Almanack) 

Europe  Asia 
374,760,000           28,700,000 


Religion 

Christianity . 

Confucianism  and  Taoism. 

Mohammedanism 

Hindooism 

Animism 

Buddhism 

Shintoism 

Judaism 

Unclassified 


3,800,000 


9,950,175 
1,000,000 

N.  America 

102,700,000 

100,000 

15.000 

100,000 

20,000 


2,144,061 
8,000,000 


300,000,000 

142,000,000 

210,000,000 

42,000,000 

138,000,000 

25,000,000 

484.359 

6,000,000 

S.  America 
36,600,000 

10,000 

110,000 

1,250,000 


Africa 

9,050,000 

30,000 

51,000,000 

300,000 

98,000,000 

11,000 

404,836 
130,000 

Oceania 

12,700,000 

700,000 

25,000,000 

30,000 

17,000,000 

20,000 

1*9.515 
150,000 


POSTAL  RATES 
From  Canada 

Letters  to  the  United  Kingdom  and  all  British  Possessions,  United 
States  and  United  States  Possessions  (except  the  Philippines), 
Mexico,  and  French  Indo-China,  2c  per  ounce  with  ic  additional  on 
each  letter  for  War  Tax.  To  all  countries  not  included  in  the  fore- 
going, 5c  for  the  first  ounce  and  3c  for  each  additional  ounce.  (No 
War  Tax.)  Registration  fee,  5c;  fee  for  acknowledgment  of 
receipt,  5c. 

Post  Cards  to  United  States  and  Mexico,  single  cards  ic  each  with 
addition  of  ic  each  for  War  Tax,  if  the  cards  bear  written  communi- 
cations. Reply  cards  2c  each  and  War  Tax.  To  the  United  King- 
dom and  all  other  countries,  single  cards  2c,  reply  cards  4c  each. 
(No  War  Tax.) 

From  the  United  States 

Letters  to  the  United  States,  the  Philippines,  Cuba,  RepubHc  of 
Panama,  Canal  Zone,  United  States  Postal  Agency  at  Shanghai 
(China),  Puerto  Rico,  Guam,  Canada,  Mexico,  Newfoundland,  Eng- 
land, Ireland,  Scotland,  Wales,  Bahamas,  Barbados,  British  Guiana, 
British  Honduras,  Dutch  West  Indies,  Leeward  Islands,  New  Zea- 
land, Trinidad  and  Tobago,  Windward  Islands  (Grenada,  St. 
Vincent,  Grenadines,  St.  Lucia),  and  Dominican  Republic,  2c  an 
ounce.  To  all  other  countries,  5c  an  ounce  and  3c  for  each  addi- 
tional ounce.  All  classes  of  mailable  matter  may  be  registered, 
except  parcel  post,  loc  extra.  Must  have  name  and  address  of 
sender  on  the  envelope. 


DIRECTORY 
OF 
FOREIGN  MISSION  SOCIETIES 

Prepared  by  the 
BUREAU  OF  STATISTICS  AND  RESEARCH 


DIRECTORY  OF  FOREIGN  MISSION  SOCIETIES 

In  preparing  the  Directory  of  Foreign  Mission  Societies  for  1920  a 
slight  change  has  been  made  in  the  arrangement  adopted  for  the  19 19 
Year  Book. 

Each  Society  has  been  listed  according  to  the  coimtry  in  which  its 
headquarters  is  located,  as  in  the  previous  directory,  but  eight  Socie- 
ties whose  organization  is  international  in  character  have  been  placed 
in  a  separate  group.  The  local  councils  or  committees  of  these  Inter- 
national Societies,  however,  will  be  found  under  their  respective  coun- 
tries. The  order  of  the  home  base  coimtries  is  as  follows:  Canada, 
United  States,  International  Societies,  Australasia,  Europe  (Great 
Britain  and  the  Continent),  Africa,  South  America,  Asia,  Oceania. 

Under  Canada  and  the  United  States  the  Societies  are  arranged 
in  five  groups  to  conform  to  the  principle  upon  which  the  Foreign 
Mission  Conference  is  organized: 

First,  Societies  having  a  definite  denominational  constituency. 
Second,   Interdenominational  Societies,   excepting  those  which  are 
distinctively  educational. 

Third,  Interdenominational  Societies  which  are  educational.  In 
the  second  and  third  group  the  term  "interdenominational"  is  used  to 
signify  an  organization  which  is  controlled  by  or  which  recognizes  re- 
sponsibility to  two  or  more  denominations.  The  distinction  between 
educational  and  non-educational  is  merely  one  of  convenience. 

Fourth,  Independent  Societies,  excepting  those  which  are  distinc- 
tively educational. 

Fifth,  Independent  Societies  which  are  educational. 
Under  the  first  of  these  groups  the  Societies  are  arranged  by  single 
denominations,  the  key  word  of  the  denominational  name,  by  which  it 
is  alphabeted,  appearing  first.     The  names  of  the  denominations  are 
printed  in  Bold  Face  Capitals. 

Auxiliary  Societies,  or  those  having  any  secondary  relation,  are  indi- 
cated by  a  smaller  type.  Among  these  will  be  found  not  a  few  which 
are  auxiliary  to  organizations  with  headquarters  outside  the  United 
States.  In  such  cases  the  names  of  the  main  Societies  appear  above, 
in  large  type,  with  a  reference  to  the  home  base  country. 

The  numbers  on  the  right  of  the  names  of  the  Societies  are  carried 
through  the  Statistical  Tables  in  order  to  make  it  possible  easily  to 
identify  the  official  names  of  the  Societies  from  the  abbreviation  used 
in  the  tables. 

161 


i62  CANADA 

The  initials  immediately  following  the  name  of  the  Society  are  those 
adopted  in  the  International  System.  The  date  given  is  that  of  the 
founding  .of  the  Society.  Italicized  names  of  Societies  enclosed  in 
parentheses  are  names  in  common  use.  Names  of  fields  printed  in 
ItaHcs  are  those  in  which  work  is  carried  on  through  some  other  or- 
ganization appearing  in  the  Statistical  Tables,  or  in  which  it  works 
through  grants  in  aid  only.  The  political  divisions  enimierated  are 
given  as  they  were  at  the  outbreak  of  the  war  in  August,  19 14. 

It  should  be  noticed  that  a  few  Home  Missionary  Societies  have  been 
recorded.  This  is  on  account  of  the  work  carried  on  by  them  in  Latin 
America,  which  is  considered  as  a  foreign  field  by  the  Foreign  Missions 
Conference. 

The  International  Societies  follow  those  listed  under  the  United 
States.  They  are  arranged  alphabetically.  In  this  list,  and  in  that  of 
the  Foreign  Societies,  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  give  more  than 
the  name,  address  and  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  organization  in 
each  case.  Only  sending  Societies  are  entered.  Those  in  English- 
speaking  countries  (Australia,  New  Zealand,  Great  Britain  and  South 
Africa),  have  been  placed  under  largely  inclusive  denominational 
groups,  the  order  being  the  same  as  that  followed  in  the  World  Statis- 
tics of  Christian  Missions,  19 16.  The  Societies  in  other  countries 
have  been  placed  in  alphabetical  order. 

A  directory  of  this  nature,  aiming  to  give  information  of  the  latest 
changes  in  personnel  and  organization,  is  subject  to  constant  alteration 
and  correction.  For  making  note  of  these  changes  as  they  appear  in 
correspondence,  periodicals,  and  reports,  and  for  supplying  information 
of  new  Societies  as  they  are  formed,  the  editor  is  greatly  indebted  to 
Miss  Regina  Kohnt,  of  the  Statistical  Bureau. 


CANADA 
BAPTIST  CHURCH 

I — Canadian  Baptist  Foreign  Mission  Board  (CBM)  (1846) 
(Canadian  Baptist  Mission) 
Office:  223  Church  Street,  Toronto,  Ontario 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.,  J.  N.  Shenstone 
♦Gen.  Sec,  Rev.  Harry  E.  Stillwell,  B.A. 
Fields:  Latin  America:  South  America:  Bolivia.    The  Non-Christian 
World:  Asia:  India. (Madras) 


♦OflBcer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,    unless  otherwise  specified. 


CANADA  163 

la— Women's  Baptist  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  Ontario  (West)  (1876) 
OflSce:  8  May  .Place,  Rosedale,  Toronto,  Ontario 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  Albert^Matthews 
*Cor.  Sec.  and  For.  Sec,  Miss  MarthalRogers 
Treas.,  Mrs.  Glen  H.  Campbell 
Periodical:   "Canadian   Missionary  Link."     Editor,   Mrs.   T.   Trotter,   36  Pnnce 

Arthur  Avenue,  Toronto,  Ontario.    Price,  $.25(') 
Fields:  Latin  America:  South  America:  Bolivia.     The  Non-Christtan  World:  Asta: 
India  {Madras) 
(8)  Subscriptions  should  be  sent  to  Missionary  Link,  705  Gladstone  Avenue,  Toronto, 
Ontario 

lb — ^Women's  Baptist  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  Eastern  Ontario  and  Quebec 
(1876) 
Office:  Stumyside  Road,  Westmount,  Montreal,  Quebec 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  H.  H.  Ayer 
*Cor.  Sec,  Mrs.  P.  B.  Motley 
Treas.,  Miss  F.  M.  Russell 
Periodical:  "Canadian  Missionary  Link."    Price,  $.2 5(a) 

Fields:  Latin  America:  South  America:  Bolivia.     The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia: 
India  {Madras) 

(a)  Subscriptions  should  be  sent  to  Missionary  Link,  705  Gladstone  Avenue,  Toronto, 
Ontario 

I  c— United  Baptist  Woman's  Missionary  Union  of  the  Maritime  Provinces  (1906) 

Office:  Hantsport,  Nova  Scotia 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  David  Hutchison,  80  Main  Street,  St.  John,  New  Brunswick 
*Cor.  Sec,  Miss  M.  E.  Hume  .     ■ 

Treas.,  Mrs.  Mary  Smith,  Amherst,  Nova  Scotia 
Periodical:  "Tidings."    Editor,  Mrs.  J.  W.  Manning,  Wolfville,  Nova  Scotia.    Busi- 
ness Manager,  Mrs.  B.  W.  Ralston,  Amherst,  Nova  Scotia.    Price,  $.25  ($.15 
in  clubs  of  ten,  $.35  to  the  United  States) 
Fields:  Latin  America:  South  America:  Bolivia.     The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia: 

India  {Madras) 
Also  work  in  Canada  for  Whites,  not  covered  by  this  survey 

CHURCH  OF  ENGLAND  IN  CANADA 

2 — Missionary  Society  of  the  Church  of  England  in  Canada  (MSCC) 
(1883) 
Office:  131  Confederation  Life  Building,  Toronto,  Ontario 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.,  The  Most  Rev.  S.  P.  Matheson,  D.D.,  Primate 
♦Gen.  Sec,  Rev.  Canon  S.  Gould,  M.D. 
Sec.  Anglican  L.  M.  M.,  Rev.  W.  E.  Taylor,  M.A.,  Ph.D. 
Field  Sec,  Rev.  T.  B.  R.  Westgate,  D.D. 
Hon.  Gen.  Treas.,  J.  A.  Worrell,  Esq.,  K.C.,  D.C.L. 
Accountant,  R.  A.  Williams,  Esq. 
Periodical:  "The  Mission  World."     Editor,  Rev.  Canon  S.  Gould, 
M.D.;  Associate  Editor,  Mrs.  Willoughby  Cummings,  D.C.L. 
Price,  $1.00  (in  Great  Britain,  5s.;  to  clergy  residing  in  Canada, 
$.75) 


♦  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  shotdd  be  sent.    The  address  is  that  given 
above,  tinless  otherwise  specified 


i64  CANADA 

Fields:  Latin  Amcnca:  South  America:  Chile(*).  The  Non-Christian 
World:  Asia:  China  (FukienC**),  Honan),  Chosen (*=),  India  (Pun- 
jabC^)),  Japan,  Syria  including  Palestine{^).    Africa:  Egypt(0 

Also  work  in  Canada  for  Chinese,  Japanese,  Eskimos,  Indians,  Jews 
and  Whites 

(»)  Under  the  South  American  Missionary  Society  (England) 

(}>)  The  Woman's  Auxiliary,  imder  the  Church  of  England  Zenana  Missionary  Society 
(England) 

(•>)  The  Woman's  Auxiliary  supports  two  Japanese  Bible  Women  under  the  Society 
for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts  (England) 

{^)  Beside  the  regular  work  of  the  MSCC  in  the  Punjab,  the  Woman's  Auxiliary  sup- 
ports a  worker  under  the  Church  of  England  Zenana  Missionary  Society  (Eng- 
land) 

(")  Under  the  Jerusalem  and  the  East  Mission  (England) 

(0   Under  the  Church  Missionary  Society  for  Africa  and  the  East  (England) 

2a — Woman's  Auxiliary  to  the  Missionary  Society  of  the  Church  of  England  in  Can- 
ada (1886) 
Office:   142  Jackson  Street,  West,  Hamilton,  Ontario 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  P.  P.  Hall 
*Cor.  Sec,  Miss  A.  L.  Slater 

Treas.,  Mrs.  Donaldson,  7  McMaster  Avenue,  Toronto,  Ontario 
Periodical:  "The  Letter  Leaflet."     Editor,   Mrs.  Willoughby  Cummings,   D.C.L., 

78  Pleasant  Boulevard,  Toronto,  Ontario.    Price,  $.25 
Fields:  South  America:  Chilei,'^).    The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  {FukienQ'), 
Honan{<')),  Chosen{^),  India  {Punjabi")),  Japan(.<'),  5ym(').     Africa:  EgyptW, 
German  East  Africa{^) 
Also  work  in  Canada  for  Chinese,  Japanese,  Eskimos,  Indians,  Jews  and  Whites{o) 
(»)  Under  the  South  American  Missionary  Society  (England) 
(*>)  Under  the  Church  of  England  Zenana  Missionary  Society  (England) 
(0)  Under  the  Missionary  Society  of  the  Church  of  England  in  Canada.  The  Woman's 
Auxiliary  is  responsible  for  all  work  among  women  and  children  in  the  mission 
fields  of  that  society 
{^)  Japanese  Bible  Women  supported  under  the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the 

Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts  (England) 
(•)  Under  the  Missionary  Society  of  the  Church  of  England  in  Canada.    There  is  also 

a  worker  under  the  Church  of  England  Zenana  Missionary  Society  (England) 
(')  Under  the  Jerusalem  and  the  East  Mission  (England) 
(«)  Under  the  Church  Missionary  Society  for  Africa  and  the  East  (England) 

CONGREGATIONAL  CHURCHES 

3 — Canada    Congregational    Foreign    Missionary    Society    (CCFMS) 
(1881) 
Office:  359  Querbes  Avenue,  Outremont,  Montreal 
Executive  Officers: 
*Sec.,  George  A.  Moore 

Ed.  Sec,  Rev.  A.  F.  Pollock,  Granby,  Quebec. 
Periodical:  "The  Canadian  Congregationalist."    Editor,  Rev.  E.  D. 
Silcox,  4  Sussex  Avenue,  Toronto,  Ontario.    Price,  $1.25  ($1.50 
outside  Canada) 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Africa:  Angola('0 
(•)  This  Society  is  in  affiliation  with  the  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign 
Missions  (q.  v.  under  United  States,  Congregational),  and  its  work  in  Angola  is 
carried  on  m  connection  with  that  Board,  the  Canada  Congregational  Woman's 
Board  of  Missions  and  the  American  Missionary  Association 

♦  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.  The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


CANADA  165 

4 — Canada  Congregational  Woman's  Board  of  Missions  (CCW)  (1886) 
Office:  4  Sussex  Avenue,  Toronto,  Ontario 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  Thos.  Hill,  43  Tecumseh  Avenue,  London,  Ontario 
♦Cor.  Sec,  Miss  L.  M.  Silcox 
Rec.  Sec,  Mrs.  John  H.  Wickson,  5  Summerhill  Gardens,  Toronto, 

Ontario. 
Treas.,  Miss  L.  M.  Miatt,  63  Forest  Hill  Road,  Toronto,  Ontario 
Periodical:  "Monthly  Leaflet."     Editor,  Mrs.  Mary  M.  Savage,  61 

Guilbault  Street,  Montreal.    Price,  $.20 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Africa:  Angola(*) 
Also  work  in  Canada  for  Whites  under  the  Canada  Congregational 
Missionary  Society. 

(")  This  Society  is  in  afifiliation  with  the  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign 
Missions  (q.  v.  under  United  States,  Congregational),  and  its  work  in  Angola  is 
carried  on  in  connection  with  the  work  of  that  Board,  the  Canada  Congrega- 
tional Foreign  Missionary  Society  and  the  American  Missionary  Association. 
Work  in  India  (Madras),  Ceylon,  China  and  Asia  Minor  (Smyrna)  is  also  sup- 
ported under  the  ABCFM 

The  Mission  to  Lepers  (Ireland)  and  Women's  Christian  Medical  College 
(India)  receive  aid 

HOLINESS  MOVEMENT  CHURCH 

5— Missions  Board  of  the  Holiness  Movement  Church  (CHM)  (1895) 
{Canadian  Holiness  Movement  Mission) 
Office:  Iroquois,  Ontario 

Secretary,  Rev.  J.  W.  Campbell 
Periodical:  "The  Holiness  Era."    Editor,  Rev.  G.  A.  Christie,  43-45 

Flora  Street,  Ottawa.    Price,  $1.00  ($1.25  outside  Canada) 
Fields :  The  Non-Christian  World :  Asia :  China  (Hunan) ,  Africa :  Egypt 

MENNONITE  BRETHREN  CHURCH 

6 — Mennonite  Brethren  in  Christ  Missionary  Society,  Ontario  Con- 
ference (MBCO) 

Office:  Stoufville,  Ontario 

Secretary,  Rev.  Samuel  Goudie 
7 — Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Mennonite  Brethren  in  Christ,  Cana- 
dian Northwest  Conference  (MBCNW) 
Office:  M.  B.  C.  Church,  Didsbury,  Alberta 
Conference  Secretary,  Rev.  Theo.  Reist 

METHODIST  CHURCH 

8 — Missionary  Society  of  the  Methodist  Church  (MCC)  (1834) 
{Canadian  Methodist  Mission,  Methodist  Church  of  Canada) 
Office:  Methodist  Mission  Rooms,  299  Queen  Street,  West,;^Toronto, 

Ontario 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  S.  Dwight  Chown,  D.D. 

Gen.  Sec,  Home  Dep't,  Rev.  Charles  E.  Manning 

*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.  The  address  is  thaf  given 
above,  unless|otherwise  specified 


i66  CANADA 

Asst.  Sec.,  Home  Dep't,  Rev.  A.  Llovd  Smith,  M.A. 
♦Gen.  Sec,  For.  Dep't,  Rev.  James  Endicott,  D.D. 
Asst.  Sec,  For.  Dep't,  Rev.  Jesse  H.  Amup,  B.A. 
Sec  Y.  P.  F.  M.,  Rev.  Frederick  C.  Stephenson,  M.D. 
Hon.  Treas.,  W.  G.  Watson 
Periodical:  "The  Missionary  Outlook."     Editor,  For.   Dep't,  Rev. 

Jesse  H.  Amup,  B.A.    Price,  $.50  ($.40  in  clubs  of  six) 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Szechwan),  Japan 
Also  work  in  Canada  for  Chinese,  Japanese,  Syrians,  Indians  and 
Whites  not  covered  in  this  survey 
8a — Woman's  Missionary  Society  of  the  Methodist  Church  (1881) 
Office:  52  Markland  Street,  Hamilton,  Ontario 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  W.  E.  Ross 
♦For.  Sec.  Mrs.  E.  S.  Strachan 
Rec.  Sec,  Mrs.  Walter  T.  Brown.  B.A.,  398  Eglinton  Avenue  W.,  Toronto,  On- 
tario 
Lit.  Sec-Treas..  Mrs.  A.  M.  Phillips.  410  Wesley  Building.  Toronto,  Ontario 
Treas.,  Mrs.  N.  A.  Powell,  167  College  Street,  Toronto.  Ontario 
Periodicals:  "The  Missionary  Outlook."  Woman's  Missionary  Society  Department, 
edited  by  Miss  E.  J.  H.  McGuffin,   504  Ontario  Street,   Toronto,  Ontario. 
Price,  S.50  ($.40  to  clubs  of  six)  (») 

"Monthly  Letter."     Price.  J. is  ($.10  for  three  or  more  copies  sent  to  one 
address).     "Palm  Branch"  (Juveniles).     Editor,  Miss  L.  B.  Lathem.     Price, 

1.20 

Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Szechwan),  Japan. 
Also  work  in  Canada  for  Chinese,  Japanese,  Syrians,  Indians  and  Whites,  not  covered 
by  this  survey 
(»)  All  remittances  and  business  communications  to  Rev.  C.  E.  Manning,  Wesley 
Building,  Toronto,  Ontario 

PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH 

9 — ^Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  Presbyterian  Church  in  Canada  (PCC) 
(1843) 
{Canadian  Presbyterian  Mission,  Mission  of  the  Canadian  Presby- 
terian Church) 
Office:  439  Confederation  Life  Building,  Toronto,  Ontario 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.,  Rev.  Principal  Alfred  Gandier,  M.A.,  D.D.,  LL.D. 
vSec.,  Rev.  R.  P.  Mackay,  D.D. 
*Asst.  Sec,  Rev.  A.  E.  Armstrong,  M.A. 
Treas.,  Rev.  John  Somerville,  D.D. 
Periodical:    "The   Presbyterian   Record."     Editor,   Rev.    E.  Scott, 
D.D.,  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Building,  Montreal.    Price,  $.^0 
Fields:     Latin  America:   West  Indies:  Trinidad.     South  America: 
British.   'Guiana.      The    Non-Christian    World:    Asia:    China 
(Honan,  KiangsuC),  KirinC'),  Kwangtung,  Shantung),  Chosen, 
Formosa,  India  (Central  India,  Rajputana,  United  Provinces ('')) 
Also' work  in'Canada  for  Chinese,  not  covered  by  this  survey 
(•)  In  connection  with  the  Christian  Literature  Society  for  China 
(b)  Work  for  Koreans  near  the  border 
(«)  The  work  of  the  former  Gwalior  Presbyterian  Mission 

♦  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


CANADA  167 

— Woman's  Missionary  Society  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Canada  (Eastern 

Section)  (1876) 
Office:  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  G.  Ernest  Forbes,  Scotsburn,  Nova  Scotia 
*Cor.  Sec,  Miss  Bessie  Wallis 
Treas.,  Mrs.  D.  Blackwood,  Halifax 
Periodical:  "The  Message."    Editor,  Mrs.  William  Macnab,  321  South  Street,  Hali- 
fax, Nova  Scotia.     Price,  I.25 
Fields:  Latin  America:  West  Indies:  Trinidad.    South  America:  British  Guiana.   Th$ 

Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  Chosen 
Also  work  in  Canada  for  Jews  and  Whites,  not  covered  in  this  surveyi'') 
(»)  The  work  in  Canada  is  carried  on  through  the  Board  of  Home    Missions  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  in  Canada,  not  entered  in  this  Year  Book 

pb — ^Women's  Missionary  Society  (Western  Division)  Presbyterian  Church  in  Can- 
ada (1877) 
Office:  628  Confederation  Life  Building,  Toronto,  Ontario 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  J.  J.  Steele 
*Cor.  Sec,  Miss  Bessie  MacMurchy 
Intem'l  Sec,  Mrs.  J.  A.  Macdonald 
Treas.,  Miss  Mary  Russell 
Periodical:  "The  Missionary  Messenger."    Editor,  Mrs.  John  Mac  Gillivray.  Price, 
$.25  (in  parcel).    Individual  mailing,  $.35,  except  in  Toronto,  the  United  States 
and  foreign  countries,  for  which  it  is  S.40 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  {Honan,  Kiangsu), 'Chosen,  Formosa, 

India  {Central  India,  Rajputana,  United  Provinces) 
Also  work  in  Canada  for  Chinese,  not  covered  by  this  survey 
Also  work  in  Canada  for  Indians,  Jews  and  Whites,  not  covered  by  this  surveyi") 
(•)  Carried  on  through  the  Board  of  Home    Missions  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
Canada,  not  entered  in  this  Year  Book 

INTERDENOMINATIONAL  (Excepting  Educational) 
Mission  to  Lepers  (ML) 

(see  under  Ireland) 
10 — Mission  to  Lepers,  Canadian  Committee  (  )(») 

Office:  Room  407  Confederation  Life  Btiildings,  Toronto,  Ontario 

Secretary,  Miss  Lila  Watt,  B.A. 
Periodical:  "Without  the  Camp"  (Quarterly).     Editor,  W.  H.  P.  Anderson,  Lon- 
don, England.     Price,  $.25 
(•)  The  Mission  to  Lepers  is  not  a  sending  society,    but  cooperates  with  more  than 
thirty  Protestant  sending  societies  on  the  field,  providing  buildings  and  funds 
to  aid  their  work  among  lepers,  and  allowing  the  missionaries  of  the  societies  to 
have  the  supervision  of  the  work.     The  Mission  has  asylums  or  aids  work  in 
Dutch  Guiana,  Ceylon,  China,  Chosen,  Federated  Malay  States  and  Straits 
Settlements,  India,  Japan,  Siam,   Madagascar,  Rhodesia,   Transvaal  and  the 
Philippine  Islands 

II — Foreign   Department   of   the    Dominion    Council    of   the   Young 
Women's  Christian  Association  of  Canada  (YWCAC)  (1903) 
Office:  604  Jarvis  Street,  West,  Toronto,  Ontario.     Cable:  Emis- 
sarius 
Secretary,  Miss  Rose  Beatty 
Periodical:  "The  Association  Outlook."     Editor,  Miss  Una  Saun- 
ders.    Price,  $.50 
Fields:  The  Non-Chnstian  World:  Asia:  China  (Kwangttmg),  India 
(Bengal,  Bombay,  United  Provinces) 


*  Officer  to  whom  general  currespondence  should  be  sent.    The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


i68  CANADA 

INTERDENOMINATIONAL  (Educational) 
Women's  Christian  Medical  College  (WCMC) 

(see  under  India) 
12 — Toronto  Committee  of  the  Women's  Christian  Medical  College,  Ludhiana,  Pun- 
jab, India  (  ) 

Office:  68  Macpherson  Avenue,  Toronto,  Ontario 
Executive  Officers: 
Hon.  Pres.,  Mrs.  Grant  Helliwell 

Pres.,  Dr.  J.  Gray  Wildman  • 

*Sec..  Dr.  L.  S.  M.  Hamilton 

Treas.,  Lit,  Sec,  Dr.  Margaret  Patterson,  97  Walmer  Road,  Toronto,  Ontstfio 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  India  {Punjab) 
13 — Winnipeg   Committee  of  the  Women's  Christian  Medical  College,  Ludhiana, 
Punjab,  India  (      ) 
Office:  442  Langside  Street,  Winnipeg,  Manitoba 
Executive  Officers: 

Hon.  Pres.,  Judge  Dawson 
Pres.,  E.  J.  Shaw,  Esq. 
♦Sec,  J.  A.  Norris,  Esq. 
Treas.,  Mrs.  J.  A.  Norris 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  India  (Punjab) 

INDEPENDENT  (EXCEPTING  EDUCATIONAL) 
Ceylon  and  India  General  Mission  (CIGM) 

(see  under  England) 
14 — Ceylon  and  India  General  Mission,  Canadian  Council  (  ) 

Office:  33  West  Richmond  Street,   Toronto,  Ontario 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.,  Rev.  I.  R,  Dean 
*Sec.-Treas.,  Rev.  A.  W.  Roffe 
Periodical:  "Darkness  and  Light"  (Bi-monthly).    Editor,  David  Gardiner,  63  Oak- 
field  Road,  Stroud  Green,  London,  N.  4,  England.    Price,  $.50 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  Ceylon,  India  (Madras) 

China  Inland  Mission  (CIM) 

(see  under  International) 

15 — China  Inland  Mission,  Council  for  North  America  (Toronto  Office)  (1888)  (») 
Office:  507  Church  Street,  Toronto,  Ontario.     Cable:  Inland 
Executive  Officers: 

Home  Director,  Rev.  Henry  W.  Frost,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  U.  S.  A. 
*Act.  Sec,  Rev.  E.  A.  Brownlee 
Treas.,  Rev.  Robert  Wallace 

Pub.  and  Prayer  Union  Sec,  Frederic  F.  Helmer 
Periodical:  "China's  Millions"  (North  American  Edition).     Price,  $.50 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Anhwei,  Chekiang,  Chihli,  Honan, 
Hunan,  Hupeh,  Kansu,  Kiangsi,  Kiangsu,  Kweichow,  Shansi,  Shantung,  Shensi, 
Sinkiang,  Szechwan.  Yunnan) 
(»)  The  (Council  for  North  America  includes  both  the  Philadelphia  and  Toronto, 
Centres 

Evangelical  Union  of  South  America  (EUSA) 

(see  under  England) 
16 — Evangelical  Union  of  South  America,  North  American  Branch  (  ) 

Office:   135  Isabella  Street,  Toronto,  Ontario.    Cable:  Regions,  Toronto 

Sec -Treas.,  Rev.  George  Smith 
Periodical:  "The  Neglected  Continent."    Editor,  Rev.  George  Smith.    Price,  $.35 
Fields:  Latin  America:  South  America:  Argentine  Republic,  Brazil,  Peru 


*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  un  less  otherwise  specified 


CANADA  169 

Board  of  Management  of  the  Gwalior  Presbyterian  Mission  (GPM) 
(i904-i9i8)(^) 

{Gwalior  Presbyterian  Mission) 
(•)  Combined  with  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  Presbyterian  Church  in  Canada, 
1918 

Inland-South-America  Missionary  Union  (ISAM) 

(see  under  International) 

17 — Council  in  Canada  for  the  Inland-South- America  Missionary  Union  (191 1) 

Office:  33  West  Richmond  Street,  Toronto,  Ontario 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.,  A.  G.  Malcolm 
*Sec.-Treas..  Rev.  A.  W.  Roffe 
Periodical:   "Inland-South- America."     Editor,   Mrs.   Margaret  Hay,    130   George 

Street,  Edinburgh,  Scotland.     Price,  $.25 
Fields:  Latin  America:  South  America:  Argentine  Republic,  Brazil,  Paraguay 

Mission  Populaire  Evangelique  de  France  (McM) 

(see  under  France) 
19 — Canadian  McAll  Association 

Office:  28  Beatty  Avenue,  Toronto,  Ontario 
Executive  Officers 

Pres.,  Mrs.  Alan  Denovan 

Vice-Pres.,  Mrs.  C.  T.  Stark,  Miss  Copp,  Miss  Carty 
*Cor.  Sec,  Mrs.  W.  Hamilton 
Rec.  Sec,  Mrs.  Harry  L.  Stark 
Treas.,  Mrs.  B.  Kent 
Field:  Europe:  France 

General  Mission  Committee  of  the  Dutch  Reformed  Church  of  South 
Africa  (DRCSA) 

(see  under  South  Africa) 

20 — Canadian  Committee  of  the  Nyasaland  Mission  of  the  Dutch  Reformed  Church 
of  South  Africa  (19 14) 
Office:  33  Richmond  Street,  West,  Toronto,  Ontario 
Executive  Officers: 
Chmn.,  J.  H.  S.  Kerr 
*Sec.-Treas.,  Rev.  A.  W.  Roffe 
Fields:  (a) 
(a)  This  is  an  aiding  committee  of  the  Nyasaland  Mission  and  has  no  work  for  which 
it  is  primarily  responsible 

21 — Canadian  Committee  of  the  San  Pedro  Mission  to  the  Indians  of 
South  America  (SPI)('^) 
Office:  858  College  Street,  Toronto,  Ontario 
Executive  Officers: 
*Cor.  Sec,  Miss  A.  E.  Steckley,  Bethesda,  Ontario 
Sec.-Treas.,  Rev.  R.  V.  Bingham 
Periodical:  "The  Evangelical  Christian" 
Fields:  Latin  America:  South  America:  Argentine  Republic,  Bolivia 

(•)  The  San  Pedro  Mission  conducts  work  in  Argentine  Republic  and  Bolivia.  The 
Director  is  on  the  field.  The  above  committee  is  the  permanent  home  base 
committee  of  the  mission 


*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  tmless  otherwise  specified 


170  UNITED  STATES 

22 — Sudan  Interior  Mission  (SIM)  (1901) 

Office:  858  College  Street,  Toronto,  Ontario.  Cable:  Evangel,  Toronto 
Executive  Officers: 
*Gen.  Director,  Rev.  Rowland  V.  Bingham 
Sec.,  Ernest  Jones 
Periodical:  "The  Evangelical  Christian  and  Missionary  Witness." 

Editor,  Rev.  Rowland  V.  Bingham.     Price,  $1.25 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Africa:  Nigeria 

UNITED  STATES 

ADVENT  CHRISTIAN 

23 — American  Advent  Mission  Society  (AAM)  (1897) 
{American  Advent  Christian  Mission,  China) 
Office:  160  Warren  Street,  Boston,  Massachusetts.    Cable:  Crisis 
Executive  Officers: 
Pres.,  Rev.  Henry  Stone 
*Sec.  and  Treas.,  Rev.  Charies  F.  King,  D.D. 
Periodical:  "Prophetic  and  Mission  Record."    Editor,  Rev.  Charles 

F.  King,  D.D.    Price,  $.50  (in  clubs  of  five  or  more,  $.35) 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Anhwei,  Kiangsu) 
24 — Woman's  Home   and  Foreign   Mission   Society   of  the   Advent 
Christian  Denomination  (AACM)  (1897) 
(American  Advent  Christian  Mission,  India) 
Office:  5  Whiting  Street,  Boston,  Massachusetts.    Cable:  Shram 
Executive  Officers: 
*Pres.  and  Treas.,  Mrs.  Maude  M.  Chadsey 
Clerk,  Mrs.  N.  E.  Fellows 
Periodical:  "All  Nations  Monthly."    Editor,  Mrs.  Maude  M.  Chad- 
sey.   Price,  $.35  (three  years,  $1.00) 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  India  (Madras) 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Whites,  not  included  in  this  survey 

ADVENTIST,  SEVENTH-DAY 

25 — General  Conference  of  the  Seventh-Day  Adventist  Denomination 

(SDA)  (1863) 
Office:  Takoma  Park  Station,  Washington,   District  of  Columbia. 

Cable:  Adventist,  Washington 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  A.  G.  Daniells 
*vSec.,  Rev.  W.  A.  Spicer 
Asso.  Sec,  Rev.  J.  L.  Shaw,  M.A. 
Field  Sec,  Rev.  W.  W.  Prescott,  M.A. 
Treas.,  Rev.  W.  T.  Knox 
Periodical:  "The  Advent  Review  and  Sabbath  Herald."     Editor, 
Rev.  Francis  M.  Wilcox.    Price,  $2.50. 


*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.    ITie  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  171 

Fields:  Europe:  Austria,  Belgium,  Bulgaria,  Denmark,  England, 
France,  Germany,  Greece,  Hungary,  Ireland,  Italy,  The  Neth- 
erlands, Norway,  Portugal,  Rumania,  Russia,  Scotland,  Serbia, 
Spain,  Sweden,  Switzerland,  Wales.  Latin  America:  Mexico. 
West  Indies:  Bahama  Islands  (New  Providence  Island),  Cuba, 
Haiti,  Jamaica,  Lesser  Antilles  (Virgin  Islands  (St.  Thomas, 
Sta.  Cruz),  St.  Kitts,  Antigua,  Dominica,  St.  Lucia,  St.  Vin- 
cent, Barbados,  Trinidad),  Porto  Rico,  Santo  Domingo.  Cen- 
tral America:  British  Hondiiras,  Canal  Zone,  Costa  Rica, 
Guatemala,  Honduras,  Nicaragua,  Salvador.  South  America: 
Argentine  RepubUc,  Bolivia,  Brazil,  British  Guiana,  Chile, 
Ecuador,  Paraguay,  Peru,  Uruguay,  Venezuela.  The  Non- 
Christian  World:  Turkey  in  Europe.  Asia:  Ceylon,  China 
(Anhwei,  Chekiang,  ChihH,  Fukien,  Honan,  Hunan,  Hupeh, 
Kiangsi,  Kiangsu,  Kwangsi,  Kwangtung,  vShantung,  vShensi, 
Szechwan),  Chosen,  Federated  Malay  States,  India  (Behar  and 
Orissa,  Bengal,  Bombay,  Burma,  Madras,  Punjab,  United 
Provinces),  Japan,  Persia,  Siam,  Turkey  in  Asia.  Africa: 
Algeria,  Basutoland,  Bechuanaland  Protectorate,  Belgian  Congo, 
British  East  Africa,  Cape  of  Good  Hope  Province,  Egypt, 
Eritrea,  German  East  Africa,  Gold  Coast  Mauritius,  Natal, 
Nigeria,  Nyassaland,  Orange  River  Colony,  Rhodesia,  Sierra 
Leone,  Transvaal.  Oceania:  Philippine  Islands,  Australia,  New 
Zealand,  British  Borneo,  British  New  Guinea,  Java,  Sumatra, 
Cook  Islands,  Fiji  Islands,  New  Hebrides,  Norfolk  Island, 
Pitcaim  Island,  Samoa  Islands,  Society  Islands,  Solomon 
Islands,  Tongo  Islands. 

BAPTISTS,  GENERAL 

26 — Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  General  Association  of  General 
Baptists  in  the  United  States  (AGB)  (1903) 
Office:  Oakland  City,  Indiana 
Treas.,  Rev.  W.  P.  Dearing 
Periodical:  "The  General  Baptist  Messenger" 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Oceania:  Guam 
26a — Woman's  Auxiliary  of  the  General  Baptist  Foreign  Mission  Society  (        ) 
Office:  Mt.  Vernon,  Indiana 

Secretary,  Mrs.  R.  M.  Barrett 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Oceania:  Guam 

BAPTIST,  NATIONAL  CONVENTION 

27 — Lott  Carey  Baptist  Home  and  Foreign  Mission  Convention  in  the 
United  States  (LCBC)  (  ■      ) 
Office:  502  North  Second  Street,  Richmond,  Virginia 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  C.  S.  Brown,  D.D. 

Re  '.  Sec,  Rev.  A.  W.  Pegues,  Raleigh,  North  Carolina 
*Cor.  Sec,  Rev.  A.  A.  Graham,  D.D.,  Phoebus,  Virginia 

*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


172  UNITED  STATES 

Treas.,  Rev.  J.  H.  Hughes,  D.D. 
Statistician,  Rev.  G.  E.  Read,  D.D. 
Fields:   Latin  America:  West   Indies:   Haiti.     The   Non-Christian 
World:  Africa:  Liberia 

27a — Woman's  Auxiliary  of  the  Lott  Carey  Baptist  Foreign  Mission  Convention  of 
the  United  States  (1899) 
OflGce:  1911  Division  Street,  Baltimore,  Maryland 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  A.  B.  Randolph,  1336  T  Street,  N.  W.,  Washington,  D,  C. 
*Cor.  Sec,  Mrs.  Amelia  J.  Felton,  2812  Glasson  Street,  Portsmouth,  Virginia 
Rec.  Sec,  Mrs.  D.  J.  Avery,  Gastonia,  North  Carolina 
Treas.,  Mrs.  J.  H.  Blackwell,  14  E.  13th  Street,  Richmond,  Virginia 
Fields:   Latin   America:    West   Indies:   Haiti.      The   Non-Christian    World:   Africa: 
Liberia 

28 — Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  National  Baptist  Convention  (NBC) 
(1880) 
Office:  701  South  19th  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.,  Rev.  A.  R.  Robinson,  D.D. 
♦Cor.  Sec,  Rev.  L.  G.  Jordan,  D.D. 
Rec.  Sec,  Rev.  J.  R.  Bennett,  D.D. 
Periodical:  "The  Mission   Herald."     Editor,   Rev.   L.   G.   Jordan, 

D.D.     Price,  $.50 
Fields:  Latin  America:  West  Indies:  Jamaica,  Lesser  Antilles  (Bar- 
bados).   Central  America:  Costa  Rica.     South  America :  British 
Guiana.     Non-Christian  World.     Africa:   Cape  of  Good  Hope 
Province,  Liberia,  Natal,  Sierra  Leone. 
28a — Woman's  Convention,  Auxiliary  National  Baptist  Convention  (1900) 
Office:  Training  School,  Lincoln  Heights,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Executive  Officers:  ' 

Pres.,  Mrs.  S.  W.  Layton 
♦Cor.  Sec,  Miss  N.  H.  Burroughs 
Treas.,  Mrs.  M.  V.  Parrish 
Periodical:  "The  Mission  Herald."    Editor,  Rev.  L.  G.  Jordan,  D.D.    Price,  $.50 

BAPTIST  NORTHERN  CONVENTION 

29 — American  Baptist  Foreign  Mission  Society  (ABF)  (1814) 

(A.  B.  F.  M.  S.,  American  Baptist,  American  Baptist  North,  Baptist 
North,  Northern  Baptist) 
Office:  Ford  Building,  Boston,  Massachusetts.    Cable:  Tavoy,  Bos- 
ton 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  Thomas  J.  Villers,  D.D. 
Vice-Pres.,  Prof.  W.  A.  Wilbur,  A.  L.  Reeves 
Rec.  Sec,  WiUiam  B.  Lipphard 
Treas.,  George  B.  Pluntington 
Asso.  Sec,  William  B.  Lipphard 

For.  Sec,  *Rev.  James  H.  Franklin,  D.D.,  Rev.  Joseph  C.  Rob- 
bins,  D.D. 
Cand.  Sec,  Rev.  P.  H.  J.  Lerrigo,  M.D. 

*  Officer  to  whom   general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  \{\yc\\ 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


s 


UNITED  STATES  173 

Periodical:  "Missions."  Editor,  Rev.  Howard  B.  Grose,  D.D. 
Price,  $.75  (in  clubs  of  five  or  more,  $.50.  To  ministers,  ^.50. 
Foreign  postage,  $.35  extra.    Canadian  postage,  $.25) 

Fields:  Europe(*):  Denmark(*),  France(^),  Germany C^)(^),  Nor- 
way (^),  Russia  (^)C=),  Spain  (^),  Sweden  (^).  The  Non-Christian 
World:  Asia:  China  (Chekiang,  Kiangsi,  Kiangsu,  Kwangtung, 
Szechwan),  India  (Assam,  Behar  and  Orissa,  Bengal,  Burma 
Hyderabad,  Madras),  Japan.  Africa:  Angola,  Belgian  Congo 
Oceania:  Philippine  Islands 
•)  Aid  by  grant  only 

Discontinued  at  the  outbreak  of  the  war,  April,  191 7 

Work  in  Finland  and  among  German  Baptist  Churches.     There  has  been  no  com- 
munication for  some  time 

29a — ^Woman's  American  Baptist  Foreign  Mission  Society  (1871) 

Office:  Foreign  Department,  Ford  Building,  Boston,  Massachusetts.     Home  Ad- 
ministration Department,  1433  Stevens  Building,  Chicago,  Illinois 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  W.  A.  Montgomery 
For.  Vice-Pres.,  Mrs.  H.  W.  Peabody 
Home  Vice-Pres.,  Mrs.  Andrew  MacLeish 
Home  Sec,  Miss  Eleanor  Mare 
♦For.  Sec,  Miss  Nellie  G.  Prescott,  Ford  Building,  Boston,  Massachusetts 
Treas.,  Miss  Alice  E.  Stedman 
Periodical:  "Missions."    Editor,  Rev.  Howard  B.  Grose,  D.D.(»)     Price,  $.75  (in 
clubs  of  five  or  more,  $.50.    To  ministers,  $.50.    Foreign  postage,  $.35  extra. 
Canadian  postage,  $.25  extra) 
Fields:  Europe:   FranceQ').     The  Non-Christian   World:  Asia:  China   (Chekiang, 
Kiangsi,  Kiangsu,  Kwangtung,  Szechwan),  India  (Assam,  Behar  and  Orissa' 
Bengal,  Burma,  Hyderabad,  Madras),  Japan.    Africa:  Angola,  Belgian  Congo, 
Oceania:  Philippine  Islands 
(•)  A  special  department,  "The  Helping  Hand,"  is  edited  by  Mrs.  Helen  Barrett 

Montgomery 
Q>)  Aid  by  grant  only 

29b — ^Free  Baptist  Woman's  Missionary  Society  (1873) 
Office:  127  Cranston  Street,  Providence,  Rhode  Island 

*Cor.  Sec,  Mrs.  Lena  S.  Dennett 
Note. — United  in  1916  with  the  Woman's  American  Baptist  Foreign  Mission  So- 
ciety.   It  still  maintains  a  legal  existence  to  care  for  legacies,  but  is  no  longer  an 
independent  society.     "The  Missionary  Helper"  ceases  with  the  December, 
1 9 19,  number 

30 — ^American  Baptist  Home  Mission  Society  (ABH)  (1832) 
Office:  23  East  26th  Street,  New  York  City.    Cable:  Abhomis 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Charles  R.  Brock 

*Exec.  Sec,  Rev.  Charles  L.  White,  D.D. 

Treas.,  Samuel  Bryant 

Rec.  Sec,  Alfred  E.  Isaac 

Sec.  for  English-Speaking   Missions  and  for  Evangelism,   Rev. 

Lemuel  C.  Barnes,  D.D. 
Act.  Sec.  for  Latin  America,  Rev.  Lemuel  C.  Barnes,  D.D. 
Sec.  for  City  and  Foreign-Speaking  Missions,  Rev.  Charles  A. 

Brooks 
Edifice  Sec,  Rev.  F.  H.  Divine 


*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.    The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


174  UNITED  STATES 

Chairman  Board  of  Managers,  D.  G.  Garabrant,  Bloomfield,  N.  J. 
Rec.  Sec.  Board  of  Managers  and  Ed.  Sec,  Rev.  George  Rice 

Hovey,  D.D. 
Sec.  Soc.  Service,  Rolvix  Harlan,  D.D. 
Supt.  Evang.,  H.  F.  Stilwell,  D.D. 
Periodical:  "Missions."    Editor,  Rev.  H.  B.  Grose,  D.D.C^)     Price, 
$.75  (in  clubs  of  five  or  more,  $.50.    To  ministers,  $.50.    Foreign 
postage,  $.35  extra.    Canadian  postage,  $.25  extra) 
Fields:  Latin  America:  Mexico.     West  Indies:  Cuba,  Porto  Rico. 

Central  America:  Nicaragua,  Salvador 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Chinese,  Indians,  Japanese,  Mex- 
icans, Negroes  and  Whites,  not  included  in  this  survey 
(a)  A  special  department,  "From  the  Home  Lands,"  is  edited  by  Rev.  Charles  L. 
White,  D.D. 

31 — Woman's    American   Baptist   Home    Mission    Society    (ABHW) 
(1877)     • 
Office:  2969  Vernon  Avenue,  Chicago,  Illinois 
Executive  OflScers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  John  Nuveen 
♦Ex.  Sec,  Mrs.  Katherine  S.  Westfall 
Rec.  Sec,  Mrs.  S.  C.  Jennings 
Treas.,  Mrs.  Washington  Laycock 
Periodical:  "Missions."    Editor,  Rev.  H.  B.  Grose,  D.D.(*)    Price, 
$.75  (in  clubs  of  five  or  more,  $.50.    To  ministers,  $.50.    Foreign 
postage,  f  .35  extra.    Canadian  postage,  $.25  extra) 
Fields:  Latin  America:  Mexico.     West  Indies:  Cuba,  Porto  Rico. 

Central  America:  Nicaragua,  Salvador 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Chinese,  Indians,  Japanese,  Jews, 
Mexicans,  Negroes,  Syrians  and  Whites,  and  in  Alaska 
(•)  A  special  department,  "Tidings,"  is  edited  by  Miss  Alice  T.  Anderson 

BAPTIST,  SCANDINAVIAN 

32 — Scandinavian  Independent  Baptist  Denomination  (SEB)  (1893) 
Office:  P.  O.  Box  325,  Britt,  Iowa 

Sec,  Rev.  John  Edgren 
Periodicals:   "Vittnet?'     Editor,   Rev.   John  Edgren.     Price,   $.75 
"vSanningens  Van."     Editor,   Rev.   N.   P.   Truedson,   Grandy, 
Minn.     Price,  $.65 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Shensi).     Africa: 
Natal,  Transvaal 

BAPTIST,  SEVENTH  DAY 

33 — Seventh  Day  Baptist  Missionary  Society  (SDB)  (1842) 

Office:  Westerly,  Rhode  Island 

Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  Clayton  H.  Burdick 

♦  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.    The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  175 

*Cor.  Sec,  Rev.  Edwin  Shaw,   11 34  East  7th  Street,  Plainfield, 

New  Jersey 
Rec.  Sec,  A.  S.  Babcock 
Treas.,  S.  H.  Davis 
Periodical:  "The  Sabbath  Recorder" 

Fields:  Europe:  The  Netherlands.  Latin  America:  South  America: 
British  Guiana.  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Ki- 
angsu).     Oceania:  Java 

33a — Woman's  Executive  Board,  Seventh  Day  Baptist  General  Conference  (1884) 
OfiBce:  Milton,  Wisconsin 

Secretary,  Mrs.  J.  H.  Babcock 
Periodical:  "The  Sabbath  Recorder"  (Missionary  Department).    Editor,  Mrs.  G.  E. 

Crosley 
Fields:  Europe:  The  Netherlands.    Latin  America:  South  America:  British  Guiana. 
The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Kiangsu).    Oceania:  Java 

33b— American  Sabbath  Tract  Society  (Seventh  Day  Baptist)  (ASTS) 
Office:  1 134  Seventh  Avenue,  Plainfield,  New  Jersey 
Corresponding  Secretary,  Rev.  Edwin  Shaw 

BAPTIST,  SOUTHERN  CONVENTION 

34 — Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Southern  Baptist  Convention  (SBC) 
(184s) 
(American  Baptist  South,  Baptist  South,  Southern  Baptist  Convention) 
Office:    8    North    6th    Street,    Richmond,   Virginia.      Cable:   Ray, 

Richmond 
Executive  Officers: 

Cor.  Sec,  Rev.  J.  P.  Love,  D.D. 
*Asso.  Sec,  Rev.  T.  B.  Ray,  D.D. 
Treas.,  George  N.  Sanders 
Periodical:  "Home  and  Foreign  Fields."(^)    Editor,  G.  S.  Dobbins. 

Price,  $.50 
Fields:  Europe:  Hungary,  Italy.     Latin  America:  Mexico.     South 
America:   Argentine   Republic,    Brazil,    Chile,    Uruguay.     The 
Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Anhwei,  Honan,  Kiangsu, 
Kwangsi,  Kwangtung,  Shantung),  Japan.    Africa:  Nigeria 
(•)  Edited  and  published  by  the  Sunday  School  Board  of  the  Southern  Baptist  Con- 
vention, 161  Eighth  Avenue,  North,  Nashville,  Tennessee.     A  special  depart- 
ment, "From  the  Foreign  Mission  Board,"  is  edited  by  the  Rev.  J.  F.  Love, 
D.D. 

34a — ^Woman's  Missionary  Union  (Auxiliary  to  the  Southern  Baptist  Convention) 

(1888)  (a) 

Office:  IS  West  Franklin  Street,  Baltimore,  Maryland 
Executive  Officers: 
*Cor.  Sec,  Miss  Kathleen  Mallory 
Treas.,  Mrs.  W.  C.  Lowndes 
Periodical:  "Royal  Service."    Editor,  Mrs.  W.  R.  Nimmo.    Price,  $.3S(^) 
Fields:  Europe:  Hungary{i),  Italy(i).     Latin  America:  Mexico{i).     West  Indies: 
Cuba{2).     Central  America:  Canal  Zone{2).     South  America:  Argentine  Re- 
publicii),  Brazilii),  Chile{i),  Uruguay{i).     The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia: 
Chinaii), {Anhwei,  Honan,  Kiangsu,  Kwangsi,  Kwangtung,  Shantung),  Japati(i). 


*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  shovild  be  sent.    The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


176  UNITED  STATES 

Africa:  Nigeria{i).    Also^work  in  the  United  States  for  Indians,  Negroes  and 

Whitesi2) 

(i)  Under  the  Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Southern  Baptist  Convention 

(2)  Under  the  Home  Mission  Board  of  the  Southern  Baptist  Convention 
(»)  This  society  is  auxiliary  to  the  Southern  Baptist  Convention,  which  operates  in 
respect  to  foreign  missions  through  the  Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Southern 
Baptist  Convention,  and  with  respect  to  home  missions  through  the  Home  Mis- 
sion Board  of  the  Southern  Baptist  Convention.  The  Woman's  Missionary 
Union  raises  money  for  both  of  these  boards,  but  it  is  auxiUary  primarily  to  the 
Southern  Baptist  Convention  which  created  them  rather  than  to  the  boards 
themselves 
(b)  A  special  department,  "From  the  Woman's  Missionary  Union,"  edited  by  Miss 
Kathleen  Mallory,  is  published  in  "Home  and  Foreign  Fields,"  the  organ  of  the 
Southern  Baptist  Convention  and  the  Southern  Baptist  Churches 

35 — Home  Mission  Board  of  the  Southern  Baptist  Convention  (SBCH) 

(1845) 
Office:  1004  Healey  Building,  Atlanta,  Georgia 
Cor.  Sec,  Rev.  B.  D.  Gray,  D.D 
Periodical:  "Home  and  Foreign  P'ields."C')     Editor,  G.  S.  Dobbins. 

Price,  $.50 
Fields:  Latin  America:  West  Indies:  Cuba.    Central  America:  Canal 

Zone 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Indians,  Negroes  and  Whites     

(•)  Edited  and  published  by  the  Sunday  School  Board  of  the  Southern  Baptist  Con- 
vention, 161  Eighth  Avenue,  North,  Nashville,  Tennessee.  A  special  depart- 
ment, "From  the  Home  Mission  Board,"  is  edited  by  the  Rev.  B.  D.  Gray,  D.D. 

BRETHREN,  CHURCH  OF  THE  (DUNKER) 

36— General  Mission  Board  of  the  Church  of  the  Brethren  (GBB)  (1884) 
{Church  of  the  Brethren  Mission,  Bunkers) 
Office:  Elgin,  Illinois 

Sec.-Treas.,  Rev.  J.  H.  B.  Williams 
Periodical:  "The  Missionary  Visitor."     Editor,  Rev.  J.  H.  B.  Wil- 
liams. Price,  $.50  (foreign  countries,  including  Canada,  $.15  extra) 
Fields:    Europe:    Denmark,    Sweden.      The    Non-Christian    World: 
Asia:  China  (Shansi),  India  (Bombay) 
BRETHREN  CHURCH  (PROGRESSIVE) 

37 — Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  Brethren  Church  (FBC)  (1900) 
Office:  906  Conover  Building,  Dayton,  Ohio 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  J.  Allen  Miller,  D.D.,  Ashland,  Ohio 
*Sec.,  Rev.  Alva  J.  McClain,  2257  North  Tenth  Street,  Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania 
Treas.,  Rev.  Louis  S.  Bauman,  1350  East  3rd  Street,  Long  Beach, 

California 
Gen.  Miss.  Sec,  William  A.  Gearhart 
Periodical:  "The  Brethren  Missionary"  (Quarterly).     Editor,  Rev. 
Louis  S,  Bauman,  1350  East  3rd  Street,  Long  Beach,  California. 
Price,  $.25 
Fields:  Latin  America:  South  America:  Argentine  Republic.     The 
Non-Christian  World:  Africa:  French  Equatorial  Africa 

*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.  The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  177 

BRETHREN  IN  CHRIST  (TUNKERS) 

38 — ^Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Brethren  in  Christ  of  the  United 
States  of  America  and  Canada  (BC)  (1896) 
{Brethren  in  Christ  Mission,  Tunkers) 
Office:  Mt.  Joy,  Pennsylvania 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.,  Bishop  J.  R.  Zook 
♦Sec,  Rev.  E.  W.  Musser 
Asst.  Sec,  Elder  J.  L.  Heisey 
Treas.,  Elder  S.  G.  Eugle 
Periodical:  "Evangelical    Visitor."     Editor,    V.    L.    Stump,   Nap- 

panee,  Indiana.     Price,  $1.50 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  India  (Behar  and  Orissa). 
Africa:  Rhodesia,  Transvaal 

BRETHREN,  PLYMOUTH 
39 — ^Brethren  Missionaries  (PB)(*) 
(Plymouth  Brethren) 
Headquarters  in  America:  Missionary  Training  Institute,  393  3rd 

Street,  Brooklyn,  New  York 
R.  J.  MacLachlan,  100  Sherman  Place,  Jersey  City,  New  Jersey 
Periodical:  "Voices  of  the  Vineyard."     Editor,  R.  J.  MacLachlan. 

Free.     "Armour  of  Light"  (Chicago) 
Fields:  Europe:  Russia,  Spain,  Sweden.    Latin  America:  The  West 
Indies:  Lesser  Antilles.     Central  America:  Guatemala.     South 
America:  Argentine  Republic,  Venezuela.     The  Non-Christian 
World:  Asia:  China,  India.    Africa:  Algeria,  Mauritius,  Sudan. 

(a)  This  is  not  a  Society,  strictly  speaking.  The  missionaries  are  not  under  super- 
vision of  a  central  organization.  "Voices  of  the  Vineyard"  acts  as  an  agency 
in  transmitting  funds  to  the  missionaries.  The  English  branch  of  the  Brethren 
Missionaries  is  knovra  as  Christian  Missions  in  Many  Lands,  or  the  "Echoes 
of  Service"  Missionary  Society 

CHRISTIAN  AND  MISSIONARY  ALLIANCE 

40 — Christian  and  Missionary  Alliance  (CM A)  (1897) 

Office:  690  Eighth  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 
Pres.,  Rev.  Paul  Bader. 
♦For.  Sec,  Rev.  R.  H.  Glover,  M.D. 
Gen.  Sec,  Rev.  W.  M.  Turnbull,  D.D. 
Treas.,  David  Crear 
Periodical:    "The   Alliance   Weekly."      Editor,  Rev.  F.  H.  Senft. 

Price,  $2.00  (foreign  coimtries,  including  Canada,  ^.50   extra) 
Fields:  Latin  America:  West  Indies:  Jamaica,  Porto  Rico.     South 
America:    Argentine    Republic,    Chile,    Ecuador.      The    Non- 
Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Anhwei,  Hunan,  Hupeh,  Kansu, 
Kiangsu,  Kwangsi,  Tibet),  French  Indo-China,  India  (Berar, 

*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.  The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


178  UNITED  STATES 

Bombay),  Japan,  Syria,  including  Palestine.  Africa:  Angola, 
Belgian  Congo,  French  Sudan,  Sierra  Leone.  Oceania:  Philip- 
pine Islands 

CHRISTIAN  CHURCH(^) 

41 — Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Christian  Church  (CC)  (1878) 
Office:  Christian  Publishing  Association  Building,  Dayton,  Ohio 

Cable:  Missioner,  Dayton 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  W.  H.  Denison,  D.D. 
♦Act.  For.  Sec,  Rev.  E.  K.  McCord 
Rec.  Sec,  Rev.  W.  P.  Minton 
Treas.,  Rev.  O.  S.  Thomas 
Periodical:  "The  Christian  Missionary."     Editor,  Rev.  E.  K.  Mc- 
Cord; Assistant  Editor,  Rev.  O.  S.  Thomas.     Price,  $.50  ($.40 
in  clubs  of  ten) 
Fields:  Latin  America:  West  Indies:  Porto  Rico.     South  America: 
British  Guiana(*').    The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  Japan 
(•)  This   church  should  not  be  confused  with  the  Disciples  of  Christ,  who  are  also 

known  as  Christians 
e*)  The  Guiana  field  is  now  the  missionary  charge  of  the  Afro-Christian  Convention, 
the  negro  branch  of  the  Christian  Church 

41a — Woman's  Board  for  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Christian  Church  (1886) 
Office:  Christian  Publishing  Association  Building,  Dayton,  Ohio 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  M.  T.  Morrill,  20  College  Place,  Defiance,  Ohio 
*Cor.  Sec,  Mrs.  Lulu  C.  Helfenstein 
Treas.,  Miss  Mary  A.  Rowell 
Fields:  Latin  America:  West  Indies:  Porto  Rico.     The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia: 
Japan 

CHURCH  OF  GOD 

42 — Church  of  God  Foreign  Missionary  Board  (CGFM) 
Office:  2524  Gautt  Street,  Cleveland,  Tenn. 
Executive  Officers: 

Gen.  Overseer,  A.  J.  Tomlinson 
*For.  Miss.  Sec,  J.  S.  Llewellyn 
Periodical:  "The  Church  of  God  Evangel."     Editor,  A.  J.  Tom- 
linson.   Price,  $1.00 

43 — Missionary  Board  of  the  Church  of  God  (CGM) 

Office:  Gospel    Trumpet    Company,    Anderson,    Indiana.      Cable: 
Mishunbord,  Anderson 
Sec,  J.  W.  Phelps 
Periodical:  "Gospel  Trumpet."    Editor,  F.  G.  Smith.    Price,  $2.00 
Fields:    Europe:    Denmark,    England,    Germany,    Ireland,    Russia, 
Scotland,  Sweden,  Switzerland.     Latin  America:  West  Indies: 
Jamaica,  Lesser  Antilles  (Barbados,  Trinidad).    Central  Amer- 
ica: Canal  Zone.     South  America:  British  Guiana.     The  Non- 


*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.    The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  179 

Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Kiangsu),  India  (Assam,  Behar 
and  Orissa,  Bengal,  Madras,  Punjab,  United  Provinces),  Japan, 
Syria.    Africa:  Egypt.    Oceania:  Polynesia  (Fiji  Islands) 
Also  work  in  Australia 

CHURCHES  OF  GOD,  GENERAL  ELDERSHIP 
44 — Mission  Board  of  the  General  Eldership  of  the  Churches  of  God 
(CGGE) 

Office:  818  North  Cory  Street,  Findlay,  Ohio 

Exec.  Sec,  Rev.  J.  L.  Updegraph 
Periodical:  "The  Church  Advocate."    Editor,  Dr.  S.  G.  Yahn,  Har- 

risburg.  Pa.    Price,  $2.00 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  India  (Bengal) 

44a — ^Woman's  General  Missionary  Society  of  the  Churches  of  God  (1903) 

Oflfice:  Martinsville,  Illinois 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  George  W.  Stoner,  Mt.  Pleasant,  Pennsylvania 

Vice-Pres.,  Mrs.  S.  G.  Yahn,  Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania 

Rec.  Sec,  Mrs.  Ross  J.  Geddes,  Columbia  City,  Indiana 
*Cor.  Sec,  Mrs.  G.  M.  Paxton 

Treas.,  Farmers  Loan  and  Trust  Company,  Columbia  City,  Indiana 
Periodical:  "The  Church  Advocate."    Editor,  Dr.  S.  G.  Yahn.    Price,  $2.00 
Field:  India  {Bengal) 

CONGREGATIONAL  CHURCHES 

45 — ^American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions  (ABCFM) 
(1810) 
{American  Board,  American  Congregationalists) 
Office:  14  Beacon  Street,  Boston,  Massachusetts 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Prof.  E.  C.  Moore,  D.D. 

Cor.  Sees.,  *Rev.  James  L.  Barton,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  Rev.  Cornelius 

H.  Patton,  D.D.,  Rev.  Edward  Lincohi  Smith,  D.D. 
Ed.  Sec,  Rev.  William  E.  Strong,  D.D. 
Asso.  Sees.,  Rev.  Enoch  F.  Bell,  Rev.  D.  Brewer  Eddy 
Pub.  Agent,  John  G.  Hosmer 

Dist.  Sees.,  Rev.  A.  N.  Hitchcock,  D.D.,  Rev.  H.  H.  Kelsey,  D.D. 
Treas.,  Frank  H.  Wiggin 
Asst.  Treas.,  Miss  Hester  T.  Babson 
Periodical:  "The  Missionary  Herald."     Editor,   Rev.   William  E. 

Strong,  D.D.  Price,  $.75 
Fields:  Europe:  Albania,  Austria,  Bulgaria,  Greece,  Serbia,  Spain. 
Latin  America:  Mexico.  The  Non-Christian  World:  Turkey  in 
Europe.  Asia:  Ceylon,  China  (Chihli,  Fukien,  Kwangtung, 
Shansi,  Shantung),  India  (Bombay,  Madras),  Japan,  Turkey  in 
Asia.  Africa:  Angola,  Natal,  Portuguese  East  Africa,  Rhodesia, 
Transvaal.  Oceania:  Philippine  Islands,  Caroline  Islands, 
Marshall  Islands 


*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.    The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


i8o  UNITED  STATES 

4Sa— Woman's  Board  of  Missions  (i868) 

(Woman's  Board  of  Missions,  Boston) 

Office:  14  Beacon  Street,  Boston,  Massachusetts.    Cable:  Femstalk,  Boston 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres..  Mrs.  C.  H.  Daniels 
*Home  Sec,  Miss  Helen  B.  Calder 
For.  Sec,  Miss  Kate  C.  Lamson 
Treas.,  Mrs.  Frank  Gaylord  Cook 
Periodical:  "Life  and  Light  for  Woman."    Editor,  Miss  Alice  M.  Kyle.    Price.  $.60 
fields:  Europe:  Austria-Hungary,  Bulgaria,  Serbia,  Spain.    Latin  America:- Mexico. 
1  he  h on-Christian  World:  Turkey  in  Europe.     Asia:  Ceylon,  China  {Chihli, 
tukten),  India  {Bombay.  Madras),  Japan,  Turkey  in  Asia.     Africa:  Angola, 
JSatal,  Rhodesia.    Oceania:  Philippine  Islands,  Caroline  Islands 

45b— Woman's  Board  of  Missions  of  the  Interior  (1868) 

Office:  19  South  La  Salle  Street,  Chicago,  Illinois.    Cable:  Wobodin 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  George  M.  Clark 
*Sec.,  Mrs.  Lucius  O.  Lee 
Treas.,  Mrs.  S.  E,  Hurlbut 
Periodical:  "Mission  Studies."    Editor,  Miss  Mary  I.  Lyman.    Price.  $.50 
lucias:  Europe:  Bulgaria,  Greece,  Serbia.    Latin  America:  Mexico.     The  Non-Chris- 
ttan   World:   Turkey  in  Europe.     Asia:  China   {Chihli,   Fukien,   Kwangtmig, 
Shanst,  Shantung),  India  (Bombay,  Madras),  Japan,  Turkey  in  Asia.    Africa: 
Angola.    Oceania:  Marshall  Islands 

4SC— Woman's  Board  of  Missions  for  the  Pacific  (1873) 

Office:  Room  421.  760  Market  Street,  San  Francisco,  California 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Miss  Henrietta  F.  Brewer 
™,™^  Sec,  Mrs.  C.  A.  Kofoid.  2616  Etna  Street,  Berkeley,  California 
Office  Sec,  Miss  Elisabeth  S.  Benton 
Treas.,  Mrs.  W.  W.  Ferrier 
Periodical:  "Our  Work."    Editor,  Mrs.  W.  W.  Ferrier.    Price,  $.25 
I'telds:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Fukien,  Shantung(^)).  India   (Bom- 
oay(^),  Madras(<^)),  Japan,  Turkey  in  Asia.    Africa:  Portuguese  East  Africa 
(■)  Aid  by  grant 

45d— Trustees  of  the  Endowment  Fund  of  the  American  College,  Madura,  India 
(1906) 

(American  College,  Madura) 
Office:  287  Fourth  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 
♦Sec,  Rev.  Edward  Lincoln  Smith,  D.D. 
Treas..  Frank  H.  Warner,  52  Vanderbilt  Avenue,  New  York  City 
I'teld:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  India  (Madras) 

4Se— Trustees  of  CentralJTurkey  College,  Aintab  (1876) 
(Central  Turkey  College,  Aintab) 
Office:  14  Beacon  Street.  Boston.  Massachusetts.    Cable:  Femstalk,  Boston 

Secretary,  Rev.  Enoch  F.  Bell 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  Turkey  in  Asia 

45f— Trustees  of  Euphrates  College  Funds  (1878) 

(Euphrates  College) 
Office:  14  Beacon  Street,  Boston,  Massachusetts.    Cable:  Femstalk,  Boston 

Secretary,  Rev.  James  L.  Barton,  D.D.,  LL.D. 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  Turkey  in  Asia 


*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.    The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  i8i 

45g— Trustees  of  Jaffna  College  Funds  (1877) 

{Jaffna  College) 
Office:  14  Beacon  Street,  Boston,  Massachusetts 

Secretary,  Rev.  James  L.  Barton,  D.D.,  LL.D. 
Periodical:  "Jaffna  College  Miscellany."    (Ceylon) 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  Ceylon 

45I1— Board  of  Trustees  of  St.  Paul's  Institute  (1887) 
{St.  Paul's  Institute) 
Office:  14  Beacon  Street,  Boston,  Massachusetts 
Secretary,  Rev.  James  L.  Barton,  D.D.,  LL.D. 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  Turkey  in  Asia 

46 — ^American  Missionary  Association  (AMA)  (1846) 
Office:  287  Fourth  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Henry  C.  King,  LL.D. 
Cor.  Sec,  *Rev.  George  L.  Cady,  D.D. 
Asso.  Sec,  Rev.  Samuel  Lane  Loomis,  D.D. 
Treas.,  Irving  C.  Gaylord 
Periodical:  "The  American  Missionary. "C^)    Editor,  Rev.  William  S. 

Beard.    Price,  ^.50  (in  clubs  of  five  or  more,  $.25) 
Fields:  Latin  America:  West  Indies:  Porto  Rico..     The  Non-Christian 
World:  Africa:  Angolai^) 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  among  Chinese,  Japanese,  Hindus, 
Indians,  Cubans,  Mexicans,  Negroes  and  Whites,  and  in  Alaska 
and  Hawaii,  not  covered  by  this  survey 

(")  A  special  department,  "The  American  Missionary  Association,"  is  edited  by  the 
Rev.  Augustus  F.  Beard,  D.D. 

(b)  Several  workers  are  supported  in  Angola  under  the  American  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners for  Foreign  Missions 

DISCIPLES  OF  CHRIST  (Also  called  Christian) 
47 — United  Christian  Missionary  Society  (UCMS)  (i9i9)(a) 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  F.  W.  Bumham,  D.D. 

Vice-Presidents,  *Rev.  A.  McLean,  222  West  4th  Street,  Cincin- 
nati, Ohio;  Mrs.  Anna  R.  Atwater 
Periodical:  "The  World  Call" 

(a)  Formed  in  1919  by  the  Union  of  the  Christian  Woman's  Board  of  Missions,  the 
Foreign  Christian  Missionary  Society,  the  American  Christian  Missionary 
Society,  and  three  other  boards  of  the  Disciples  of  Christ  Church,  The  loca- 
tion of  the  office  of  the  new  Society  has  not  been  determined  upon.  The  fields 
will  be  those  of  the  three  Societies  combining 

48 — ^Foreign  Christian  Missionary  Society  (FCMS)  (1875) 
Office:  222  West  4th  Street,  Cincinnati,  Ohio 
Executive  Officers: 
Pres.,  Rev.  A.  McLean 
Sees.,  *Rev.  Stephen  J.  Corey,   LL.D.,  Rev.  A.  E.  Cory,  D.D., 

R.  A.  Doan,  Rev.  Bert  Wilson,  Rev.  C.  M.  Yocum 
Treas.,  C.  W.  Plopper 

*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  shotdd  be  sent.  The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


i82  UNITED  STATES 

Periodical:  "Worid  Call."  Editors,  W.  R.  Warren  and  Mrs.  Effie 
L.  Cunningham,  222  Downey  Avenue,  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 
Price,  ^i.oo 

Fields:  Europe:  Denmark (*),  England (*),  Norway (*),  Sweden C'). 
The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Anhwei,  Kiangsi, 
KiangsuC'),  Szechwan (<=)),  India  (Central  Provinces (^)),  Japan. 
Africa:  Belgian  Congo C^).    Oceania:  Philippine  Islands 

(»)  Aid  by  grant 

(y)  Cooperated  with  the  Christian  Woman VBoard  of  Missions  at  Nantungchou  (Tung- 

chou) 
(e)  Work  extending  over  into  Tibet 
(<^)  Cooperates  with  the  Christian  Woman's  Board  of  Missions 

49 — Christian  Woman's  Board  of  Missions  (CWBM)  (1874) 
Office:  College  of  Missions  Building,  Indianapolis,  Indiana 
Executive  Officers: 

*Pres.  Mrs.  Anna  R.  Atwater 
Vice-Pres.,  Mrs.  Ida  W.  Harrison 

Sees.,  Mrs,  Effie  L.  Cunningham,  Mrs.  J.  McDaniel  Stearns,  Miss 
Daisy  June  Trout,  Mrs.  Ellie  K.  Payne,  Mrs.  G.  M.  Anderson, 
Mrs.  Lida  B,  Pearce 
Sec.  of  Mission  Circles,  Mrs.  Frank  L.  Johnson 
Treas.,  Mrs.  Susanne  Moffett 
Periodical:  "Worid  Call."     Editors,  W.  R.  Warren  and  Mrs.  Effie 
L.  Cunningham,  222   Downey  Avenue,  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 
Price,  $1.00 
Periodical:  "King's  Builders."  Editor,  Mrs.  Lida  B.  Pearce.  Price,  $.25 
Fields:  Latin  America:  Mexico.    West  Indies:  Jamaica,  Porto  Rico. 
South   America:   Argentine   Republic,    Paraguay,    Uruguay ("), 
The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China    (Anhwei,  KiangsuC*)), 
India  (Central   Provinces(^),  United   Provinces).     Africa:  Bel- 
gian Congo  (•=) 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Chinese,  Japanese,  Mexicans, 
Negroes  and  Whites,  in  Canada  for  Indians,  and  for  Whites  in 
New  Zealand,  not  included  in  this  survey 

(»)  In  Union  Theological  Seminary 

Q>)  In  cooperation  with  the  Foreign  Christian  Missionary  Society  in  Tungchow  (Nan- 
tungchou) 
(«)  In  cooperation  with  the  Foreign  Christian  Missionary  Society 

EPISCOPAL 

50 — Domestic    and    Foreign    Missionary    Society    of    the    Protestant 
Episcopal  Church  in  the  United  States  of  America  (PE)  (1820) 
(American  Church  Mission,  American  Episcopal) 
Office:  281  Fourth  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 

Pros.,  Rt.  Rev.  Arthur  S.  Lloyd,  D.D. 
♦For.  Sec.,  John  W.  Wood,  D.C.L. 
Dom.  Sec.,  Rev.  Francis  S.  White 
Latin  America  Sec,  Rev.  Arthur  R.  Gray,  D.D. 

♦  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  183 

Rec.  Sec.,  Rev.  Franklin  J.  Clark 

Ed.  Sec,  Rev.  Charles  E.  Betticher 

Edu.  Sec,  William  C.  Sturgis,  Ph.D. 

Cor.  Sec,  Rev.  R.  Bland  Mitchell 

Treas.,  Lewis  B.  Franklin 

Asst.  Treas.,  Chas.  A.  Tompkins 
Periodical:  "The  Spirit  of  Missions."    Editor,  Rt.  Rev.  Arthur  S. 

Lloyd,  D.D.  Price,  $1.00 
Fields:  Latin  America:  Mexico.  West  Indies:  Cuba,  Haiti C"),  Porto 
Rico.  Central  America:  Canal  ZoneC).  South  America:  Brazil. 
The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Anhwei,  Hupeh,  Kiangsi, 
Kiangsu),  Japan.  Africa:  Liberia.  Oceania:  Philippine  Islands 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Chinese,  Japanese,  Indians,  Ne- 
groes and  Whites,  in  Alaska  for  Eskimos,  Indians  and  Whites, 
and  in  Hawaii  for  Chinese,  Japanese,  Koreans  and  Whites,  not 
covered  by  this  survey 

Note. — This  Society  was  reorganized  at  the  General  Convention  of  the  Chtirch  at 
Detroit  in  October,  but  the  new  plan  does  not  go  into  effect  until  January, 
1920,  and  it  is  not  possible  at  this  writing  to  tell  just  what  form  the  organiza- 
tion wiU  take  or  to  supply  the  names  of  the  officers 

(»)  Work  by  Haitiens  only 

(b)  Work  for  Whites  only 

50a — ^Woman's  Auxiliary  to  the  Domestic  and  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Chtirch  in  the  United  States  of  America  (1871) 
Office:  281  Fourth  Avenue,  New  York  City.    Cable:  Fenalong,  New  York 
Executive  Officers: 
*Gen.  Sec,  Miss  M.  G.  Lindley 
Educ.  Sec,  Miss  Emily  C.  Tillotson 
Organizing  Sec,  Mrs.  George  Biller 
Jun.  Sec,  Miss  Frances  H.  Withers 
Candidate  Sec,  Deaconess  Henrietta  R.  Goodwin 
Periodical:  "The  Spirit  of  Missions."     Editor,   Rt.  Rev,  Arthur  S.  Lloyd,   D.D. 

Price,  $1.00 
Fields:  Latin  America:  Mexico.  West  Indies:  Cuba,  Haitii'^),  Porto  Rico.  Central 
America:  Canal  Zone{^).  South  America:  Brazil.  The  Non-Christian  World: 
Asia:  China  {Anhwei,  Hupeh,  Kiangsi,  Kiangsu),  Japan.  Africa:  Liberia. 
Oceania:  Philippine  Islands 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Chinese,  Japanese,  Indians,  Negroes  and  Whites, 
and  in  Alaska  for  Eskimos,  Indians  and  Whites,  and  in  Hawaii  for  Chinese, 
Japanese,  Koreans  and  Whites,  not  covered  by  this  survey 

(a)  Work  by  Haitiens  only 

(b)  Work  for  Whites  only 

EPISCOPAL,  REFORMED 

51 — Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Reformed  Episcopal  Church 

(RE)  (1894) 
Office:  103  West  End  Trust  Building,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Bishop  Robert  L.  Rudolph,  D.D. 
*Sec.,  H.  H.  Sinnamon 
Treas.,  Norman  S.  McCausland 
Periodical:  "The  Episcopal  Recorder" 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  India  (United  Provinces) 

*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.    The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


i84  UNITED  STATES 

51a — Woman's  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  Reformed  Episcopal  Church  (1889) 

Office:  639  North  nth  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  Robt.  S.  Rudolph 
Rec.  Sec,  Mrs.  S.  B.  Ray 
*Cor.  Sec.  and  Treas.,  Miss  Marie  L,  Brearley 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  India  (United  Provinces) 

EVANGELICAL  ASSOCIATION 

52 — Missionary  Society  of  the  Evangelical  Association  of  North  Amer- 
ica (EA)  (1838) 
{Board  of  Missions  of  the  Evangelical  Association,  Evangelical  Asso- 
ciation Mission) 
Office:  1903  Woodland  Avenue,   S.   E.,   Cleveland,   Ohio.     Cable: 

Evangel 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  T.  C.  Meckel 
*Sec.  and  Treas.,  Rev.  George  Johnson 
Field  Sec,  Rev.  B.  R.  Wiener 
Assist.  Sec.  and  Treas.,  Rev.  Geo.  E,  Epp 
Periodicals:    "Evangelischer   Missionsbote."      Editor,    Rev.    T.    C. 
Meckel.     Price,  $.35.     "Missionary  Messenger."    Editor,  Mrs. 
S.  J.  Gamertsfelder.    Price,  $.35 
Fields:   Europe:   France,   Germany ("),   Switzerland (^).     The   Non- 
Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Hunan,  Kweichow),  Japan 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  and  Canada  for  Whites,  not  covered 
by  this  survey 
(•)  Work  conducted  by  Germans  only 
{^)  Work  conducted  by  Swiss  only 

52a — Woman's  Missionary  Society  of  the  Evangelical  Association  (1880) 

Office:  Naperville,  Illinois 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  E.  M.  Spreng 
*Rec.  Sec,  Miss  L.  Ethel  Spreng 

Cand.  Sec,  Mrs.  J.  S.  Stamm 

Treas.,  Miss  E.  L.  Horn 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  {Hunan,  Kweichow),  Japan 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  and  Canada  for  Whites,  not  covered  by  this  survey 

EVANGELICAL,  UNITED 

53 — Home  and  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  United  Evangelical 
Church  (UE)  (1891) 
{United  Evangelical  Mission) 
Office:  Evangelical  Building,  Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  U.  F.  Swengel,  D.D. 
Vice-Pres.,  Rev.  S.  L.  Wiest 
Rec.  Sec,  Rev.  J.  Q.  A.  Curry,  D.D. 
*Cor.  Sec,  Rev.  B.  H.  Niebel,  D.D. 
Treas.,  WiUiam  H.  Hendel 

*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  185 

Periodicals:  "The  Evangelical."  Editor,  Rev.  H.  B.  Hartzler,  D.D., 
Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania.  Asso.  Ed.,  Rev.  W.  H.  Fouke,  D.D. 
Price,  I2.50.  "Missionary  Tidings"  and  "Missionary  Gem." 
Editor,  Miss  Emma  D.  Messinger.  Price,  $.50  and  $.20  re- 
spectively 

Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Hunan).  Africa: 
Nigeria{^) 

Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Whites,  not  covered  by  this 
survey 

(*)  Supports  a  missionary  and  his  wife  tinder  the  Sudan  United  Mission  (International) 

53a — ^Woman's  Home  and  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  United  Evangelical 
Church  (1891) 
Office:  209-211  Evangelical  Building,  Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  W.  J.  Gruhler 
Vice-Pres.,  Mrs.  H.  D.  Shultz 
Sec,  Mrs.  Emma  F.  Divan 
*Exec.  Sec,  Miss  Emma  D.  Messinger 
Sec.  and  Pub.  of  Lit.,  Miss  Lillian  C.  Graeflf 
Treas.,  Mrs.  J.  G.  Finkbeiner 
Periodical:  "Missionary  Tidings."    Editor,  Miss  Emma  D.  Messinger.    Price,  $.so 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  {Hunan).     Africa:  Nigeria{^) 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Whites,  not  covered  by  this  survey 
(»)  Supports  a  missionary  and  wife  under  the  Sudan  United  Mission  (International) 

EVANGELICAL  SYNOD 

54 — Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Evangelical  Synod  of  North  America 

(ESNA)  (1865) 

Office:  2951  Tnden  Street,  N.  W.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  C.  W.  Locher 
*Gen.  Sec,  Rev.  Paul  A.  Menzel 
Rec.  Sec,  Rev.  Samuel  Lindenmeyer 
Treas.,  Rev.  T.  Lehmann 
Periodicals:  "Fhegende  Missions-Blatter,"   "Our  Work  in  India," 

"Our  Mission  Sunday" 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  India  (Central  Provinces) 

FRIENDS  (ORTHODOX) 

55 — ^Foreign  Missionary  Association  of  Friends  of  Philadelphia  (AFP) 
(1882) 
Office:  Cheltenham,  Pennsylvania 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Walter  W.  Haviland,  Lansdowne,  Pennsylvania 
Gen.  Sec,  Mrs.  William  H.  Collins 
*Cor.  Sec,  Miss  Mary  M.  Haines 
Rec.  Sec,  Miss  S.  M.  Longstreth 
Treas.,  Miss  Lydia  W.  Rhoads 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  Japan 

*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.    The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


i86  UNITED  STATES 

56 — ^American  Friends  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  (AFFM)  (1894) 
Office:  loi  South  Eighth  Street,  Richmond,  Indiana.    Cable:  "Fremi, 

Richmond,  Indiana" 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  George  H.  Moore 
Vice-Pres.,  Charles  M.  Woodman 
*Gen.  Sec.,  Ross  A.  Hadley 
Ed.  Sec,  B.  Willis  Beede 
Field  Sec,  Sylvester  Jones 
Hon.  Sec,  Charles  E.  Tebbetts 
Treas.,  Edgar  F.  Hiatt 
Periodical:  "The  American  Friend."    Editor,  Walter  C.  Woodward. 

Price,  $2.00 
Fields:  Latin  America:  Mexico.    West  Indies:  Cuba,  Jamaica.    The 
Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Szechwan  C')),  Syria,  includ- 
ing Palestinei^). 
Africa:  British  East  Africa 

(»)  A  missionary  of  the  Friends  Foreign  Mission  Association  (England),  assigned  to 
the  West  China  Union  University,  has  been  transferred  to  the  AFFM.  Further 
responsibility  may  be  assumed  by  the  American  society  later 

Q>)  The  former  mission  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Yearly  Meeting  of 
Friends  for  New  England.  It  had  been  closed  on  account  of  the  war,  but  was 
resumed  in  July,  1919 

56a — Woman's  Missionary  Union  of  Friends  in  America  (1887)  (') 
Office:  Beloit,  Ohio 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  C.  E.  Vickers 
♦Cor.  Sec,  Mrs.  Louise  Urton  Ellett 
Treas.,  Miss  Emma  G.  Randolph  xt    tx  ,  , 

Periodical:   "Friends  Missionary  Advocate."       Editor.    Mrs.   Leonora  N.  Hobbs, 
Bloomingdale,  Indiana.    Price,  |.so  ($.62  to  Canada  and  foreign  countries)  (t) 
Fields:    Latin   America:    Mexico{'=).      West   Indies:   Cubai"),   Jamaica{<').     Central 
America:  Cuatemalai^) ,  Hondurasi'^).    The  Non-Christian  World:   Asia:  China 
(Kiangsui")),  India  {Central  India{^)),  Japani}),  Syria,  including  Palestinei"). 
Africa:  British  East  Africa{') 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Indians,  under  the  Associated  Executive  Com- 
mittee of  Friends  (Orthodox)  on  Indian  Affairs,  not  entered  in  this  directory, 
work  in  the  United  States  for  Japanese  and  Mexicans,  and  in  Alaska  for  Eskimos, 
both  under  the  Board  of  Missions  of  the  Friends'  Church  of  California,  and  not 
covered  by  this  survey 
(•)  This  Society  is  auxiliary  to  the  other  Friends'  Societies 
Q')  Subscriptions  should  be  sent  to  the  Treasurer,  Elizabeth  C.  Furnas,   2717  College 

Avenue,  Indianapolis,  Indiana 
(0)  Under  the  American  Friends  Board  of  Foreign  Missions 

(d)  Under  the  Board  of  Missions  of  the  Friends  Church  of  California 

(e)  Under  the  Friends'  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  Ohio  Yearly  Meeting 
(')  Under  the  Foreign  Missionary  Association  of  Friends  of  Philadelphia 

57— Board  of  Missions  of  the  Friends   Church  of  California  (FCC) 
(1895) 
{Friends  Church  of  California) 
Office:  72  North  Hudson  Street,  vSouth  Pasadena,  California 
Superintendent,  Benjamin  S.  Coppock 

*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  187 

Fields:  Latin  America:  Central  America:  Guatemala,  Honduras 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Japanese  and  Mexicans,  and  in 
Alaska  for  Eskimos,  not  included  in  this  survey 

58 — ^Friends'  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  Ohio  Yearly  Meeting 

(AFO)   (1890) 
{American  Friends'  Mission  (Ohio)) 
Office:  153  W.  Oxford  Street,  Alliance,  Ohio 
Executive  Officers: 
*Cor.  Sec,  Miss  Rachel  Pirn 
Treas.,  Elbert  L.  Benedict 
Periodical:  "Friends'    Oriental   News."     Editor,    Miss   Esther   H. 

Butler.     Price,  $.35 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China   (Kiangsu),   India 
(Central  India) 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Yearly  Meeting  of  Friends  for  New 
England  (FNE)  (1888)  C^) 

(»)  Amalgamated  with  the  American  Friends   Board  of   Foreign   Missions   in  1918. 
The  Syria  Mission  of  the  FNE  was  taken  over  by  the  AFFM  in  June,  19 18 

HEPHZIBAH  FAITH  MISSIONARY  ASSOCIATION 
59 — Hephzibah  Faith  Missionary  Association  (HFMA)  (1896) 
Office:  Tabor,  Iowa 
Executive  Officers: 
*Pres.,  Elder  L.  B.  Worcester 
Vice-Pres.,  Elder  J.  M.  Zook 
Sec,  Mrs.  A.  M.  Dye 
Treas.,  Elder  D.  S.  Devore 
Periodicals:  "Good  Tidings"  (Semi-monthly).     Editors,  Elder  D.  S. 
Devore,  Elder  L.  B.  Worcester.    "John  Three  Sixteen"  (Weekly). 
Editor,  Elder  L.  B.  Worcester 
Fields:  Latin  America :  Mexico. (^)     The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia: 
China,  India  (Bengal),  Japan.    Africa:  Natal 
(a)   No  missionaries  on  the  field  at  present 

HOLINESS  CHURCH,  INTERNATIONAL 

60 — ^Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  International  Apostolic  Holiness 
Church  (AHC)  (1897) 
Office:  1 8 10  Young  Street,  Cincinnati,  Ohio 
Executive  Officers: 
*Chmn.,  Rev.  George  B.  Kulp 
Treas.,  Rev.  M.  G.  Standley 
Periodicals:  "God's  Revivalist  and  Missionarv  Advocate."    Editors, 
Rev.  M.  G.  Standley,  Mrs.  M.  G.  Standley,  Mrs.  M.  W.  Knoff. 
Price,  $1.00.     "The  Apostolic  Missionary."    Editor,  Rev.  S.  S. 
Nelson,  832  Worth  Avenue,  Greensboro,  North  Carolina 

*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  shovild  be  sent.    The  address  is   that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


i88  UNITED  STATES 

Fields:  Latin  America:  West  Indies:  Cuba,  Lesser  Antilles  (Antigua, 
Barbados,    Nevis,    Saba,    Trinidad).      South   America:    British 
Guiana.      The    Non-Christian    Worid:    Cape    of    Good    Hope 
Province,  Natal,  Swaziland 
LUTHERAN  BRETHREN 

6 1 — Board  of  Missions  of  the  Church  of  the  Lutheran  Brethren  (LB) 
(1905) 
{American  Liitheran  Brethren  Mission,  Mission  Board  oj  the  Evan- 
gelical Lutheran  Norwegian  Brethren) 
Office:  15 16  Boulevard  Avenue,  Grand  Forks,  North  Dakota 

Secretary,  Rev.  E.  M.  Broen 
Periodical:  "Broderbaandet" 

Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China   (Honan,  Hupeh): 
Africa:  Nigeria 
LUTHERAN,  DANISH 

62 — Danish  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  in  America  (DEL)  (1872)  (*) 
Office:  Dwi{?ht,  Illinois 
Executive  Officers: 

♦For.  Sec,  Rev.  J.  C.  Aaberg 
Periodicals:  "Kirkeli.s:  Samler."  Editor,  Rev.  Evald  Chrestensen, 
Viborg:,  South  E»akota.  Price,  $1.00.  "Dannervirke."  Editor, 
Rev.  M.  Hoist,  Cedar  Falls,  Iowa.  Price,  $1.00.  "Borneven- 
nen."  Editor,  Rev.  M.  Hoist.  Price,  $.60.  "Un^dom." 
Editor,  O.  C.  Olsen,  2416  South  loth  Street,  Omaha,  Nebraska. 
Price,  $1.25 

(•)  The  money  raised  by  this  society  is  expended  through  Danish  Missionary  Socie- 
ties, mainly  in  India 

LUTHERAN,  DANISH  UNITED 

63 — Mission  Board  of  the  United  Danish  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church 
in  America  (UDEL)  (1892) 
Office:  R.  F.  D.  No.  5,  Audubon,  Iowa 

President,  Rev.  G.  B.  Christiansen 
Periodical:    "Dansk    Luthersk    Kirkeblad."      Editor,    Rev.    I.    M. 

Hansen,  Blair,  Nebraska 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  Japan 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Indians 
LUTHERAN  FREE  CHURCH 

64 — Lutheran  Board  of  Missions  (Lutheran  Free  Church  of  U.  S.  A.) 
(LBM)   (1895) 
Office:  Aiifsburj:^  Seminary,  Minneapolis,  Minnesota.     Cal)le:  Mis- 
sions, Minneapolis 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  E.  E.  Gynild 
*Sec.,  Rev.  Johan  Mattson 
Treas.,  Prof.  J-  H.  Blepen 
Periodical :  "Foikcbladet" 


♦  Oflficer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  si)ecified 


UNITED  STATES  189 

Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Honan).     Africa: 
Madagascar 
64a — ^Women's  Missionary  Federation  of  the  Lutheran  Free  Church  (1916)  (») 
Office:  1511  E.  35th  Street,  Minneapolis,  Minnesota 
President,  Mrs.  Johan  Mattson 
(a)  So  far  the  Federation  has  not  sent  money  to  the  Foreign  Field,  but  is  planning  to 
do  so  in  the  near  future,  mainly  in  the  form   ci  support  for  special  branches  of 
the  wQrk 

LUTHERAN,  JOINT  SYNOD  OF  OHIO 

65 — ^Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  Evangelical  Lutheran  Joint  Synod  of 
Ohio  and  Other  States  (ELJSO)  (1818) 
Office:  306  East  Stewart  Avenue,  Columbus,  Ohio 

Sec,  Rev.  J.  H.  Schneider 
Periodicals:  "Kirchenzeitung,"  "The  Lutheran  Standard" 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  India  ( Madras (^)) 

(a)  This  was  formerly  the  field  of  the  Evangelisch-lutherische  Missionsanstalt  zu 
Hermannsburg  (Hermannsburg  Mission).  In  1912  the  ELJSO  took  over 
responsibility  for  two  of  the  stations  (Kodur  and  Puttur).  At  the  outbreak 
of  the  war  the  British  Government  turned  over  to  the  Joint  Synod  the  eight 
remaining  stations  of  the  Hermannsburg  Mission  and  it  assumed  the  financial 
responsibility  for  them,  although  the  actual  supervision  of  the  work  was  in  the 
hands  of  the  missionaries  of  the  "Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  General 
Council  of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  in  North  America"  and  the  "Board 
of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  General  Synod  of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church 
in  the  United  States  of  America,"  both  of  which  are  now  mcorporated  into  the 
"Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  United  Lutheran  Church  in  America."  At 
this  writing  the  ELJSO  has  not  only  assumed  full  financial  responsibility,  but 
is  sending  missionaries  to  the  field 

In  addition  to  the  aid  rendered  to  the  Hermannsburg  Mission,  the  Society 
has  been  contributing  to  famine  relief  in  India,  and  has  assisted  the  Gossnersche 
Missionsgesellschaft  (Gossner  Mission) 

LUTHERAN,  NORWEGIA.N 

66 — Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Norwegian  Lutheran  Church  of 
America  (ANL)  (i9i7)(=^) 
{Lutheran  United  Mission){^) 
Office:  425    South    4th    Street,    Minneapolis,    Minnesota.      Cable: 

Madakina 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.,  Rev.  J.  R.  Birkelund,  M.D. 
Vice-Chmn.,  Rev.  J.  N.  Sandven 
*Miss.  Sec,  Rev.  M.  Saeterhe 
Rec.  Sec,  Prof.  M.  J.  Stolee 
Treas.,  Rev.  Peter  Taugjerd 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:   China    (Honan,   Hupeh, 
Shantung),    Africa:  Madagascar,  Natal 
(»)  This   Board  is  the  result  of  the  consolidation  in  1917  of  the  United  Norwegian 
Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  of  America,  Board  of  China  Mission  of  Hauges 
Norwegian  Evangelical  Lutheran  Synod  of  America,  and  the  Foreign  Mission 
Board  of  the  Synod  for  the  Norwegian  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church 
Q>)  This  is  the  title  given  in  the  Directory  of  Protestant  Missions  in  China,  ipiQ-     I 
should  not  be  confused  with  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Umted  Luth- 
eran Church  in  America,  usually  called  the  United  Lutheran  Mission  or  Lutheran 
United  Mission 


*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.    The  address  is  that  given 
above,  vinless  otherwise  specified 


190  UNITED  STATES 

LUTHERAN  SYNOD  OF  IOWA 

67 — Evangelical  Lutheran  Synod  of  Iowa  and  Other  States  (ELSI) 
(1854)0 
Office:  Waverly,  Iowa 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  F.  Richter,  D.D.,  Clinton,  Iowa 
Vice-Pres.,  Rev.  C.  Proehl,  Mandota,  Illinois 
*Secretary,  Rev.  Jobs.  Becker,  Waverly,  Iowa 
Treas.,  Rev.  J.  Haeffner,  Muscatine,  Iowa 
Periodicals:  "Kirchenblatt."    Editor,  Rev.  F.  Richter,  D.D.,  Clinton, 
Iowa.      Price,   $1.00.      "Lutheran   Herald."      Editor,    Rev.   E. 
Rausch.     Price,  $.50.     "Die  Missionsstunde."    Editor,  Rev.  C. 
Taubert,  Leola,  South  Dakota.    Price,  $.25 

(»)  The  funds  of  this  Society  go  to  the  support  of  work  under  the  Board  of  Foreign 
Missions  of  the  United  Lutheran  Church  in  America,  the  Evangelisch-Kitherische 
Mission  zu  Leipzig  in  British  and  German  East  Africa,  the  Gossnersche  Mis- 
sionsgesellschaft  in  India,  and  the  Rheinische  Missionsgesellschaft  and  the 
Gesellschaft  fiir  innere  und  aussere  Mission  im  Sinne  der  lutherischen  Kirche 
(Neuendettelsau  Mission)  in  German  New  Guinea.  Since  1914  the  Iowa  Synod 
has  contributed  over  1 100,000  for  the  support  of  work  under  German  Societies, 
the  major  portion  having  gone  to  the  Neuendettelsau  Mission.  As  yet  the 
ELSI  has  sent  out  no  foreign  missionaries  of  its  own,  but  is  ready  to  take  over, 
if  it  becomes  necessary,  the  missions  supported  during  the  war  period,  and  has 
collected  for  this  purpose  a  fund  of  $60,000 

LUTHERAN  SYNODICAL  CONFERENCE 

68 — Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran  Synod  of 
Missouri,  Ohio  and  Other  States  (ELMo)  (1893) 
(Missouri  Evangelical  Lutheran  Mission) 
Office:  2243  South  Jefferson  Avenue,  St.  Louis,  Missouri.     Cable: 
Conpubho 
Pres.  and  Gen.  Sec,  Rev.  Richard  Kretzschmar 
Periodicals:  "Der  Lutheraner."     Editor,  Prof.  L.  Fuerbrinp:er,  Con- 
cordia Seminary,  St.  Louis,  Missouri.    Price,  $1.00.    "Lutheran 
Witness."     Editor,  Prof.  Theo.  Graebner,  Concordia  Seminary, 
St.  Louis,  Missouri.    Price,  $1.00 
Fields:  The    Non-Christian    World:    Asia:    China    (Hupeh),    India 
(Madras) 

LUTHERAN,  UNITED 

69 — Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  United  Lutheran  Church  in 
America  (ALU)   (i9i8)C0 
Office:  601  Cathedral  Street,  Baltimore,  Maryland 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  Ezra  K.  BeU,  D.D. 
Rec.  Sec,  Rev.  George  Drach 
♦Home  Cor.  vSec,  Rev.  L.  B.  Wolf,  D.D. 
For.  Sees.,  Rev.  C.  L.  Brown,  D.D.,  Rev.  George  Drach 
Treas.,  Rev.  L.  B.  Wolf,  D.D. 
Periodicals:  "The  Lutheran"  (Weekly).     Editor,  Geor^'e  W.  Sandt, 
D.D.,  S.  E.  Cor.  Ninth  and  Sansom  Streets,  Philadelphia,  Penn- 

*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.  The  address  is  that  given 
above,  luiless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  191 

sylvania.    Price,  $2.00.    "The  Foreign  Missionary"  (Monthly). 
Editor,  Rev.  George  Drach.    Price,  $.50 
Fields:  Latin  America:  South  America:  Argentine  Republic C'):  Brit- 
ish Guiana  C').    The  Non-Christian  World:   Asia:  India   (Mad- 
rasC^)),  Japan(^):  Africa:  Liberia(0 
(»)  Formed  by  the  consolidation  in  191 8  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Gen- 
eral   Council    of    the    Evangelical    Lutheran  Church  in  North  America,  the 
Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  General  Synod  of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran 
Church  in  the  United  States  of  America,  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the 
United  Synod  of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  in  the  South,  and  the  Pan- 
Lutheran  Missionary  Society  for  Latin  America 
(b)  The  former  work  of  the  Pan-Lutheran  Missionary  Society  for  Latin  America 
(«)  The  "South  American  Mission"  of  the  former  General  Synod 

(d)  The  "Guiltur  Mission"  of  the  General  Synod  and  the  "Rajahmundry  Mission"  of 
the  General  Council,  now  known  as  the  "American  Lutheran  Mission."  In 
April,  1917,  the  Rajahmundry  Mission  took  over  the  Madras  work  of  the 
Schleswig-holsteinische  evangelisch-lutherische  Missionsgesellschaft  zu  Brek- 
lum  (Breklum  Mission) 
(«)  The  former  missions  of  the  United  Synod  of  the  South  and  the  General  Council 
(0   The  "Liberia  Mission"  of  the  General  Synod 

69a — ^Women's  Missionary   Society  of  The  United   Lutheran   Church  in  America 
(I9i8)« 
Office:  803  Fulton  Building,  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  J.  G.  Traver,  Hartwick  Seminary,  New  York 
Rec.  Sec,  Mrs.  W.  F.  Morehead,  Salem,  Virginia 
*Exec.  Sec,  Mrs.  Helen  C.  Beegle 

Stat.  Sec,  Mrs.  F.  E.  Jensen,  Washington,  Pennsylvania 
Treas.,  Mrs.  Nettie  C.  Weier,  Harvard  Terrace,  Toledo,  Ohio 
Periodicals:  "Lutheran  Woman's  Work."     Editor,  Mrs.  Julius  F.  Seebach,  Holli- 
daysburg,  Pennsylvania.     Circulation  Manager,  Mrs.  J.  P.  Krechting,   loio 
East  Capitol  Street,  Washington,  D.  C.    Price,  S.60 
Fields:  Latin  America:  West  Indies:  Virgin  Islands  (JJ.  S.)Q'),  Porto  RicoQ>).     South 
America:   Argentine   Republic,     British  Guiana.      The   Non-Christian    World: 
Asia:  India  {Madras),  Japan.    Africa:  Liberia 
Also  work  in  the  United  States 
(»)  This  Society  was  formed  by  the  consolidation  in  19 18  of  the  Woman's  Home  and 
Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  General  Synod  of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran 
Church  in  the  United  States  of  America,  the  Woman's  Missionary  Conference 
of  the  United  Synod  of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  in  the  South  and 
Woman's  Missionary  Society  of  the  General  Council  of  the  Evangelical  Luth- 
eran Church  in  North  America 
(y)  Under  the  West  Indies  Mission  Board  of  the  United  Lutheran  Church  in    America 

70 — West  Indies  Mission  Board  of  the  United  Lutheran  Church  in 
America  (WI)  (i9i8)C^) 
Office:  437  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  W.  D.  C.  Keiter,  D.D. 
*Exec.  Sec,  Rev.  Zenan  M.  Corbe 
Treas.,  S.  F.  Telleen 
Fields:  Latin  America:  West  Indies:  Virgin  Islands  (U.  S.)(*'),  Porto 
Rico 

(»)  Combining  the  Board  of  Missions  for  Porto  Rico  and  Latin  America  of  the  General 
Council  of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  in  North  America  and  the  Board 

for  the  Care  of  the  Lutheran  Churches  in  the  Virgin  Islands 
(b)  Begun  as  early  as  1672,  and  carried  on  since  by  the  Danish  State  Church.    Upon 

the  purchase  of  the  Danish  West  Indies  in  19 17  the  Lutheran  churches  in  the 

islands  were  received  into  the  General  Council 


*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


192  UNITED  STATES 

71 — China  Missionary  Society  of  the  Augustana  Synod  of  the  Evan- 
gelical Lutheran  Church  of  North  America  (ELAug)  (1902) 
(Augustana  Synod  Mission) 
Office:  1739  Eleventh  Avenue,  Moline,  Illinois 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.,  Rev.  O.  J.  Johnson,  D.D.,  St.  Peter,  Minnesota 
*Cor.  vSec,  Rev.  Adolph  Hult 
Periodical:  "Kina  Missionaren."     Editor,  Rev.  A.  F.  Aimer,  New 

London,  Minnesota.    Price,  $.25 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Honan)C^) 

(»)  In  addition  to  the  above,  the  Augustana  Synod  (not  the  China  Missionary  Society) 
has  been  contributing  to  the  reHef  of  German  societies  working  in  India  through 
the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  General  Council  of  the  Evangelical  Luth- 
eran Church  in  North  America,  now  merged  into  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions 
of  the  United  Lutheran  Church  in  America 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  General  Council  of  the  Evangelical 
Lutheran  Church  in  North  America  (ELGC)  (1869)  ('^) 

(»)  This  Society  was  merged  in  19 18  into  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  United 
Lutheran  Church  in  America 

Woman's  Missionary  Society  of  the  General  Council  of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran 

Church  in  North  America  (ipiiX*) 
(»)  This  Society  was    merged  in  191 8  into  the  Women's  Missionary  Society  of  The 
United  Lutheran  Church  in  America 

Board  of  Missions  for  Porto  Rico  and  Latin  America  of  the  General 
Council  of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  in  North  America 
(ELGCL)   (i898-i9i8)(^) 

(»)  See  West  Indies  Mission  Board  of  the  United  Lutheran  Church  in  America,  under 
Lutheran  United 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  General  Synod  of  the  Evangelical 
Lutheran   Church  in   the   United   States   of   America    (ELGS) 

(1869)^'*) 

(»)  This  Society  was  merged  in  1918  into  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  United 
Lutheran  Church  in  America 

Woman's  Home  and  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  General  Synod  of  the  Evan- 
gelical Lutheran  Church  in  the  United  States  of  America  (1879)  (») 
(•)  This  Society  was    merged  in  19 18  into  the  Women's  Missionary  Society   of  The 
United  Lutheran  Church  in  America 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  United  Synod  of  the  Evangelical 
Lutheran  Church  in  the  South  (ELSo)  (1892)  (•*) 

(•)  This  Society  was  merged  in  1918  into  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  United 
Lutheran  Church  in  America 

Woman's  Missionary  Conference  of  the  United  Synod  of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran 

Church   in  the  South   ii904M'») 
(»)  This  Society  was  merged  in   1918  into  the  Women's  Missionary   Society  of  The 
United  Lutheran  Church  in  America 


*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     Tlie  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  I93 

LUTHERAN  INTER-SYNODICAL 

72 — Inter-Synodical    Evangelical    Lutheran    Orient-Mission    Society 

(ELO)  (1910) 
Office:  516  East  Madison  Avenue,  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  N.  J.  Lohre,  M.A. 
*Sec.,  Rev.  H.  Mackensen 

Treas.,  Prof.  M.  O.  Wee,  2326  Hendon  Avenue,  St.  Paul,  Min- 
nesota 
Periodical:  "The  Kurdistan  Missionary."    Editor,  Prof.  M.  O.  Wee. 

Price,  $.25 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  Persia 

PAN-LUTHERAN 

Pan-Lutheran  Missionary  Society  for  Latin  America  (PLLA)  (1913)0 

(a)  Merged  with,   the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  United  Lutheran  Church  in 
America 

MENNONITE  and  AMISH  MENNONITE 
73 — Mennonite  Board  of  Missions  and  Charities  (MMC)  (1899) 
(American  Mennonite  Mission,  Mennonite  Church) 
Office:  Dakota,  Illinois 
Executive  Officers: 
Pres.,  Rev.  C.  Z.  Yoder 
*Sec.,  Bishop  J.  S.  Shoemaker 
Treas.  and  Financial  Agent,  G.  L.  Bender 
Field  Worker,  Bishop  S.  E.  Allgyer 
Periodicals:  "The  Gospel  Herald."    Editor,  Bishop  Daniel  Kauffman. 
Price,  $1.25.     "Christian  Monitor."    Editor,  Vernon  Smucker. 
Price,  $1.00 
Fields:  Latin  America:  South  America:  Argentine  Republic.     The 

Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  India  (Central  Provinces) 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Whites,  not  covered  by  this 
survey 

MENNONITE  BRETHREN 

74 — Foreign  Missions  of  the  Conference  of  the  Mennonite  Brethren 
Church  of  North  America  (MBC)  (1900) 
(American  Mennonite  Brethren  Mission) 
Office:  Mountain  Lake,  Minnesota 

Secretary,  Rev.  N.  N.  Hiebert 
Periodical:  "Zions-Bote."    Editor,  Rev.  A.  L.  Schellenberg.    Price, 

$1.00 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Kwangtung),  India 

(Hyderabad) 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Indians,  not  covered  by  this 
survey 

*  OflScer  to  whom  general  correspondence  shotdd  be  sent.    The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


194  UNITED  STATES 

MENNONITE  BRETHREN  IN  CHRIST 

75 — ^Foreign   Mission  Board   of  the  Indiana  and   Ohio   Conference, 
Mennonite  Brethren  in  Christ  (MBIO)  (        ) 

Office:  Lima,  Ohio 

Conference  Secretary,  Rev.  L.  J.  Lehman 

76 — United  Orphanage  and  Mission  Society  (UOM)  (        ) 
Office:  727  Wolf  Avenue,  Elkhart,  Indiana 

Secretary,  Rev.  A.  B.  Yoder 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  Turkey  in  Asia(^) 
(a)  The  work  on  the  field  of  this  Society  had  been  suspended  on  account  of  the  war, 
but  was  reopened  during  September.     ReUef  work  is  being  carried  on  along 
with  the  regular  orphanage  and  missionary  work 

77 — Michigan  Mennonite  Brethren  in  Christ,  Foreign  Mission  Board 

(MBM)   (         ) 
Office:  Elkton,  Michigan 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.,  R.  M.  Dodd,  Pontiac,  Michigan 
*Sec.,  B.  A.  Sherk 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian   World:   Asia:    Turkey  in  Asiai")    {Ar- 
menia).    Africa:  Nigeria 
(a)  Through  the  United  Orphanage  and  Mission  Society,  whose  funds  are  now  being 
employed  for  Armenian  and  Syrian  Relief 

78 — Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Nebraska  Conference,  Mennonite 
Brethren  in  Christ  Church  (MBN)  (        ) 
Office:  Jet,  Oklahoma 

Secretar}--,  Rev.  William  Lambert 

79 — Foreign  Missions  Board  of  the  Pacific  Conference,  Mennonite 
Brethren  in  Christ  (MBPac)  (        ) 
Office:  Everson,  Washington 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  M.  J.  Carmichael 
*Sec.,  N.  H.  Payne 
Treas.,  P.  J.  Kalbfleisch 

80 — Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Pennsylvania  Conference  of  the 
Mennonite  Brethren  m  Christ  (MBP)  (1883) 
Office:  819  Gordon  Street,  Allentown,  Pennsylvania 

Secretary,  Rev.  C.  II.  Brunner 
Periodical:  "The  Eastern  Gospel  Banner"  (Weekly).     Editor,  Rev. 

C.  H.  Brunner.    Price,  $1.50 
Fields:  Latin  America:  South  America:  Chilei").     The  Non-Christian 
World:    Asia:    China  {Kansui:')),   hidia  {Berar{''),   Pimjab{")), 
Syriai").     Africa:  Belgian  Congoi^) 
(»)  Under  the  Christian  and  Missionary  Alliance 

*  Ofl5cer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  19S 

MENNONITES,  CENTRAL  CONFERENCE  and  DEFENSELESS 
81 — Congo  Inland  Mission  (ConIM)  (1916) 
Office:  Meadows,  lUinois.    Cable:  C.  I.  M. 

Secretary,  D.  N.  Claudon 
Periodical:  "Zion's  Call"  (Semi-monthly).    Editor,  Ben  Rupp.  Price, 
$1.00.     "The  Christian  Evangel."     Editor,  Andrew  S.  Bechtel. 
Price,  $1.00 
Fields;  The  Non-Christian  World:  Africa:  Belgian  Congo 

MENNONITE,  GENERAL  CONFERENCE 

82 — ^Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  General  Conference  of  the  Men-, 
nonites  of  North  America  (MGC)  (1880) 
{General  Conference  Mennonite  Mission) 
Office:  Goessel,  Kansas 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  J.  W.  Kilewer 
*Sec.,  Rev.  P.  H.  Richert 
Treas.,  Rev.  Gustav  Harder 
Periodicals:  "The  Mennonite."     Editor,  Rev.  S.  M.  Gnibb,  2956 
North   I2th  Street,  Philadelphiay.  Pennsylvania.     Price,  $1.50. 
"Christlicher   Bundesbote"    (German).      Editor,    Rev.    C.v.d. 
Smissen,  Berne,  Indiana.    Price,  $1.50 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Chihli),  India  (Cen- 
tral Provinces) 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Indians,  not  covered  by  this  sur- 
vey 

MENNONITE,  KRIMMER  BRUEDERGEMEINDE 
83 — China  Mennonite  Mission  Society  (ChMMS)  (19 13) 
Office:  Hillsboro,  Kansas 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  John  L.  Friesen 
*Sec.,  Rev.  D.  E.  Harder 
Periodical:  "Wahrheitdfreund."    Editor,  D.  M.  Hofer.    Price,  $1.00 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Honan,  Shantung) 

METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH  (NORTH) 
84 — Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
(MEFB)   (1819) 

{Methodist  Episcopal  Mission,  North) 
Office:  150  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Bishop  Luther  B.  Wilson,  D.D.,  LL.D. 

Cor.  Sees.,  S.  Earl  Taylor,  LL.D.,  *Rev.  Frank  Mason  North,  D.D. 

Treas.,  Rev.  George  M.  Fowles,  D.D. 

*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  xinless  otherwise  specified 


196  UNITED  STATES 

Fields:  Europe:  Austria-Hungary C'),  Bulgaria,  Denmark C'),  France, 
Germany,  Italy,  NorwayC'),  Russia,  SpainC'),  SwedenC^'),  Switzer- 
land(^).  Latin  America:  Mexico.  Central  America:  Canal  Zone, 
Costa  Rica,  Panama.  South  America:  Argentine  Republic, 
Bolivia,  Chile,  Ecuador,  Peru,  Uruguay.  The  Non-Christian 
World:  Asia:  China  (Anhwei,  Chihh,  Fukien,  Kiangsi,  Kiangsu, 
Shantung,  Szechwan),  Chosen,  Federated  Alalay  States,  including 
Straits  Settlements,  India  (Ajmer-Alerwara,  Baluchistan,  Behar 
and  Orissa,  Bengal,  Berar,  Bombay,  Burma,  Central  Provinces, 
Hyderabad,  Madras,  Mysore,  Punjab,  Rajputana,  United 
Provinces),  Japan.  Africa:  Algeria,  Angola,  Belgian  Congo, 
Liberia,  Madeira  Islands,  Portuguese  East  Africa,  Rhodesia, 
Tunis.  Oceania:  Philippine  Islands,  Borneo  (Dutch  Borneo  and 
Sarawak),  Java,  Sumatra 

(»)  Aid  by  grant  only 

84a — ^Woman's  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  (1869) 
Office:  150  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City.    Cable:  Formis 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  William  Fraser  McDowell 
*Sec.,  Miss  Amy  G.  Lewis 
Treas.,  Miss  Florence  Hooper 
Periodicals:    "Woman's    Missionary  Friend."     Editor,    Miss  Effie   A.    Merrill(»). 
Price,  1.50.    "Frauen-Missions-Freund."  Editor,  Miss  A.  M.  Acliard(»).   Price, 
J.2S 
Fields:  Europe:  Bulgaria,  FranceQ'),  Germanyi^),   Italy,  NorwayQ^),  Swilzerland{}>) . 
Latin  America:  Mexico.  South  America:  Argentine  Republic,  Peru,  Uruguay.  The 
Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  {Anhwei,  Chihli,  Fukien,  Kiangsi,  Kiangsu, 
Shantung,  Szechwan),  Chosen,  Federated  Malay  States,  including  Straits  Set- 
tlements, India  {Ajmere-Merwara,  Behar  and  Orissa,  Bengal,  Bombay,  Burma, 
Hyderabad,  Madras,  Mysore,  Punjab,  Rajputana,   United  Provinces),  Japan. 
Africa:  Algeria,  Angola,  Liberia,  Portuguese  East  Africa,  Rhodesia.     Oceania: 
Philippine  Islands,  Java 
(»)  Subscriptions  should  be  sent  to  Miss  Annie  G.  Bailey,  581  Boylston  Street,  Boston, 

Massachusetts 
C')  Aid  by  grant  only 

85 — ^Board  of  Home  Missions  and  Church  Extension  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  (MEH)  (1819) 
Office:  17th  and  Arch  Streets,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania 

Corresponding  Secretary,  Rev.  D.  D.  Forsyth,  D.D. 
Periodical:  "Quarterly  Bulletin" 
Fields:  Latin  America:  West  Indies:  Porto  Rico 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Orientals,  Indians,  Mexicans  and 
Whites,  in  Hawaii  for  Japanese,  Koreans  and  Filipinos,  and  in 
Alaska  for  Eskimos  and  Indians 

89— Woman's  Home  Missionary  Society  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  (MEHW)   (1880J 
Office:  150  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres..  Mrs.  Wilbur  P.  Thirkield 


*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  197 

*Cor.  Sec,  Mrs.  May  Leonard  Woodruff,  Allendale,  New  Jersey 
Rec.  Sec.,  Mrs.  D.  D.  Thompson 
Treas.,  Mrs.  H.  C.  Jennings 
Periodicals:  "Woman's  Home  Missions."    Editor,  Mrs.  Levi  Gilbert, 
420  Plum  Street,  Cincinnati,  Ohio.     Price,  $.50.     "Children's 
Home  Missions."    Editor,  Mrs.  Levi  Gilbert.    Price,  ^.20 
Fields:  Latin  America:  West  Indies:  Porto  Rico 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Chinese,  Japanese,  Koreans,  In- 
dians, Mexicans,  Negroes  and  Whites,  in  Alaska  for  Eskimos 
and  Indians,  and  in  Hawaii 

METHODIST  EPISCOPAL,  AFRICAN 

87 — Home  and  Foreign  Missionary  Department  of  the  African  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church  (AME)  (1844) 
Office:  62  Bible  House,  New  York  City.     Cable:  Amechurch,  New 

York 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Bishop  J.  Albert  Johnson,  D.D. 
*Cor.  Sec.-Treas.,  Rev.  James  W.  Rankin,  D.D. 
Periodical:  "Voice  of  Missions."     Editor,  Rev.  James  W.  Rankin, 

D.D.  Price,  $1.00 
Fields:  Latin  America:  West  Indies:  Bahama  Islands  (Eleutljera), 
Haiti,  Jamaica,  Santo  Domingo.  South  America:  British 
Guiana,  Dutch  Guiana,  French  Guiana.  The  Non-Christian 
World:  Africa:  Cape  of  Good  Hope  Province,  Liberia,  Natal, 
Orange  Free  State,  Sierra  Leone,  Transvaal 
Also  work  in  the  United  States 

87a — ^Women's  Home  and  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  African  Methodist 
Episcopal  Chtirch  (1892) 
Office:  1925  North  Galvez  Street,  New  Orleans,  Louisiana 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  S.  G.  Simmons 
*Sec.,  Mrs.  S.  J.  Channel 
Periodical:  "The  Women's  Missionary  Recorder" 

87b — ^Woman's  Parent  Mite  Missionary  Society  of  the  African  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  (1874) 

Office:  Holmesburg,  Pennsylvania 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  Mary  F.  Handy 
*Sec.,  Mrs.  M.  S.  C.  Beckett 

Treas.,  Mrs.  B.  K.  Hurst 
Periodical:  "The  Women's  Missionary  Recorder" 

METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  AFRICAN  ZION 

88 — Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  African  Methodist  Episcopal  Zion 
Church,  Inc.  (AMEZ)  (1892) 
Office:  1 23 1  Cornell  Avenue,  Indianapolis,  Indiana 
Corresponding  Secretary,  Rev.  J.  W.  Wood,  D.D. 
Periodical:   "The  Missionary  Seer."     Editor,   Rev.  J.   W.   Wood, 
D.D.    Price,  $.50 

*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


198  UNITED  STATES 

Fields:  Latin  America:  West  Indies:  Bahama  Islands,  Santo  Domingo. 
South  America:  British  Guiana.  The  Non-Christian  World: 
Africa:  French  Congo,  Gold  Coast,  Liberia,  Sierra  Leone. 

Also  work  in  the  United  States 

88a — Woman's  Home  and  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  African  Methodist 
Episcopal  Zion  Church 
Office:  624  South  i6th  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania 
*Sec.,  Mrs.  Annie  A.  Blackwell 
Treas.,  Ida  V.  Smith,  Washington,  D.  C. 

METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH,  SOUTH 

89 — Board  of  Missions  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South 
(MES)  (1846) 
{Methodist  Episcopal  Mission,  South) 
Office:  810  Broadway,  Nashville,  Tennessee 
Executive  Officers: 
Pres.,  John  R.  Pepper 
Vice-Pres.,  Bishop  W.  R.  Lambuth 
*Gen.  Sec,  Rev.  W.  W.  Pinson,  D.D. 
Sees.  Foreign  Department,  Rev.  E.  H.  Rawlings,  D.D.,  Miss  Mabel 

K.  Howell,  Miss  Esther  Case,  Rev.  W.  B.  Beauchamp,  D.D. 
.Home  Mission  Sees.,  Rev.   O.   E.   Goddard,   D.D.,  Rev.   R.   L. 

Russell,  D.D.,  Mrs.  Jas.  H.  McCoy,  Mrs.  J.  W.  Downs 
Educational  Sees.,  Rev.  C.  G.  Hounshell,  Mrs.  Hume  R.  Steele, 

Miss  Estelle  Haskins 
Treas.,  J.  D.  Hamilton 
Asst.  Treas.,  Mrs.  F.  H.  E.  Ross 
Periodical:  "The  Missionary  Voice."     Editor,  Robert  B.  Eleazer, 

Mrs.  E.  B.  Chappell.  Price,  $1.00. 
Fields:  Europe:  Belgium,  France,  Poland.  Latin  America:  Mexico. 
West  Indies:  Cuba.  South  America:  Brazil.  The  Non-Chris- 
tian World:  Asia:  China  (Chekiang,  Kiangsu),  Chosen,  Japan (*). 
Africa:  Belgian  Congo 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Japanese,  Koreans,  Indians, 
Cubans,  Mexicans,  Negroes  and  Whites 

(•)  A  yearly  subscription  to  the  Omi  Kirisutokyo  Dendo  Dan   (Omi  Mission),  with 
headquarters  m  Japan,  is  made  also 

89a— Woman's  Missionary  Council  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South  (1846) 
Office:  810  Broadway,  Nashville,  Tennessee 
Executive  Officers: 
♦Pros.,  Miss  Belle  H.  Bennett,  LL.D. 
Sec.  Oriental  Fields,  Miss  Mabel  K.  Howell 
Sec.  Latin  America  and  Africa,  Miss  Esther  Case 
Treas.,  Mrs.  F.  II.  E.  Ross 
Periodicals:    "The    Missionary  Voice"   (joint  with   Board   of    Missions).    Editors, 
R.  B.  Eleazer,   Mrs.  E.  B.  Chappell.     Price,  $1.00.     "The  Young  Christian 
Worker."    Editor.  Miss  Sara  Estelle  Haskins.    Price,  $.25 
Note. — The  Woman's  Missionary  Council  is  rather  a  subordinate  Committee  of  the 
Board  of  Missions  than  a  separate  organization  for  missionary  administration. 
The  officers  are  all  members  of  the  staff  of  the  main  Board 


*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  199 

METHODIST,  FREE 

90 — General  Missionary  Board  of  the  Free  Methodist  Church  of  North 
America  (FMA)  (1882) 
(American  Free  Methodist  Mission,  Free  Methodist  Mission) 
OfiSce:  1 132  Washington  Boulevard,  Chicago,  Illinois.     Cable:  Tid- 
ings, Chicago 
Executive  OflBicers: 

Pres.,  Bishop  William  Pearce 
*Sec.,  Rev.  William  B.  Olmstead 
Field  Sec,  Rev.  F.  L.  Baker 
Treas.,  Rev.  George  W.  Saunders 
Periodicals:   "The  Free  Methodist."     Editor,   Rev.  J.   T.   Logan. 
Price,  $2.00.     "Missionary  Tidings."     Editor,  Miss  Adella  P. 
Carpenter.     Price,  $.65 
Fields:  Latin  America:  West  Indies:  Santo  Domingo.    Central  Amer- 
ica:   Canal    Zone.      The    Non-Christian    World:    Asia:    China 
(Honan),  India  (Berar),  Japan.     Africa:  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
Province,  Natal,  Portuguese  East  Africa,  Transvaal 
Also  work  in  the  United  States 

90a — Woman's  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  Free  Methodist  Church  of  North 
America  (1882) 
Office:  1 134  Washington  Boulevard,  Chicago,  Illinois 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  Mary  L.  Coleman 
*Cor.  Sec,  Mrs.  C.  T.  Bolles,  Oneida,  New  York 
Treas.,  Mrs.  Lillian  C.  Jensen 
Periodical:  "Missionary  Tidings."    Editor,  Miss  Adella  P.  Carpenter.    Price,  $.50 
Fields:  Latin  America:  West  Indies:  Santo  Domingo.    Central  America:  Canal  Zone. 
The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  {Honan),  India  {Berar),  Japan.  Africa: 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  Province,  Natal,  Portuguese  East  Africa,  Transvaal 
Also  work  in  the  United  States 

METHODIST,  PRIMITIVE 

Primitive  Methodist  Missionary  Society  (PMMS) 

(see  under  England) 
91 — American  Auxiliary  of  the  Primitive  Methodist  Foreign  Missionary  Society  (1896) 

Office:  57  Hunter  Street,  Tamaqua,  Pennsylvania 
Secretary,  Rev.  James  Iley 

Periodical:  "The  Herald  of  the  Primitive  Methodist  Missionary  Society."  Editor, 
Rev.  J.  T.  Barkby,  8,  Holbom  Hall,  Gray's  Inn  Road.  London,  W.  C.  i,  Eng- 
land.   Free  to  contributors 

Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Africa:  Cape  of  Good  Hope  Province,  Fernando  Po, 
Nigeria,  Orange  River  Colony,  Rhodesia,  Transvaal 

METHODIST,  PROTESTANT 

92 — Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Methodist  Protestant  Church 

(MP)  (1834) 
Office:  316  North  Charles  Street,  Baltimore,  Maryland 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  F.  W.  Varney,  D.D. 
*Cor.  Sec,  Rev.  Fred  C.  Klein 

*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


200  UNITED  STATES 

Rec.  Sec,  Rev.  J.  C.  Broomfield,  D.D. 
Gen.  Treas.,  Rev.  C.  H.  Beck,  D.D. 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:   China   (ChihliC^)),  India 
(Bombay),  Japan 

(•)  By  an  arrangement  effectiye'june'isripip.this  board'took  over  the  general  mis- 
sion work  at  Kalgan  hitherto  conducted  by  the  Woman's  Foreign  Missionary 
Society  of  the  Methodist  Protestant  Church.  The  latter  society  is  responsible 
for  the  work  for  women  and  children 

93 — Woman's  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  Methodist  Protestant 
Church  (MPW)  (1879) 
{Methodist  Protestant  Mission{^)) 
Office:  Catonsville,  Maryland 
Executive  Officers: 
*Pres.,  Mrs.  Henry  Hupfield 
Rec.  Sec,  Mrs.  S.  W.  Rosenberger 
Cor.  Sec,  Mrs.  George  H.  Miller 
Treas.,  Mrs.  Lida  K.  East 
Periodical:  "The  Woman's  Missionary  Record."    Editor,  Mrs.  J.  F. 

McCulloch,  Greensboro,  North  Carolina.    Price,  $.50 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Chihli),  Japan 

(»)  This  is  the  name  given  in  the  Directory  of  Protestant  Missions  in  China,  1919.  It 
is  liable  to  confusion  with  that  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Meth- 
odist Protestant  Church,  which  took  over  the  general  work  of  the  MPW  in 
China  in  June,  IQIP-     (See  note  above) 

METHODIST,  UNION  AMERICAN 

94 — Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Union  American  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  in  the  United  States  and  Canada  (UME)  (i9i4)('') 
Office:  629  Walnut  Street,  Camden,  N.  J. 

Secretary,  Rev.  Orlando  S.  Watts 
Periodical:  "The  Union  Recorder."    Editor,  Rev.  Orlando  S.  Watts, 
766  Line  Street,  Camden,  N.  J.    Price,  $1.50 

(»)  This  Society  was  organized  in  1914  by  the  direction  of  the  Church,  but  on  account 
of  the  war  has  been  delayed  in  opening  its  work  on  the  field.  It  is  expected 
that  a  mission  will  be  begun  in  Africa  very  soon 

METHODIST,  WESLEYAN 

95 — Missionary  Society  of  the  Wesleyan  Methodist  Connection  of 
America  (WMCA)  (1889) 
{American  Wesleyan  Methodist  Mission) 
Office:  Syracuse,  New  York 
Executive  Officers: 
Pres.,  E.  G.  Dietrich 

*Miss.  Sec,  Rev.  T.  P.  Baker,  Sheridan,  Indiana 
Field  Sec,  Rev.  E.  F.  McCarty 
Treas.,  J.  S.  WUlett 
Periodicals:  "Wesleyan  Methodist,"  "Wesleyan  Missionary" 


Ofi&cer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  201 

Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  India  (Bombay),  Japan. 

Africa:  Sierra  Leone 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  and  Canada 
95a — ^Woman's  Home  and  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  Wesleyan  Methodist 
Church  of  America 
OflBce:  Brighton,  Michigan 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  W.  L.  Northam,  Sheridan,  Indiana 
Vice-Pres.,  Mrs.  Anna  K.  Folger,  Central,  South  Carolina 
Rec.  Sec,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Ayres 
Cor.  Sec,  Mrs.  Mable  Perrine 
Treas.,  Mrs.  Clara  Wilson 
Periodical:  "The  Wesleyan  Missionary."    Editor,  Mrs.  Nellie  Butterfield,  330  East 
Onondaga  Street,  Syracuse,  New  York.    Price,  S-So 
Treas.,  Mrs.  Clara  Wilson 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  India  (Bombay).    Africa:  Sierra  Leone 
Also  work  in  the  United  States 

METROPOLITAN  CHURCH  ASSOCIATION 
96 — Burning  Bush  Mission  (BBM)  (1909) 

Office:  Fountain  Spring  House,  Waukesha,  Wisconsin.  Cable:  Harvey- 
Secretary,  Mrs.  E.  L.  Harvey- 
Periodical:  "The  India  Burning  Bush"  (India).    Editor,  Rev.  J.  S. 

Whipple.    Price,  R.3  ($1.50  to  U.  S.) 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  India  (Central  Provinces, 
United  Provinces) 
MORAVIAN  CHURCH 

97 — Society  of  the  United  Brethren  for  Propagating  the  Gospel  Among 
the  Heathen  (Mor-us)  (i745)C') 
Office:  67  West  Church  Street,  Bethlehem,  Pennsylvania 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Bishop  C.  L.  Moench,  D.D. 
*Vice-Pres.,  Treas.,  and  Sec.  of  Missions,  Rev.  Paul  de  Schweinitz, 

D.D. 
Sec,  Rev.  John  S.  Romig,  D.D. 
Periodical:   "The  Moravian."     Editor,  Rev.   Charles  D.   Kreider, 

2424  Marshall  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania 
Fields :  Latin  America :  West  Indies :  Jamaica,  Lesser  Antilles  (Virgin 
Islands  (U.  S.),  St.  Christopher,  Antigua,  Barbados,  Trinidad, 
Tobago),  Santo  Domingo.  Central  America:  Nicaragua.  South 
America:  British  GuianaQ'),  Dutch  Guianai^).  The  Non- 
Christian  World:  Asia:  IndiaQ')  {Kashmir,  Punjab),  Syria{^). 
Africa:  Cape  of  Good  Hope  Province^,  German  East  AfricaQ") 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Indians,  in  Alaska  for  Eskimos, 
and  in  Labrador  for  Eskimos 

(»)  At  this  writing  (November,  1919)  the  Society  is  not  under  the  direction  of  the 
,   Mission  der  Brudergemeine  (International),  which,  although  stiU  in  existence, 
has  ceased  to  function.     For  the  present  the  Society  of  the  United  Brethren 
for  Propagating  the  Gospel  Among  the  Heathen  is  acting  independently,  and 
is  so  entered  above 
(^)  Fields  of  the  Moravian  Church  which  are  aided  by  the  American  Society,  either 
►  by  direct  support  of  native  evangelists,  institutions,  etc.,  or  by  grants  in  aid 

(")^"A  grant  is  made  to  the  Aussatzigen  Asyl  "Jesushilfe"  in  Jerusalem 

♦  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.    The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


202  UNITED  STATES 

NAZARENE  CHURCH 

98 — General  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,   Church   of  the   Nazarene 

(PCN)   (1897) 

Ofifice:  2109  Troost  Avenue,  Kansas  City,  Missouri 

Executive  Officers: 
Gen.  Sup.,  Rev.  H.  F.  Reynolds,  D.D. 
*Sec.  and  Treas.,  Rev.  Elmer  G.  Anderson 

Periodical:  "Other  Sheep."  Editor,  Rev.  Elmer  G.  Anderson.  Price, 
^.25 

Fields:  Latin  America:  Mexico.  West  Indies:  Cuba.  Central  Amer- 
ica: .Guatemala.  South  America:  Argentine  Republic,  Peru. 
The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (ChihH,  Shantung), 
India  (Bengal,  Berar,  Bombay),  Japan.  Africa:  Cape  Verde 
Islands,  Swaziland 

Also  work  in  the  United  States 

NEW  JERUSALEM  CHURCH 

99 — ^Board  of  Home  and  Foreign  Missions  of  the  General  Convention 
of  the  New  Jerusalem  in  the  United  States  of  America  (NJ) 

Office:  3  West  29th  Street,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Ezra  Hyde  Alden,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania 
*Sec.,  Rev.  Paul  Sperry,  1437  Q  Street,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Treas.,  Lloyd  A.  Frost,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts 
Periodical:  "The  New  Church  Messenger."     Editor,  Rev.  John  S. 

Saul.    Price,  $3.00  (weekly  issue) 
Fields:  e) 

(•)  This  Society  assists  work  in  Austria-Hungary,  Denmark,  France,  Germany,  Spain. 
Sweden,  Switzerland,  and  British  Guiana.    A  missionary  in  Japan  is  maintained 

PENIEL  MISSIONS 

100 — Peniel  Missionary  Society  (PMS)  (1895) 

Office:  227  South  Main  Street,  Los  Angeles,  California 

Secretary,  Rev.  T.  P.  Ferguson 
Periodical:  "Peniel  Herald" 

Fields:  Latin  America:  West  Indies:  Porto  Rico.     South  America: 
Bolivia.    The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Kwangtung), 
India  (Bombay).    Africa:  Egypt 
Also  work  in  the  United  States 
PENTECOST  BANDS  OF  THE  WORLD 
loi— Pentecost  Bands  of  the  World  (PBW)  (1896) 
Office:  no  Virginia  Avenue,  Indianapolis,  Indiana 

Mission  Secretary,  Miss  Stella  Bare 
Periodical:  "The  Herald  of  Light."    Price,  )55i.oo 
Fields:  Latin  America:  West  Indies:  Jamaica.     The  Non-Christian 

Worid:  Asia:  India  (Central  Provinces),  Japan 
Also  work  in  tlie  United  States 

*  OflBcer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  203 

101  a— Pentecost  Faith  Mission  (PFM)         {"■) 
Office:  941  I  Street,  Bedford,  Indiana 
Executive  Officers: 

Supt.,  W.  S.  Craig 

Asst.  Supt.,  Lewis  E.  Glenn 

Sec,  Rena  M.  Brown 
Periodical:  "Missionary  Holiness  Herald."     Price,  $.50 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Africa:  Egypt 

(a)  This  Society  was  connected  formerly  with  the  Pentecost  Bands  of  the    World,  but 
of  late  has  carried  on  its  work  in  Egypt  independently 

PRESBYTERIAN,  ASSOCIATE  REFORMED 

102 — Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Associate  Reformed  Presby- 
terian Church  (ARP)  (1873) 
Office:  Due  West,  South  Carolina 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  F.  Y.  Pressly,  D.D. 
*Sec.,  Rev.  G.  G.  Parkinson,  D.D. 
Periodical:  "The  Associate  Reformed  Presb5rterian" 
Fields:  Latin  America:  Mexico.     The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia: 
India  (Punjab) 
PRESBYTERIAN,  ASSOCIATE  SYNOD 
103 — Associate  Presbyterian  Church  (APC)  (1882)  (^) 
Office:  210  South  Second  Street,  Albia,  Iowa 

Secretary,  Rev.  A.  M.  Malcolm 
Periodical:  "Associate  Presbyterian  Magazine."    Editor,  Rev.  D.  J. 
Mason,  Washington,  Iowa.    Price,  $2.00 

(a)  The  foreign  missionary  work  of  this  church  is  in  connection  with  that  of  the  United 
Original  Secession  Church  of  Scotland 

PRESBYTERIAN,  CUMBERLAND 

104 — Woman's  Board  of  Missions  of  the  Cumberland  Presbyterian 
Church  (CPW)  (1880) 
Office:  American  Trust  Building,  Evansville,  Indiana 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  Johnie  Massey  Clay 
*Sec.  and  Treas.,  Mrs.  Mary  M.  Graf 
Periodicals:  "Cumberland  Presbyterian. "('^)  (Weekly).    Price,  $1.50. 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Kwangtung) 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Chinese 
(a)   Mrs.  Walter  Crawford,  Paris,  Tennessee,  edits  a  Woman's  Board  Department 

PRESBYTERIAN  IN  UNITED  STATES  (SOUTH) 
105 — ^Executive  Committee  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  m  the  United  States  (PS)  (1861) 
(American  Presbyterian  Mission,  South) 
Office:  P.  O.  Box  330,  Nashville,  Tennessee 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn,,  Rev.  James  L.  Vance,  D.D. 

*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


204  UNITED  STATES 

♦Exec.  Sec,  Rev.  Egbert  W.  Smith,  D.D. 
For.  Cor.  Sec,  Rev.  S.  H.  Chester,  D.D. 
Field  Sees.,  Rev.  H.  F.  Williams,  D.D.,  Rev.  Charles  H.  Pratt 
Ed.  Sec,  Rev.  John  I.  Armstrong 
Treas.,  Edwin  F.  Willis 
Periodical:  "The  Missionary  Survey."    Man.  Ed.,  Wade  C.  Smith, 
6  North  6th  Street,  Richmond,    Virginia('').     Price,  $.75  ($.50 
in  clubs  of  five  or  more) 
Fields:  Latin  America:  Mexico.    West  Indies:  Cuba.    South  America: 
Brazil.     The   Non-Christian    World:   Asia:    China    (Chekiang, 
Kiangsu),  Chosen,  Japan.    Africa:  Belgian  Congo 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Mexicans 

(•)  A  special   department,  "Foreign  Missions,"  is  edited  by  the  Rev.  S.  H.  Chester, 

D.D. 
losa — Woman's  Auxiliary  of  the  Presbjrterian  Church  in  the  United  States  (1912) 
Office:  257-259  Field  Building,  St.  Louis,  Missouri 

Superintendent,  Mrs.  W.  C.  Winsborough 
Periodical:  "The  Missionary  Survey."     Man.  Ed.,  Wade  C.  Smith(a),  6  North  6th 

Street,  Richmond,  Virginia.    Price,  li.oo  (|.7S  in  clubs  of  five  or  more) 
Fields:  Latin  America:  MexicoQ>).    West  Indies:  CubaQ^).    South  America:  BrazilQ^). 
The  Non-Christian   World:  Asia:   China{h)    (.Chekiang,   Kiangsu),    Chosen(^), 
Japani,^).     Africa:  Belgian  Congo{^) 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Mexicans^''),  CubansC"!),  SyriansC*!),   Chinese(<^), 
IndiansC-J),  NegroesC*!)  and  Whites(^) 
(*)  A  special  department,  "The  Woman's  AuxiUary,"  is  edited  by  Mrs.  W.  C.  Wins- 
borough 
C*)  Under  the  Executive  Committee  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 

in  the  United  States 
(«)  Under  the  Executive  Committee  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
in  the  Uriited  States  and  the  Executive  Committee  of  Home  Missions  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  in  the  United  States  (not  entered  in  this  Directory) 
(<!)  Under  the  Executive  Committee  of  Home  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
the  United  States 

PRESBYTERIAN  IN  THE  U.  S.  A.  (NORTH) 
106 — Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the 
United  States  of  America  (PN)  (1837) 
{American  Presbyterian  Mission,  North) 
Office:  156  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York.    Cable:  Inculcate  N.  Y. 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  George  Alexander,  D.D. 

Sees.,  Robert  E.  Speer,  D.D.,  Rev.  Arthur  J.  Brown,  D.D.,  Rev. 

A.  W.  Halsey,  D.D.,  *Rev.  Stanley  White,  D.D. 
Asso.  Sees.,  Rev.  Wm.  P.  Schell,  Rev.  George  T.  Scott,  Rev.  Orville 

Reed,  Ph.D. 
Field  Sees.,  Rev.  Chas.  E.  Bradt,  D.D.,  Rev.  Weston  T.  Johnson, 

J.  M.  Patterson 
Hon.  Edu.  Adviser,  T.  H.  P.  Sailer,  Ph.D. 
Edu.  Sec,  B.  C.  Millikin 
Sec.  for  Specific  Work,  Rev.  George  H.  Trull 
Treas.,  D wight  H.  Day 
Asso.  Treas.,  Russell  Carter 

♦  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  205 

Periodicals:  "All  the  World."  Editor,  Rev.  A.  W.  Halsey,  D.D. 
Free  to  anyone  contributing  $5.00.  "The  New  Era."  Editor, 
James  B.  Wootan;  Business  Manager,  Horace  P.  Camden.  Price, 
$1.00 

Fields:  Latin  America:  Mexico.  Central  America:  Guatemala.  South 
America:  Brazil,  Chile,  Colombia,  Venezuela.  The  Non-Chris- 
tian World:  Asia:  China  (Anhwei,  Cheldang,  Chihli,  Hunan, 
Kiangsu,  Kwangtung,  Shantung,  Shengking,  Yunnan),  Chosen, 
French  Indo -China (*),  India  (Bombay,  BurmaC'),  Central  India, 
MadrasC*),  Punjab,  United  Provinces),  Japan,  Persia,  Siam, 
Syria.  Africa:  Kamerun,  Rio  Muni.  Oceania:  Philippine  Is- 
lands 

Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Chinese,  Japanese  and  Koreans, 
not  covered  by  this  survey 

(»)  There  is  no  PN  Mission  Station  in  French  Indo-China,  but  there  has  been  out- 
station  work  and  touring  of  importance  there  from  Cheung  Hai  in  Northern 
Siam 

('')  Out-station  work  only 

(")  One  woman  from  the  West  India  Mission  has  been  in  charge  of  the  Interdenomina- 
tional School  for  Missionaries  at  Kodai-Kanal  since  19 13 

io6a — ^Women's  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  (1870) 
Office:  ,is6  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 
*Pres.,  Miss  Alice  M.  Davison 
Rec.  Sec,  Miss  M.  K.  White 
Treas.,  Mrs.  James  A.  Webb,  Jr. 
Periodical:  "Woman's  Work."    Editor,  Mrs.  Henry  R.  Elliot.    Price,  $.50 
Fields:  Mexico{^).    South  America:  Brazil,  Chile,  Colombia,  Venezuelai,^).    The  Non- 
Christian   World:  Asia:  China   (Anhwei,  Chekiang,  Chihli,  Hunan,   Kiangsu, 
Kwangtung,   Shantung),   Chosen,   India    {Bombay,    Central    India{^),   Punjab, 
United  Provinces),  Japan,  Persia,  Siam,  Syria.    Africa:  Kamerun,  Rio  Muni. 
Oceania:  Philippine  Islands 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Chinese{^),  Japanese^^)  and  Koreansi^) 
(•)  Aid  by  grant  only 

io6b — ^Woman's  Occidental  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
(1873) 
Office:  35  Santa  Ana  Avenue,  San  Francisco,  California 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  Rawlins  Cadwallader 
Rec.  Sec,  Miss  Jennie  Partridge 
♦Cor.  Sec,  Mrs.  G.  A.  Kennedy 
Treas.,  Mrs.  G.  W.  Campbell 
Periodical:  "Woman's  Work."    Editor,  Mrs.  Henry  R.  Elliot,  156  Fifth  Avenue, 

New  York  City.    Price,  $.50 
Fields:  Latin  America:  Mexico.    South  America:  Chile,  Colombia.    The  Non-Christian 
World:  Asia:  China  {Chihli,  Hunan,  Kiangsu,  Kwangtung,  Shantung),  Chosen, 
India  (Bombay,  Central  India,  Punjab,  United  Provinces),  Japan,  Persia,  Siam, 
Syria.    Africa:  Kamerun.    Oceania:  Philippine  Islands 

io6c— Woman's  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  (1870) 
Office:  501  Witherspoon  Building,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania 
Executive  Officers: 
*Pres.,  Mrs.  John  Harvey  Lee 
Rec.  Sec,  Mrs.  Richard  M.  Pearce 
Treas.,  Miss  Janet  McMuUan 
Periodical:  "Woman's^ Work."    Editor,  Mrs.  Henry  R.  Elliot,  156  Fifth  Avenue, 
New  York  City.    Price,  $.50 


*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


206  UNITED  STATES 

Fields:  Latin  America:  Mexico.  Central  America:  Guatemala.  South  America, 
Brazil,  Chile,  Colombia,  Venezuela.  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China 
(Chekiang,  Chihli,  Hunan,  Kiangsu,  Kwanglung,  Shantung),  Chosen,  India 
{Bombay,  Central  India,  Punjab,  United  Provinces),  Japayi,  Persia,  Siam: 
Syria.    Africa:  Kamerun,  Rio  Muni.    Oceania:  Philippine  Islands 

Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Chinese,  Japanese  and  Koreans 

io6d — Woman's  Presbyterian  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Southwest  (1877) 

Office:  816  Olive  Street,  St.  Louis,  Missouri 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres..  Mrs.  W.  H.  Bissland 
*Rec.  Sec,  Mrs.  H.  S.  Brookes 
Treas.,  Mrs.  B.  F.  Edwards 
Periodical:  "Woman's  Work."     Editor,  Mrs.    Henry  R.  Elliot,  156  Fifth  Avenue, 

New  York  City.  Price.  $.50 
Fields:  Latin  America:  Mexico.  Central  America:  Guatemala.  South  America: 
Brazil,  Chile.  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  {Chekiang,  Hunan, 
Kiangsu,  Kwangtung,  Shantung),  Chosen,  India  (Bombay,  Punjab,  United 
Provinces),  Japan,  Persia,  Siam.  Africa:  Kamerun,  Rio  Muni.  Oceania: 
Philippine  Islands 

io6e — Woman's  North  Pacific  Presbyterian  Board  of  Missions  (1887) 
Office:  454  Alder  Street,  Portland,  Oregon 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  John  W.  Goss 
*Rec.  Sec,  Mrs.  B.  A.  Thaxter 
Treas.,  Mrs.  C.  M.  Barbee 
Periodical:  "Woman's  Work."    Editor,  Mrs.  Henry  R.  Elliot,   156  Fifth  Avenue, 

New  York  City.    Price,  $.50 
Fields:  Latin  America:  Central  America:  Guatemala.    South  America:  Brazil,  Colom- 
bia.   The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  {Chekiang,  Chihli,  Hunan,  Kiangsu, 
Kwangtung,   Shantung),    Chosen,    India   {Punjab,    United   Provinces),    Japan, 
Persia,  Siam,  Syria.    Africa:  Kamerun 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Chinese 
io6f — Woman's  Presbyterian  Board  of  Missions  of  the  Northwest  (1870)  (») 
Office:   17  North  State  Street,  Chicago,  Illinois 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  Oliver  R.  Williamson 
♦Rec.  Sec,  Mrs.  Ambrose  V.  Powell 
Treas.,  Mrs.  T.  E.  D.  Bradley 
Periodical:  "Woman's  Work."     Editor,  Mrs.  Henry  R.  Elliot,  156  Fifth  Avenue, 

New  York  City.    Price,  $.50 
Fields:   Latin   America:   Mexico.      Central   America:   Guatemala.     South   America: 
Brazil,  Chile,  Colombia,   Venezuela.     The  Non-Christian   World:  Asia:  China 
{Anhwei,  Chekiang,  Chihli,  Hunan,  Kiangsu,  Kwangtung,  Shantung,  Yunnan), 
Chosen,  India  {Bombay,  Madras,   Punjab,   United  Provinces),  Japan,  Persia, 
Siam,  Syria.    Africa:  Kamerun.    Oceania:  Philippine  Islands 
(•)  Organized  in  1868  in  cooperation  with  the  Woman's  Board  of  Missions  of  the  In- 
terior (see  imder  Congregational  Churches)  and  reorganized  as  an  auxiliary  of 
the  PN  in  1870 

107 — Board  of  Home  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the 
United  States  of  America  (PNH)  (1802) 
Office:  156  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City.     Cable:  Olintreas,  New 

York 
Executive  Officers: 
*Gen.  Sec,  Rev.  John  A.  Marquis,  D.D 
Sees.,   Rev.   Baxter  P.   Fullerton,   D.D.,   Rev.  John   McDowell, 

D.D.,  Rev.  William  R.  King,  D.D. 
Assist.  Treas.,  Varian  Banks 


♦  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  207 

Periodical:  "The  New  Era."    Editor,  James  B.  Wootan,  Business 

Manager,  Horace  P.  Camden.    Price,  $1.00 
Fields:  Latin  America:  West  Indies:  Cuba,  Porto  Rico. 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Indians,  Mexicans  and  Whites, 

and  in  Alaska  for  Eskimos  and  Whites,  not  covered  by  this  survey 

108 — Woman's  Board  of  Home  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
in  the  United  States  of  America  (PNHW)  (1878) 
Office:  156  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City.    Cable:  Mallaben 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  F.  S.  Bennett 
*Assist.  Sec,  Miss  Mabel  M.  Sheibley 
Periodical:  '/The  Home  Mission  Monthly."    Editor,  Miss  Theodora 

Finks.     Price,  $.50 
Fields:  Latin  America:  West  Indies:  Cuba,  Porto  Rico 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Indians,  Mexicans  and  Whites, 
and  in  Alaska  for  Eskimos  and  Whites 

PRESBYTERIAN,  REFORMED 

109^— Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Synod  of  the  Reformed  Pres- 
byterian Church  in  North  America  (RPC)  (1856) 

(American  Reformed  Presbyterian  Mission) 
Office:  2517    North    Franklin   Street,    Philadelphia,    Pennsylvania. 

Cable:  Covbard,  Philadelphia 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  S.  A.  S.  Metheny,  M.D. 
Vice-Pres.,  Rev.  J.  C.  McFeeters,  D.D. 

Treas.,  Joseph  M.  Steele,  1600  Arch  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pennsyl- 
vania 
♦Cor.  Sec,  Rev.  Findley  M.  Wilson,  D.D. 
Rec  Sec,  Rev.  F.  M.  Foster,  Ph.D. 
Trans.  Agt.,  Wm.  G.  Carson. 
Periodical:  "Olive  Trees."    Editor,  Rev.  McLeod  MiUigan  Pearce, 
D.D.,  215  Buckingham  Place,  Philadelphia,  Peimsylvania.  Price, 
$1.00 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Kwangtung),  Cyprus, 
Syria,  Turkey  in  Asia 

PRESBYTERIAN  REFORMED,  GENERAL  SYNOD 
no — Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church 
in  North  America  (General  Synod)  (RPGS)  (        ) 

Office:  Delanson,  New  York 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  John  Parks,  5923  Washington  Avenue,  Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania 
*Cor.  Sep.,  Rev.  R.  W.  Chesnut,  Ph.D. 
Treas.,  A.  B.  McMillan,  Sparta,  Illinois 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  India  (United  Provinces) 

*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.    The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


2o8  UNITED  STATES 

PRESBYTERIAN,  UNITED 

III — ^Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  United  Presbyterian  Church  of 
North  America  (UP)  (1850) 
{American  United  Presbyterian  Mission) 
Office:  200  North  15th  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania.     Cable: 

Evangelism,  Philadelphia 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  M.  G.  Kyle,  D.D.,  LL.D. 
*Cor.  Sec,  Rev.  W.  B.  Anderson,  D.D. 
Asso.  Sec,  Rev.  Mills  J.  Taylor 
Hon.  Cor.  Sec,  Rev.  Chas.  R.  Watson,  D.D. 
Rec  Sec,  Rev.  C.  S.  Cleland,  D.D. 
Treas.,  Robert  L.  Latimer 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  India  (Punjab).     Africa: 
Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan,  Egypt 
Ilia— Women's  General  Missionary  Society  of  the  United  Presbyterian  Church  (1883) 
Office:  Publication  Building,  pth  Street,  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania.    Cable:  Opus 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  J.  D.  Sands 
Rec.  Sec,  Mrs.  W.  R.  Wilson 
♦For.  Sec,   Mrs.  H.  C.  Campbell,  340  South  Hiland  Avenue,  Pittsburgh,   Penn- 
sylvania 
Treas.,  Mrs.  J.  B.  Hill 
Periodicals:  "Women's  Missionary  Magazine."    Editor,  Mrs.  George  Moore,  Xenia, 
Ohio.     Price,  Ji.oo.     "Junior's  Missionary  Magazine."     Editor,  Miss  Carrie 
M.  Reed.     Price,  $.25 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  India  {Punjab).     Africa:  Anglo-Egyptian 
Sudan,  Egypt 

PRESBYTERIAN,  WELSH  CALVINISTIC  METHODIST 
112— Missionary  Society  of  the  Calvinistic  Methodist  Church  in  the 
United  States  of  America  (CMC) 
{American  Welsh  Presbyterian  Mission) 
Office:  411  Hawthorne  Place,  Madison,  Wisconsin 
Executive  Officers: 
*Sec.,  Rev.  Edw.  Roberts 
Treas.,  Rev.  E.  J.  Jones,  D.D. 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  India  (Assam) 

REFORMED  CHURCH,  CHRISTIAN 

113 — Board  of  Heathen  Missions  of  the  Christian  Reformed  Church 

(CRC)C') 
Office:  2050  Francis  Avenue,  S.  E.,  Grand  Rapids,  Michigan 
Executive  Officers: 
Pres.,  Rev.  Ralph  Bolt 
♦Cor.  Sec,  Rev.  Henry  Beets,  LL.D. 
Treas.,  Rev.  John  Dolfin 
Periodical:  "The  Banner."    Editor,  Rev.  Henry  Beets,  LL.D.  Price, 
$1-75 

(•)  This  Society  is  now  investigating  China  and  the  Sudan  with  a  view  to  establishing 
its  first  foreign  mission  in  one  of  those  fields 

*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  209 

REFORMED  IN  AMERICA 

114 — ^Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Reformed  Church  in  America 

(RCA)  (1832) 
Office:  25  East  22nd  Street,  New  York  City.    Cable:  Synodical,  New 

York 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  Henry  E.  Cobb,  D.D. 
Chmn.  Exec.  Com.,  Rev.  T.  H.  Mackenzie,  D.D. 
*Cor.  Sec,  Rev.  Wm.  I.  Chamberlain,  D.D. 
Asso.  Sec.  and  Treas.,  F.  M.  Potter 
Periodicals:  "The  Mission  Field."    Editor,  W.  T.  Demarest.    Price, 

1.50.    "Neglected  Arabia" 
Fields:   The   Non-Christian   World:   Asia:   China    (Fukien),    India 
(Madras),  Japan,  Turkey  in  Asia  (Arabia,  Mesopotamia) 

U4a — Arabian  Mission  (1889)  (») 

Office:  25  East  22nd  Street.  New  York  City 

Secretary,  Rev.  Wm.  I.  Chamberlain,  Ph.D. 
Periodical:  "Neglected  Arabia"  (Quarterly).    Free 
Field:  Turkey  in  Asia  (Arabia,  Mesopotamia) 

(»)  The  responsibility  for  this  Society,  organized  independently  in  1889,  was  assumed 
by  the  Reformed  Church  in  America  in  1894-  Although  it  has  continued  its 
corporate  existence,  the  Trustees  are  elected  from  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions 
of  the  Reformed  Church  in  America,  and  the  Secretary  and  Treasurer  of  that 
Board  hold  the  same  positions  respectively  in  the  Arabian  Mission 

114b — Woman's  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Reformed  Chixrch  in  America 
(1875) 
Office:  25  East  22nd  Street,  New  York  City.    Cable:  Synodical 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  F.  A.  Baldwin 
*Cor.  Sec,  Miss  Ehza  P.  Cobb 
Treas.,  Miss  Katharine  Van  Nest 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Fukien),  India  (Madras),  Japan, 
Turkey  in  Asia  (Arabia,  Mesopotamia) 

114c — ^Board  of  Domestic  Missions  of  the  Reformed  Church  in 
America  (RCAH)  (1832) 

Office:  25  East  Twenty-second  Street,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  James  M.  Farrar,  D.D. 

Rec.  Sec,  Rev.  John  S.  Gardner,  D.D. 

Field  Sec,  Rev.  Seth  Vander  Werf 
♦Office  Sec,  WiUiam  T.  Demarest 

Treas.,  Charles  W.  Osborne 
Fields:  Latin  America:  West  Indies  (Virgin  Islands)  U.S.(^) 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Negroes 

(»)  A  church  in  St.  Thomas,  founded  by  early  Dutch  settlers,  has  been  receiving  a 
rant  from  this  Society  since  the  acquisition  of  the  island  by  the  United 
States 


it£ 


*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.    The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


210  UNITED  STATES 

REFORMED  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 
115 — Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Reformed  Church  in  the  United 
States  (RCUS)  (1838) 
Office:  Fifteenth    and    Race    Streets,    Philadelphia,    Pennsylvania. 

Cable:  Allenbarth 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  James  I.  Good,  D.D.,  LL.D. 
Vice-President,  Hon.  Horace  Ankeney 
*Sec.,  Rev.  Allen  R.  Bartholomew,  D.D. 
Assist.  Sec,  Rev.  John  H.  Poorman 
Treas.,  Rev.  Albert  S.  Bromer 
Treas.  Emeritus,  Joseph  L.  Lemberger,  Phar.D. 
Periodical:  "The  Outlook  of  Missions."    Editor  ("Foreign  Missions" 

Department),  Rev.  Allen  R.  Bartholomew,  D.D.    Price,  $.50 
Fields(*):  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Hunan),  Japan 

(■)  The  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  has  been  charged  by  the  General  Synod  with  the 
taking  up  of  work  in  Europe,  but  no  definite  infonnation  is  at  hand.  It  is  ex- 
pected that  S5.000  per  annum  for  five  years  for  direct  evangelistic  work,  more 
especially  in  France,  will  be  included  in  the  budget  of  the  Forward  Movement, 
^nd  it  also  has  been  decided  by  the  National  Service  Commission  of  the  Re- 
formed Church  to  appropriate  |2S,ooo  for  a  memorial  chapel  at  Chateau  Thierry 
and  to  contribute  $i,ooo  towards  the  salary  of  the  pastor 

115a — Woman's  Missionary  Society  of  the  General  Synod  of  the  Reformed  Church 
in  the  United  States  (1887)  (») 
Office:  Fifteenth  and  Race  Streets,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  W.  R.  Harris 

*Cor.  Sec,  Mrs.  B.  B.  Kxammes,  14  Clinton  Avenue,  Tiffin,  Ohio 
Treas.,  Mrs.  Lewis  L.  Anewalt 
Periodical:  "The  Outlook  of     Missions."     Editor  ("Woman's  Missionary  Society' 
Department) ,  Mrs.  E.  W.  Lentz,  Milton,  Pennsylvania.     Price,  |.S0 
(»)  This  Society  is  also  auxiliary  to  the  Board  of  Home  Missions  of  the  Reformed 
Church  in  the  United  States,  which  has  no  work  covered  by  this  survey 

SALVATION  ARMY 
Salvation  Army  (SA) 

(see  under  England) 
116 — Salvation  Army 

Office:  122  West  14th  Street,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 

Terr.  Commissioner,  Commander  Eva  Booth 
♦Field  Sec,  Col.  Alexander  M.  Damon 
Fields:  Europe:  Belgium,  Denmark,  including  Iceland,  England,  France,  Germany, 
Ireland,  Italy,  The  Netherlands,  Norway,  Russia  {Finland),  Scotland,  Sweden, 
Switzerland,    Wales.     Latin  America:   West  Indies:   Cuba,   Jamaica,   Lesser 
Antilles   (Barbados,   Virgin   Islands).      Central   America:   British   Honduras, 
Canal   Zone,    Costa   Rica,    Panama.      South   America:    Argentine   Republic, 
British  Guiana,  Chile,  Paraguay,  Peru,  Uruguay.    The  Non-Christian  World: 
Asia:   Ceylon,   China   (Chihli,   Shantung').   Chosen,  India   (Bengal,   Bombay, 
Burma,   Madras,   Punjab,   United  Provmces),  Japan,  Syria,  including  Pales- 
tine.   Africa:  Bechuanaland  Protectorate,  British  Bechuanaland,  Orange  River 
Colony,  Rhodesia,  St.  Helena,  Transvaal.     Oceania:  Australia,  New  Zealand, 
Dutch  East  Indies  (Borneo,  Celebes,  Java,  Sumatra) 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  and  Canada 


*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  211 

SCANDINAVIAN  ALLIANCE 

117 — Scandinavian  Alliance  Mission  of  North  America  (SAM)  (1891) 
Office:  20  North  Ashland  Boulevard,  Chicago,  Illinois.    Cable:  Sam, 
Chicago 
Secretary,  Prof.  Fridolf  Risberg,  D.D. 
Fields:   Latin   America.     South   America:   Venezuela.     The   Non- 
Christian  .  World:    Asia:    China    (Kansu,    Mongolia,    Shensi), 
India    (Assam,    Behar    and    Orissa,    Bengal),    Japan.      Africa: 
Swaziland,  Transvaal 

SCHWENKFELDER 

119 — Home  and  Foreign  Board  of  Missions  of  The  Schwenkf elder 
Church  in  the  United  States  of  America  (S) 
Office:  2509  North  30th  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  John  H.  Schultz 
*Rec.  Sec,  Rev.  H.  K.  Heebner 
Treas.,  Wm.  K.  Heebner 
Periodical:    "The   Schwenkf eldian."     Acting   Editor,    Rev.    H.    K. 

Heebner 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Shansi  C")) 

(»)  Provides  one-half  of  the  support  for  missionaries   under  the  American  Board  of 
Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions 

SWEDISH  EVANGELICAL  FREE  CHURCH 

120 — Swedish  Evangelical  Free  Church  of  the  United  States  of  North 
America  (SEFC)  (1895) 
(Swedish  American  Mission) 
Office:  206  Highland  Avenue,  Rockford,  Illinois 

Secretary,  Rev.  E.  A.  Halleen 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Kwangtung) 

SWEDISH  EVANGELICAL  MISSION  COVENANT 
121 — Swedish   Evangelical   Mission   Covenant   of  America   (SEMC) 
(1885) 

{Swedish  American  Missionary  Covenant) 
Office:  56  West  Washington  Street,  Chicago,  Illinois.     Cable:  Cov- 
enant, Chicago 
President,  Rev.  H.  G.  Hjerpe 
Periodical:  "Forbundets  Veckotidning."     (Covenant  Weekly.)    Ed- 
itor, Rev.  D.  Marcelius.    Price,  $2. 00 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Hupeh) 
Also  work  in  the  United  States 


*  OflBcer  to  whom  general  correspondence  shotild  be  sent.    The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


212  UNITED  STATES 

UNITED  BRETHREN  IN  CHRIST 

122 — Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  United  Brethren  in  Christ 
(UB)  (1853) 

Office:  404  Otterbein  Press  Building,  Dayton,  Ohio.     Cable:  For- 
ward, Dayton 

Pres.,  Bishop  W.  M.  Bell,  D.D.,  1923  35th  Street,  N.  W.,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 
♦Act.  Sec,  Bishop  A.  T.  Howard,  D.D. 
Rec.  Sec,  G.  A.  Lambert,  Anderson,  Indiana 
Treas.,  L.  O.  Miller,  418  Otterbein  Press  Building,  Dayton,  Ohio 
Fields:  Latin  America:  West  Indies:  Porto  Rico.    The  Non-Christian 
World:  Asia:  China  (Kwangtung),  Japan.    Africa:  Sierra  Leone. 
Oceania:  Philippine  Islands 

122a — ^Women's  Missionary  Association  of  the  United  Brethren  in  Christ  (1875) 

Office:  Otterbein  Press  Building,  Dayton,  Ohio 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  L.  R.  Harford 
♦Gen.  Sec.-Treas.,  Mrs.  Alva  Kauflfman 
Rec.  Sec,  Mrs.  W.  O.  Fries 
Periodical:  "The  Evangel."    Editor,  Miss  Vera  B.  Blinn.    Price,  5.50 
Fields:  Latin  America:  West  Indies:  Porto  Rico.     The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia: 
China    {Kwangtung),    Japan.     Africa:   Sierra   Leone.      Oceania:    Philippine 
Islands 


UNITED  BRETHREN  IN  CHRIST  (OLD  CONSTITUTION) 

123 — Domestic,  Frontier  and  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  United 
Brethren  in  Christ  (UBC)  (1853) 

Office:  Huntington,  Indiana 
Pres.,  Rev.  C.  L.  Wood,  D.D. 
*Cor.  Sec,  Rev.  J.  Howe 
Sec,  Rev.  J.  Howe 
Treas.,  S.  A.  Stemen 
Periodical:  "The  Missionary  Monthly."     Editors,  Rev.  J.   Howe, 

Mrs.  F.  A.  Loew.    Price,  $.50 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Africa:  Sierra  Leone 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  and  Canada 

123a — Woman's  Missionary  Association  of  the  United  Brethren  (1875) 

Office:  302  U.  B.  Mission  Room,  Huntington,  Indiana 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres..  Mrs.  M.  M.  Titus 
♦Cor.  Sec,  Mrs.  F.  A.  Loew 

Rec.  Sec,  Mrs.  Ida  Sellers 

Treas.,  Mrs.  Effie  Kanage 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Africa:  Sierra  Leone 
Also  work  in  the  United  States 


*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  213 

UNITED  HOLY  CHURCH 

123b — United    Holy    Church    of   America,    Missionary    Department 
(UHC)         (^) 
Office:  910  Ridge  Avenue,  Winston-Salem,  North  Carolina 

Secretary-Treasurer,  E.  B.  Nichols 
Periodical:  "The  HoHness  Union" 

(»)  Funds  contributed  by  this  Society  in  the  past  were  expended  through  the  Chris- 
tian and  Missionary  Alliance.  The  Board  expects  to  start  a  mission  of  its  own 
in  Sierre  Leone.    A  native  worker  in  Natal  is  being  supported  also 

UNIVERSALIST 

124 — Universalist  General  Convention  (UGC)  (1890) 
Office:  359  Boylston  Street,  Boston,  Massachusetts 

Secretary,  A.  Ingham  Bicknell 
Periodical:  "The  Universalist  Leader.     Editor,  Rev.  F.  A.  Bisbee, 

D.D.     Price,  $2.00 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  Japan 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Whites 
124a — ^Women's  National  Missionary  Association  of  the  Universalist  Church  (1869) 
Oflfice:  359  Boylston  Street,  Boston,  Massachusetts 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  Marietta  B.  Wilkins,  52  Essex  Street,  Salem,  Massachusetts 
Rec.  Sec,  Mrs.  Ethel  M.  Allen,  185  West  9th  Avenue,  Columbus,  Ohio 
*Cor.  Sec,  Mrs.  Marian  W.  Lobdell,  Middleport,  New  York 
Periodicals:  "The  Women's  Missionary  Bulletin."     Editor,  Mrs.  M.  B.  Wilkins. 
Price,  l.io.     (Free  to  members.)     "The  Universalist  Leader."     Editor,  Rev. 
F.  A.  Bisbee,  D.D.    Price,  $2.00 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  Japan 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  for  Whites 

INTERDENOMINATIONAL  (EXCEPTING  EDUCATIONAL) 
125 — American  Bible  Society  (ABS)  (1816)  Q') 
Office:  Bible  House,  Astor  Place,  New  York  City.     Cable:  Bible- 
house,  New  York 
Officers : 

Pres.  Emeritus,  James  Wood 
Pres.,  Churchill  Hunter  Cutting 

Gen.  Sees.,  *Rev.  Wilham  I.  Haven,  D.D.,  Frank  H.  Mann 
Rec.  Sec,  Rev.  Lewis  B.  Chamberlain 
Treas.,  William  Foulke 
Periodical:  "Bible  Society  Record."    Editor,  The  Secretaries.    Price, 

$1.00 
Fields:  Europe:  Austria Q"),  Belgium(^),  Bulgaria,  DenmarkQ"), 
France^'),  Germany Q"),  GreeceQ"),  HungaryQ"),  Italy(^),  Nor- 
wayQ'),  Rumania^,  RussiaQ"),  SpainQ"),  Sweden{''),  Switser- 
landQ").  Latin  America :  Mexico.  West  Indies:  Bahama  Islands 
{all  except  British  Islands),  Cuba,  Haiti,  Lesser  Antilles  {all 
except  British  Islands),  Porto  Rico,  Santo  Domingo.  Central 
America:  Canal  Zone,  Costa  Rica,  Guatemala,  Honduras, 
Nicaragua,  Panama,  Salvador.     South  America:  Argentine  Re- 

*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified. 


214  UNITED  STATES 

public,  Bolivia,  Brazil,  Chile,  Colombia,   Ecuador,  Paraguay, 
Peru,  Uruguay,  Venezuela.     Non-Christian  World:  Turkey  in 
Europe.      Asia:    Ceylon,    China    (Anhwei,    Chekiang,    Chihli, 
Fukien,  Heilungkiang,  Honan,  Hunan,  Hupeh,  Kansu,  Kiangsi, 
Kiangsu,   Kirin,   Kwangsi,   Kwangtung,   Kweichow,   Mongolia, 
Shansi,    Shangtung,    Shengking,    Shensi,    Singkiang,    Szechwan, 
Yunnan),  Formosa,  India,  Japan,  Siam,  S^^ria,  Turkey  in  Asia. 
Africa:    Anglo-Egyptian    Sudan,    Egypt,    Liberia^'),    NatalO, 
Portuguese  East  Africa^').      Oceania:  Philippine  Islands,  Poly- 
nesiai^). 
Also  work  in  the  United  States,  not  covered  by  this  survey 
(*J  The  American  Bible  Society  cooperates  with  the  various  missionary  societies   on 
the  fields,  either  through  its  own  agents  and  superintendents  or  through  the 
missionaries  of  the  societies.     Its  colporteurs  are  found  in  all  the  fields  listed 
above,  except  in  those  where  there  is  a  note  to  the  effect  that  "grants  in  aid 
only"  are  made.    These  consist  of  donations  of  Bibles  and  portions  to  the  mis- 
sionaries on  the  field 
C')  Aid  by  grant  only 

126 — American  Tract  Society  (ATS)  (1825) 

Office:  Park  Avenue  and  40th  Street,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  William  Phillips  Hall 
Vice-Pres.,  Rev.  David  James  Burrell,  D.D. 
*Gen.  Sec,  Rev.  Judson  Swift,  D.D. 
Rec.  Sec,  Rev.  Henry  Lewis,  Ph.D. 
Treas.,  Louis  Tag 
Periodical:  "American    Messenger."      Editor,    Rev.    Henry    Lewis. 
Price,  $.60 

Note. — The  work  of  the  American  Tract  Society  in  foreign  lands  is  carried  on  by 
means  of  its  foreign  cash  appropriations  which  are  used  for  the  publication  of 
Christian  literature  in  the  vernacular,  at  the  mission  stations.  The  total  amount 
of  the  cash  appropriations  to  date  is  1802,966.39,  and  the  total  value  of  its 
grants  in  electrotypes  amounts  to  $61,177.96,  making  a  grand  total  of  cash 
and  electrotypes  1864,144.35.  By  means  of  these  appropriations  the  Gospel 
Message  has  been  published  in  178  languages,  dialects  and  characters,  and 
more  than  5.400  distinct  publications  have  been  issued,  of  which  scores  of 
millions  of  copies  of  books  and  tracts  have  been  published  and  circulated  at  the 
foreign  mission  stations.  In  Latin  America,  the  Tract  Society's  publications 
in  Spanish  and  Portuguese  total  more  than  18,132,463  copies,  amounting  in 
value  to  1698,856.36,  and  the  total  of  the  foreign  publications  in  all  languages 
issued  from  the  Society's  home  office  is  107,105,357  copies,  which  does  not  in- 
clude the  many  millions  of  publications  issued  abroad  at  the  foreign  mission 
stations 

127— World's  Christian  Endeavor  Union  (WCEU)('^) 
Office:  41  Mt.  Vernon  Street,  Boston,  Massachusetts 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  Francis  E.  Clark,  D.D.,  LL.D. 
*Sec.,  WiUiam  Shaw,  LL.D. 
Periodical:  "The  Christian  Endeavor  World."    Editor,  Prof.  Amos 
R.  Wells,  LL.D.,  Litt.D.    Price,  $2.00 

(»)  The  income  for  foreign  missions  reported  by  this  Society  is  expended  as  grants  in 
aid  to  the  Christian  Endeavor  Organizations  in  France,  Spain,  China,  Japan 
and  India 


*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  215 

128 — Continuation  Committee  of  the  World  Missionary  Conference, 
Edinburgh  (WCC) 
Office:  25  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Chairman,  John  R.  Mott,  LL.D. 
128a — American  Section,  Emergency  Committee  of  Cooperating  Missions  (1919)  (") 
Office:  25  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Chairman,  John  R.  Mott,  LL.D. 
(»)  This  Committee  was  formed  to  deal  with  problems  during  the  time  that  the  Con- 
tinuation Committee,  owing  to  its  international  character,  was  unable  to  func- 
tion.    It  in  no  way  supersedes  that  Committee,  its  temporary  nature  being 
implied  in  the  title 

129 — ^Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America  (FCCA) 
(1908) 
Office:  105  East  22nd  Street,  New  York  City;  Woodward  Building, 

Washington,  D.  C.     Cable:  Fedcil,  New  York 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  Frank  Mason  North,  D.D. 
*Gen.  Sec,  Rev.   Charles  S.   Macfarland,   D.D.,    105  East  22nd 
Street,  New  York  City 

130 — ^Federation  of  Woman*s  Boards  of  Foreign  Missions  of  North 
America  (FWBNA)  (19 16) 
Office:  25  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  H.  R.  Steele 
Vice-Pres.,  Miss  Alice  M.  Davison 
*Sec.,  Miss  Vernon  HaUiday 
Treas.,  Mrs.  J.  C.  Henley 
Periodical:  "The  Missionary  Review  of  the  World."    Editor,  D.  L. 
Pierson.     Price,  $2.50 

131 — Foreign  Missions  Conference  of  North  America  (FMCNA)  (1893) 
Office:  25  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.,  James  M.  Speers 

Hon.  Sec,  W.  Henry  Grant (^) 

Treas.,  Alfred  E.  Marling 

(•)  Address  correspondence  to  Fennell  P.  Turner,  25  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  City 

131a — Committee  of  Reference  and  Counsel  of  the  Foreign  Missions  Conference  of 
North  America,  Inc.(») 
Office:  25  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.,  Rev.  Wm.  I.  Chamberlain.  Ph.D. 
Vice-Chmn..  Rev.  Principal  Alfred  Gandier,  D.D. 
Rec.  Sec,  Rev.  Paul  de  Schweinitz,  D.D. 
*Sec.,  Fennell  P.  Turner 
Treas.,  Alfred  E.  Marling 
(a)  This  is  the  incorporated  organization  which  legally  represents  the  Foreign  Mis- 
sions Conference  of  North  America 


*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


216  UNITED  STATES 

i3iai — Sub-committee  on  Emergencies  and  Reference 
Chairman,  Rev.  James  L.  Barton,  D,D.,  LL.D. 

I3ia2 — Sub-committee  on  Missions  and  Governments 

Chairman,  Rev.  William  I.  Chamberlain,  Ph.D. 

I3ia3 — Sub-committee  on  Finance  and  Headquarters 
Chairman,  Rev.  Cornelius  H.  Patton,  D.D. 

i3ia4 — Sub-committee  on  Missionary  Research  Library 

Executive  Officers: 

Chmn..  Rev.  Charles  R.  Watson,  D.D. 
*Sec.,  Charles  H.  Fahs,  25  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  City 

I3ia4a — Missionary  Research  Library 

Address:  25  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Librarian,  Miss  HoUis  W.  Hering 

i3ias — Sub-committee  on  The  Cultivation  of  the  Home  Chtu-ch 
Chairman,  Rev.  Stephen  J.  Corey,  LL.D. 

I3ia6 — Sub-committee  on  Interdenominational  and  Undenominational  Agencies 
Chairman,  Rev.  Paul  de  Schweinitz,  D.D. 

Z3ia7 — Sub-committee  on  Principles  and  Methods  of  Administration 
Chairman,  Rev.  Egbert  W.  Smith,  D.D. 

Z3ia8 — Sub-committee  on  Relations  to  Similar  Bodies 

Chairman,  John  R.  Mott,  LL.D. 

I3ia9 — Sub-committee  on  Statistical  Bureau 
Chairman,  Rev.  John  F.  Goucher,  D.D. 

Z3ia9a — ^Bureau  of  Statistics  and  Research 

Office:  25  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 
♦Director,  Rev.  Burton  St.  John 
Asst.  Director,  Roderick  Beach 

Z3iaio — Sub-committee  on  Arrangements 
Chairman,  Rev.  W.  W.  Pinson,  D.D. 

I3iaii — Sub-committee  on  The  Report 

Chairman,  Rev.  A.  Woodruff  Halsey,  D.D. 

I3iai2 — Sub-committee  on  Medical  Missions 

Chairman.  Rt.  Rev.  Arthur  S.  Lloyd,  D.D. 

131b — Board  of  Missionary  Preparation 

Office:  25  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.,  Pres.  W.  Douglas  Mackenzie,  D.D. 
♦Director,  Rev.  Frank  K.  Sanders,  Ph.D. 

Hon.  Sec,  Fennell  P.  Turner 

Treas..  Rev.  William  I.  Chamberlain,  Ph.D. 

131C — Religious  Needs  of  Anglo-American  Communities 
Office:   156  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Chairman,  Robert  E.  Speer,  D.D. 


♦  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless^othcrwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  217 

132 — Interchurch  "World  Movement  of  North  America  (IWM)  (1919) 

Office:  43  West  Eighteenth  Street,  New  York  City.     Telephone, 

Watkins  9030 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.  Gen.  Com.,  Hon.  Robert  Lansing 

Chmn.  Exec.  Com.,  John  R.  Mott,  LL.D. 

Gen.  Sec,  S.  Earl  Taylor,  LL.D. 

132a — Survey  Department 

Director,  Rev.  Fred.  P.  Haggard,  D.D. 

132a  I — Foreign  Svurveys  Division 

Executive  Officers: 

Super.,  J.  F.  Zimmermannt 

Personnel  Placements,  Rev.  John  B.  Hill,  D.D. 

i32aia — Mission  Fields  Branch 

Manager,  Rev.  Frank  W.  Bible 
Africa  Section 

North  Africa,  S.  J.  L.  Crouch 

Central  Africa,  Rev.  J.  M.  Springer 

South  Africa,  Rev.  Fred  R.  Bunker 
China  Section 

Supervisor,  Rev.  Frank  W.  Bible 

Assistants,  M.  G.  Tewksbury  (in  China),  Rev.  Samuel  J.  Millsf,  Rev.  James 
V.  Latimer,  C.  E.  Pattonf 
Europe  Section 

Supervisor,  Rev.  E.  C.  Kirrmann,  Ph.D.t 

Assistants,  Rev.  Eugene  E.  Fuessle,t  Robert  L.  McAllt 
India  Section 

Supervisor,  Rev.  William  H.  Hannum 

Assistants,  Rev.  Walter  C.  Mason,  Rev.  Walter  T.  Scudder,  D.D. 
Japanese  Empire  Section 

Supervisor,  Rev.  David  S.  Spencer 
Latin  America  Section 

Supervisor,  Rev.  Samuel  Guy  Inmanf 

Ass't  Sec,  Howard  E.  Jensen 

Ed.  Sec,  Rev.  Jasper  T.  Mosesf 

Mexico,  Rev.  William  E.  Vanderbilt,  D.D. 

Central  America,  Colombia  and  Venezuela 

South  America,  Rev.  Webster  E.  Browning,  Ph.D.,  D.D.f 

Mexico,  Rev.  George  M.  McBridef 
Malaysia  Section 

Supervisor,  Rev.  William  G.  Shellabear,  D.D.f 

Malaysia,  Rev.  Preston  L.  Peach 

Dutch  Translator,  Miss  Gertrude  Schuurman 

Siam,  Rev.  Howell  S.  Vincent,  D.D. 

French  Translator,  Roger  S.  Boardman 
Near  East  Section 

Supervisor,  Rev.  Stanley  White,  D.D.f 

Turkey,  Donald  M.  Brodie 

Syria,  Palestine  and  Arabia,  Rev.  Paul  Erdman 

Persia,  J.  A.  Funk,  M.D. 

Bulgaria,  Rev.  Reuben  H.  Markham 
Philippine  Islands  Section 

Supervisor,  Rev.  Harry  Farmerf 

Assistant,  Raymond  E.  Marshall 


*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.    The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 

t  Temporary  or  part-time  workers 


2i8  UNITED  STATES 

I32aib — Coordination  Branch 

Manager,  Eric  M.  Northf 
Educational  Section 

Supervisor,  Rev.  James  S.  Seneker 
Assistant,  Rev.  Otto  Mayer 
Geographic  Section 

Supervisor,  Samuel  W.  Boggs 
Assistant,  Mrs.  Theodora  Crosby  Bliss 
Literature  Section 

Supervisor,  Eric  M.  North 
Medical  Section 

Supervisor,  David  Bovaird,  M.D. 
Assistant,  John  Mac  Murray 
Social  and  Philanthropic  Section 

Supervisor,  Rev.  William  E.  Weld,  Ph.D.f 
Statistical  Section 

Supervisor,  James  Grantham 
I32aic — Mission  Agencies  Branch 

Manager,  J.  W.  Hawleyf 
I32aid — Editorial  Workers 

William  G.  Tinckom-Fernandez,  Philip  I.  Roberts 
I32a2 — Home  Survey  Division 

Director,  Rev.  Ralph  E.  Diffendorfer 
I32a3 — Life  Service  Department 
Director.  J.  Campbell  White,  D.D. 

132b — Missionary  Education  Department  of  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  (») 
(1902) 
Office:  160  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City.    Cable:  Movement,  New  York 
Executive  Officers: 

Director,  Miles  B.  Fisher,  D.D. 

Managers,  Editorial  Division,  Franklin  D.  Cogswell;  Manufacture  and  Sales 
Division,  Herbert  L.  Hill 
(»)  Formerly  the  Missionary  Education  Movement  of  the  United  States  and  Canada, 
taken  over  by  the  Interchurch  World  Movement  in  19x9.  For  legal  reasons  it 
maintains  a  corporate  existence,  the  directors  meeting  once  a  year,  but  its 
entire  staff,  with  its  whole  program  of  work,  passed  into  the  Interchurch  World 
Movement.     The  latter  assumes  the  direction  and  full  financial  responsibility. 

133 — American  Section  of  the   Committee   on   Cooperation  in  Latin 
America  (CCLA)  (1913) 
Office:  25  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  City.    Cable:  Student 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.,  Robert  E.  Speer,  D.D. 
*Exec.  Sec,  Rev.  Samuel  G.  Inman 
Edit.  Sec,  Rev.  George  B.  Winton,  D.D.,  221 1  Highland  Avenue, 

Nashville,  Tennessee 
Educa.  Sec,  Webster  E.   Browning,  Ph.D.,  Calle  Ghana,  2126, 
Montevideo,  Uruguay 

134 — Laymen's  Missionary  Movement  of  the  United  States  and  Canada 

(LMM)  (1906)  CO 
Office:  I  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.,  James  M.  Speers 

*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent      The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 
t  Temporary  or  part-time  worker? 


UNITED  STATES  219 

Vice-Chmn.,  Col.  E.  W.  Halford 
*Gen.  Sec,  William  B.  Millar 
Treas.,  E.  E.  Olcott 
(a)  The  Laymen's  Missionary  Movement  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  retains 
its  existence,  but  most  of  its  fimctions  are  being  carried  on  by  the  Interchurch 
World  Movement  of  North  America 

Mission  to  Lepers  (ML) 

(see  under  Ireland) 

13s — Mission  to  Lepers,  American  Committee  (1874)  (") 
OfBce:  Room  1118.  156  Fifth  Avenue.  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 
♦Sec,  W.  M.  Banner 
Treas.,  Fleming  H.  Revell,  158  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Periodical:  "Without  the  Camp"  (Quarterly).    Editor,  W.  H.  P.  Anderson,  London, 
England.     Price,  5.25 
(»)  The  Mission  to   Lepers  is  not  a  sending  society,  but  cooperates  with  more  than 
thirty  Protestant  sending  societies  on  the  field,  providing  buildings  and  funds  to 
aid  their  work  among  lepers,  and  allowing  the  missionaries  of  the  societies  to 
have  the  supervision  of  the  work.     The  Mission  has  asylums  or  aids  work  in 
Dutch  Guiana,  Ceylon,  China,  Chosen,  Federated  Malay  States  and  Straits 
Settlements,  India,  Japan,  Siam,  Madagascar,  Rhodesia,  Transvaal,  the  Philip- 
pine Islands,  and  the  United  States 

136— Directors  of  the  Methodist  Publishing  House  in  China  (MPHC)  {"■) 
Office:  810  Broadway,  Nashville,  Tennessee 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.  of  the  Board  of  Directors,  Rev.  W.  I.  Haven,  D.D. 
*Sec.  of  the  Board  of  Directors,  Rev.  George  Morgan,  D.D. 
(»)  This  Society  represents  the  publishing  interests  in  China  of  the  Board  of  Foreign 
Missions  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and  of  the  Board  of  Missions  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Chvu-ch,  South.  The  Publishing  Houseof  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church  transferred  its  interest  in  the  Methodist  Publishing 
House  in  China  to  the  Board  of  Missions  in  1919 

137— Missionary   Education    Movement   of   the    United    States   and 

Canada  (MEM)  (1902)0 
(a)  See  under  Interchurch  World  Movement  of  North  America  (No.  132) 

138— Student  Volunteer  Movement  for  Foreign  Missions  (SVM)  (1886) 
Office:  25  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  City.    Cable:  Student,  New 

York 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.,  John  R.  Mott,  LL.D. 
Vice-Chmn.,  Pres.  J.  Ross  Stevenson,  D.D. 
*Gen.  Sec,  Robert  P.  Wilder 
Ed.  Sees.,  Rev.  J.  Lovell  Murray,  Miss  Helen  B.  Crane 
Candidate  Sees.,  Rev.  Burton  St.  John,  Miss  Vernon  Halliday 
Exec.  Sec,  Thomas  S.  Sharp 
Bus.  Sec,  William  P.  McCulloch 
Treas.,  James  M.  Speers 
Periodical:  "Student  Volunteer  Movement  Bulletin" 


Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.    The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


220  UNITED  STATES 

World's  Sunday  School  Association  (WSSA)  (1889) 

(see  under  International) 
139— World's  Sunday  School  Association 

Office:  I  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  City.    Cable:  Daybreak 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.,  John  Wanamaker 
*Gen.  Sec,  American  Section,  Frank  L.  Brown 
Periodical:   "The  Sunday  School  Times."     Editor,   Charles  G.  Trumbull,  Phila- 
delphia, Pennsylvania.     Price,  $1.50 
Fields:   Latin  America:  South  America:  Argentine  Republic,   Brazil.     The  Non- 
Christian   Worid:  Asia:   China   (Kiangsu),   Chosen,  Japan.     Africa:  Egypt. 
Oceania:  Philippine  Islands 
Also  work  in  other  countries  through  other  missionary  agencies 

139a— Foreign  Sunday  School  Association  of  the  United  States  of  America  (FSSA) 
1878)     («)  ' 

Office:  I  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  City 
President,  Rev.  Henry  C.  Woodruff 
(»)  This  Association  was  merged  with  the  World's  Sunday  School  Association  in  1919, 
Its  corporate  existence  has  been  maintained  for  legal  reasons,  but  it  is  now  a 
subordinate  society  of  the  WSSA,  carrying  on  its  executive  work  as  Depart- 
ment of  Field  Work  B 

World's  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  (WCTU) 

(see  under  International) 
140 — World's  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  (1883) 
Office:  Evanston,  IlUnois 
.  Executive  Officers: 

Pres..  Rosalind,  Countess  of  Cariisle,  Castle  Howard,  York,  England 
♦Hon.  Sec,  Miss  Anna  Adams  Gordon 
Treas.,  Mrs.  Mary  E.  Sanderson,  Danville,  Quebec,  Canada 
Fields:  Latin  America:  Mexico.    South  America:  Argentine  Republic,  Chile,  Peru, 
Uruguay.     The  IS  on-Christian  World: , Asia:  [India^  (Punjab).     Africa:  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  Province 

141— International  Committee  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Associa- 
tions, Foreign  Department  (YMCAA)  (1889) 
Office:  347  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  City.    Cable:  Forsec,  N.  Y. 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.,  William  D.  Murray- 
Gen.  Sec,  John  R.  Mott,  LL.D. 
Asso.  Gen.  Sec,  P.  S.  Brockman 
Asso.  Gen.  Sees.  For.  Work,  E.  T.  Colton,  G.  Sherwood  Eddy, 

*Edward  C.  Jenkins 
Home  Sees.,  G.  I.  Babcock,  J.  M.  Clinton,  J.  E.  Manley,  F.  J. 

Nichols,  Wilbert  B.  Smith,  B.  B.  Wilcox 
Treas.,  Bertram  H.  Fancher 
Periodical:  "Foreign  Mail"   (Bi-monthly).     Editor,  J.  E.  Manley. 

Price,  $.25  ($.15  in  clubs  of  ten  or  more) 
Fields:  Europe:  Portugal,  Russia.  Latin  America:  Mexico.  West 
Indies:  Cuba,  Porto  Rico.  South  America:  Argentine  Republic, 
Brazil,  Chile,  Uruguay.  The  Non-Christian  Worid:  Asia:  Cey- 
lon, Chma  (Chekiang,  Chihli,  Fukien,  Hunan,  Hupeh,  Kiangsi, 
Kiangsu,  Kirin,  Kwangtung,  Shansi,  Shantung,  Shengking, 
Szechwan,  Yunnan),  Chosen,  India  (Bengal,  Bombay,  Central 

*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  221 

Provinces,  Hyderabad,  Madras,  Mysore,  Punjab,  including  Delhi, 
United  Provinces),  Japan,  Syria,  Turkey  in  Europe.     Africa: 
Egypt.    Oceania:  Philippine  Islands 
(Russia  and  Turkey  in  Europe  should  be  omitted  from  the  above  list) 

X4ia — Princeton  University  Center  in  China  (1906) 

OflSce:  Murray-Dodge  Hall,  Princeton,  New  Jersey 

Gen.  Secretary,  Rev.  Robert  R.  Gailey,  M.A. 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  {Chihli){^) 
(a)  This  work  is  conducted  by  the  Philadelphian  Society  of  Princeton  University. 
It  is  the  Peking,  China,  Yovmg  Men's  Christian  Association 

142 — Foreign  Department  of  the  National  Board  of  the  Young  Women's 
Christian    Associations    of    the    United    States    of    America 
(YWCAUS)   (1906) 
Office:  600  Lexington  Avenue,  New  York  City.     Cable:  Outpost, 

New  York 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.,  Mrs.  James  A.  Webb,  Jr. 
*Exec.  Sec,  Miss  Harriet  Taylor 
Act.  Exec.  Sec,  Mrs.  Katherine  Willard  Eddy 
Office  Sec,  Miss  Emma  R.  Hancock 
Periodical:  "The  Association  Monthly."    Editor,  Miss  Mary  Louise 

Allen.    Price,  $1.50  (foreign  postage,  $.50  additional) 
Fields:  Latin  America:  South  America:  Argentine  Republic,  Brazil, 
Chile.     The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  Ceylon,  China,  India 
(Bombay,  Madras),  Japan 

INTERDENOMINATIONAL  (EDUCATIONAL) 
143 — American  University  at  Cairo  (AUC)  (1914) 
{Cairo  Universily) 
Office:  Land   Title   Building,    Philadelphia,    Pennsylvania.      Cable: 

Victorious 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.,  Rev.  J.  K.  McClurkin,  D.D. 
Sees.,  *Rev.  Charles  R.  Watson,  D.D.,  George  Innes 
Treas.,  E.  E.  Olcott 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Africa:  Egypt 

Women's  Christian  College,  Madras  (WCCM) 

(see  under  India) 

144 — ^Women's  Christian  College,  Madras,  Board  of  Governors,  American  Section 
(191S) 
Office:  25  East  22nd  Street,  New  York  City.    Cable:  Synodical,  New  York 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.,  Rev.  James  L.  Barton,  D.D.,  LL.D. 
*Sec.,  Rev.  W.  I.  Chamberlain,  Ph.D. 
Periodical:  "The  Sunflower."    Editor,  Miss  Eleanor  McDougall.    Free 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  India  (Madras) 


*  Oflficer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  imless  otherwise  specified 


222  UNITED  STATES 

144a — ^Board    of    Trustees    of    Fukien    Christian    University   (FCU) 
(1918)  (;) 

{Fukien  University) 
Office:  25  East  22nd  Street,  New  York  City- 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  E.  C.  Jones,  Ph.D. 
♦Sec,  Rev.  Wm.  I.  Chamberlain,  Ph.D. 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Fukien) 

(■)  This  University  was  formed  by  a  union  of  the  four  missions  of  the  American  Board 
of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions  (United  States),  the  Church  Missionary 
Society  for  Africa  and  the  East  (England),  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  (United  States),  and  Board  of  Foreign  Mis- 
sions of  the  Reformed  Church  in  America  (United  States).  It  has  a  Board  of 
Governors  on  the  field 

145 — Trustees  of  the  University  of  Nanking  (UN)  (1909) 
OfiEice:  156  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 
*Pres.,  Robert  E.  Speer,  D.D. 
Vice-Pres.,  Rev.  A.  McLean,  D.D. 
Treas.,  Russell  Carter 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Kiangsu) 

146— Trustees  of  Peking  University  (PU)  (1888) 
Office:  150  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Bishop  Luther  B.  Wilson,  D.D. 
Vice-Pres.,  Arthur  Perry 
♦Sec,  Rev.  Eric  M.  North,  Ph.D. 
Treas.,  E.  M.  McBrier 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Chihli) 

147— Arthur  T.  Pierson  Memorial  Bible  School  of  Seoul,  Korea  (PBS) 
(1911) 
Oflfice:  156  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City.    Cable:  Missrev 

Secretary,  Delavan  L.  Pierson 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  Chosen 

148 — Union   Missionary   Medical   School   for   Women,   South   India 

(UMSI) 
Office:  25  East  22nd  Street,  New  York  City.    Cable:  Sy nodical.  New 

York 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.  of  Board  of  Governors,  Rev.  James  L.  Barton,  D.D.,  LL.D. 
♦Sec,  Rev.  William  L  Chamberlain,  Ph.D. 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  India  (Madras) 

Women's  Christian  Medical  College  (WCMC) 

(see  under  India) 

*  OflTicer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.  The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  223 

149— American  Committee  of  the  Women's  Christian  Medical  College,  Ludhiana, 
Punjab,  India  (  ) 

Office:  289  Fourth  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.,  Charles  M.  Jesup,  Esq. 

Cor.  Sec.  Miss  Elizabeth  S.  Loveland,  Kingston,  Pennsylvania 
*Rec.  Sec.  and  Treas.,  Rev.  Franklin  B.  Dwight 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  India  {Punjab) 

INDEPENDENT  (EXCEPTING  EDUCATIONAL) 
Africa  Inland  Mission  (AIM) 

(see  under  International) 
150— Africa  Inland  Mission,  Home  Council  for  North  America  (1895) 

Office:  3S6  Bridge  Street,  Brooklyn,  New  York.    Cable:  Hearing,  Brooklyn 
Executive  Officers: 

Director,  Rev.  Orson  R.  Palmer,  2244  North  29th  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pennsyl- 
vania 
♦Sec,  Rev.  Oliver  M.  Fletcher 
Periodical:  "Inland  Africa."    Editor,  Walter  F.  Clowes.    Price,  $.S0 
Fields:   The   Non-Christian  World:  Africa:  Belgian  Congo,   British  East  Afnca, 
German  East  Africa 

Algiers  Mission  Band  (AMB) 

(see  under  North  Africa) 

151— Woman's  Algerian  Mission  Band,  American  (1907) 
Office:  2300  Dexter  Street,  Denver,  Colorado 

Secretary,  Mrs.  J.  A.  Walker 
Periodical:  "Woman's  Algerian  Band  News  Letter."     Editor,  Mrs.  J.  A.  Walker. 

Free 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Africa:  Algeria 

152 — ^American  and  Foreign  Christian  Union  (AFCU)  (1849) 
Office:  104  East  39th  Street,  New  York  City- 
Secretary,  S.  W.  Thurber 
Fields:  Europe:  France,  Germany i"^) 
(»)  The  American  and  Foreign  Christian  Union  maintains  the  American  Church  at 
21  rue  de  Bern,  Paris,  France,  and  also  acts  as  the  fiduciary  agent  for  the  Amer- 
ican Church  in  Berlin,  which  during  the  war  has  been  practically  disorganized 

153 — National  Armenia  and  India  Relief  Association  for  Industrial 
Orphan  Homes  (NAIRA)  (1895) 
Office:  345  East  25th  Street,  Brooklyn,  New  York 

Secretary-Treasurer,  Miss  Emily  Crosby  Wheeler 
Periodical:  "The  Helping  Hand  Series."    Editor,  Miss  Emily  Crosby 
Wheeler.     Price,  $.10 
154— Bible  Faith  Mission  (BF)  (1910) 
Office:  Bridgton,  Maine 

Cor.  Sec,  Mrs.  Sarah  K.  Taylor 
Periodical:  "Bible  Faith  Mission  Standard"  (America,  Bi-monthly). 
Editor,  Mrs.  Sarah  K.  Taylor.     "Bible  Faith  Mission  Standard" 
(India,   Bi-monthly).     Editor,  C.   R.  Vedantachan.     Price,  $.25 
with  "Bible  Faith  Mission  Standard"  (America) 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  India  (Madras) (^) 
(»)  This  Society  does  not  send  out  foreign  missionaries,  but  supports  a  large  force  of 
native  workers 

*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  shotild  be  sent.    The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


224  UNITED  STATES 

Bolivian  Indian  Mission  (BM) 

(see  under  Bolivia) 

155 — New  York  Council,  Bolivian  Indian  Mission  (1916) 

Office:  81  Fulton  Street,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 

Sec,  Rev.  P.  M.  Spencer 
*Cor.  Sec,  Wm.  Strong 

Treas.,  L.  A.  Whittemore,  1976  Broadway,  New  York  City 
Field:  Latin  America:  South  America:  Bolivia 

156 — Bolivian  Indian  Mission,  Pacific  Coast  Council  (ipi7) 

Office:  536-558  South  Hope  Street,  Los  Angeles,  California 

_  Sec-Treas.,  Rev.  John  H.  Hunter 
Field:  Latin  America:  South  America:  Bolivia 

157— Broad  Cast  Tract  Press  and  Faith  Orphanage  (BTP) 

Office:  3137  Arapahoe  Street,  Denver,  Colorado 

Secretary,  Pastor  Joshua  Gravett 
Periodical:  "The  Ambassador."    Editor,  Allen  N.  Cameron.    Price, 

free 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Hunan) 

158 — Central  American  Mission  (CAM)  (1890) 
Office:  Paris,  Texas 
Executive  Officers: 
Chmn.,  Luther  Rees 

Sec,  Thos.  J.  Jones,  804  Sumpter  Building,  Dallas,  Texas 
*Treas.,  D.  H.  Scott 
Periodical:  "The  Central  American  Bulletin"  (Bi-monthly).     Price, 

Fields:  Latin  America:  Central  America:  Costa  Rica,  Guatemala, 
Honduras,  Nicaragua,  Salvador 

Ceylon  and  India  General  Mission  (CIGM) 

(see  under  England) 

159 — Ceylon  and  India  General  Mission,  American  Council  (        ) 

Office:  117  North  Wabash  Avenue,  Chicago,  Illinois 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres..  Rev.  P.  B.  Fitzwater,  D.D. 

Field  Sec,  Rev.  Archibald  R.  Wright 

Treas.,  David  MacNaughtan 
Periodical:    "Darkness   and    Light"    (Bi-monthly).      Editor,    David   Gardiner,    63 

Oakfield  Road,  Stroud  Green,  London,  N.  4,  England.    Price,  $.50 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  Ceylon,  India  (Madras) 

China  Inland  Mission  (CIM) 

(see  under  International) 

160 — China    Inland    Mission,    Council    for    North    America    (Philadelphia    Office) 
(1888)  (•) 
Office:  235-237  West  School  Lane,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania.    Cable:  Inland 
Executive  Officers: 
♦Home  Director  and  Chmn.,  Rev.  Henry  W.  Frost 
vSec. -Treas.,  Roger  B.  Whittlesey 


♦  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  225 

Periodical:  "China's  Millions"   (North  American  Edition).     Editor,  Frederic  F. 

Helmer,  507  Church  Street,  Toronto.  Ontario.  Canada.    Price,  $.50 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Anhwei.  Chekiang.  Chihli.  Honan, 
Hunan,    Hupeh,    Kansu,    Kiangsi.    Kiangsu.    Kweichow,    Shansi.    Shantung, 
Shensi.  Sinkiang.  Szechwan,  Yunnan) 
(a)  The  Council  for  North  America  includes  both  the  Philadelphia  and  Toronto 
Branches 

161 — Christian  Herald  Missionary  Fund  (CHMF)  (1907) 
Office:  Bible  House,  New  York  City.    Cable:  Chrisherald 
Pres.  and  Publisher,  Graham  Patterson 
Vice-Pres.,  Geo.  H.  Sandison 
*Sec.,  Garner  Palmer 
Periodical:  "Christian  Herald."     Editor,  Geo.  H.  Sandison.     Price, 
$3.00 

162 — Women's  General  Missionary  Society  of  the  Churches  of  God, 
Inc.  (CGW)  (1890)  (^) 
Office:  Lock  Box  46,  Buda,  Illinois 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  Mary  B.  Newcomer 
*Cor.  Sec,  Mrs.  E.  E.  Chamberlin,  Princeton,  Iowa 
Treas.,  Mrs.  L.  May  Bealer,  North  Liberty,  Iowa 
Periodical:  "The  Missionary  News."    Editor,  Mrs.  Mary  B.  New- 
comer.    Price,  $.40 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  India  (Bengal) 

(a)  This  Society  is  now  independent.     Formerly  it  was  officially  connected  with  the 
General  Eldership  of  the  Chixrches  of  God 

163 — ^Yale  University.    School  of  Religion.    Day  Missions  Library 

{Day  Missions  Library) 
Address:  Drawer  18,  Yale  Station,  New  Haven,  Connecticut 
Libr.,  Prof.  Harlan  P.  Beach,  D.D.,  F.R.G.S. 
*Libr.  in  Charge,  Mrs.  Margaret  L.  Moody 

164 — ^Evangel  Mission  (EvM) 
Office:  379  Witmer  Street,  Los  Angeles,  California 
Executive  Officers: 
Pres.,  T.  Ashton  Fry 
♦Sec,  C.  A.  Jeffers 
Periodical:  "The  Evangel."    Editor,  Rev.  Edwin  P.  Burtt,  Shiuhing, 

West  River,  South  China.    Price,  $.20 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Kwangtung) 

165— Gospel  Missionary  Society  (GMS)  (1903) 

Office:  Peoples  Church  of  Christ,  Court  Street,  New  Britain,  Conn. 

Treas.,  L.  H.  Taylor 

Sec,  Delbert  K.  Perry 
Periodical:  "The  Messenger" 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Africa:  British  East  Africa 

*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


226  UNITED  STATES 

1 66 — Harvard  Mission  (H)  (1904) 

Office:  Phillips  Brooks  House,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.  Grad.  Comm.,  G.  E.  Huggins 

Chmn.,  Powers  Hapgood 

Vice-Chmn.,  G.  E.  Huggins 

*Sec.,  The  Graduate  Secretary 

Treas.,  Arthur  S.  Johnson 

167 — Bureau  of  Missions  of  the  National  Association  for  the  Promo- 
tion of  Holiness  (NHM)  (1910) 
{National  Holiness  Mission) 
Office:  825  Woodbine  Avenue,  Oak  Park,  Illinois.    Cable:  Beatrice 

Secretary,  Mrs.  Beatrice  C.  Beezley 
Periodical:  "Call  to  Prayer"  (Bi-monthly).     Editor,  Mrs.  Beatrice 

C.  Beezley.     Price,  $.50 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Shantung) 

Inland-South-America  Missionary  Union  (ISAM) 

(see  under  International) 

168 — Council  in  the  United  States  of  the  Inland  South- 1  America  Missionary  Union 
(1915) 
Ofifice:  5029  Locust  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania 

Home  Director,  Rev.  Kenneth  Mackenzie,  Westport,  Connecticut 
*Gen.  Sec.  Rev.  J.  R.  Schaffer 

Field  Sec,  Rev.  Joseph  A.  Davis,  Erdenheim,  Montgomery  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania 
Periodical:  "Inland  South  America."     Editor,  Rev.  John  Hay,  130  George  Street, 

Edinburgh,  Scotland.     Price,  $.30 
Fields:  Latin  America:  South  America:  Argentine  Republic,  Brazil,  Paraguay 

169 — International  Medical  Missionary  Society  (IMMS)  (i88i)C') 
Office:  113  Fulton  vStreet,  New  York  City 
Secretary,  Rev.  George  H.  Dowkontt,  M.D. 

(»)  The  purpose  of  this  Society  is  to  assist  intending  missionaries  to  secure  an  educa- 
tion in  recognized  medical  colleges,  and  to  maintain  the  Missionary  Home  at 
Mountain  Rest,  Goshen.  Massachusetts 

170 — International  Missionary  Union  (IMU)  (1883)  C') 

(')  This  is  an  interdenominational  yearly  conference  of  retired  missionaries,  mission- 
aries on  furlough  and  missionaries  under  appointment 

Office:  CHfton  Springs,  New  York 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,   Rev.  J.   Sumner  Stone,   M.D.,    155   Pelham  Road,   New 

Rochelle,  New  York 
*Cor.  Sec,  Mrs.  Alice  M.  Williams,  149  West  College  Street,  Ober- 
lin,  Ohio 

171 — International  Reform  Bureau  (IRB)  (1895) 

Office:  200  Pennsylvania  Avenue,  S.  E.,  Washington,  D.  C.    Cable: 
Inrefbu 
Superintendent,  Rev.  Wilbur  F.  Crafts,  Ph.D. 

♦OflBcer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.  The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  227 

Periodical:  "The    Twentieth    Century    Quarterly."      Editor,    Rev. 

Wilbur  F.  Crafts,  Ph.D.    Price,  $.50 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Chihli),  Chosen, 
Japan.    Oceania:  Philippine  Islands (*) 
(»)  This  Society  has  official  representatives  in  the  fields  mentioned.     It  also  works 
throughout  Southern  and  South  Eastern  Asia  and  Latin  America 

Also  work  in  the  United  States  and  Canada 
Jebail  Settlement  (JS) 

(see  under  Turkey) 

172 — ^Jebail  Settlement  (1905) 

Office:  "The  Dresden,"  Washington,  D.  C. 

Treasurer,  Mrs.  Wilbur  J.  Carr 
Field:  The  Non- Christian  World:  Asia:  Syria,  including  Palestine 

173 — ^American  Hospital  at  Konia  (CHK) 

Office:  7  East  42nd  Street,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 
Pres.,  Allison  Dodd 
Sec,  Charles  E.  Manierre 
Rec.  and  Edit.  Sec,  H.  F.  Laflamme,  222  Fourth  Avenue,  New 

York  City 
*Treas.,  James  M.  Speers 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  Turkey  in  Asia  (Asia  Minor) 

Lebanon  Hospital  for  Mental  Diseases 

(see  under  England) 

174 — American  Committee  for  the  Lebanon  Hospital  for  Mental  Diseases  (1896) 

Office:  400  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania.     Cable:  Rhaines 
Sec,  Robert  B.  Haines,  Jr. 
*Treas.,  Asa  S.  Wing 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  Syria,  including  Palestine 

Mission  Populaire  Evangelique  de  France  (McM) 

(see  under  France) 
17s — American  McAll  Association 

Office:  1 7 10  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  Chas.  H.  Parkhurst 
First  Vice-Pres.,  Mrs,  Frank  B.  Kelley 
Second  Vice-Pres.,  Mrs.  George  E.  Dimock 
*Cor.  Sec,  Mrs.  H.  L.  Wayland 
Rec.  Sec,  Mrs.  Edward  Yates  Hill 
Gen.  Sec,  Miss  Harriet  Harvey 

Field  Sec,  Rev.  George  T.  Berry,  156  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Treas.,  Mrs.  Abraham  R.  Perkins 
Periodical:  "The  American  McAll  Record"  (issued  four  times  a  year).    Editor,  Mrs. 
Louise  Seymour  Houghton.     Price,  $.35  (with  Annual  Report.    Ten  or  more 
to  one  address,  $.25,  not  including  Annual  Report) 
Field:  Europe:  France 

176 — Mandingo  Association,  Inc.  (MA)  (1916) 
Office:  27  Cedar  Street,  New  York  City 
Sec-Treas.,  Rev.  Franklin  J.  Clark 

*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


228  UNITED  STATES 

Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Africa:  French  Guinea,  Sierra 
Leone 

General  Mission  Committee  of  the  Dutch  Reformed  Church  of  South 
Africa  (DRCSA) 

(see  under  South  Africa) 

177 — American  Committee  of  the  Nyasaland  Mission  of  Central  Africa  of  the  Dutch 
Reformed  Chtirch  of  South  Africa  (191 7) 
Office:  Institute  Place,  Chicago,  Illinois 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.,  A.  F.  Gaylord 
*Sec.,  N.  H.  Camp 
Treas.,  R.  Glendinning 
Fields:  (») 
(a)  This  is  an  aiding  committee'of  the  Nyasaland  Mission  and  has  no  work  for  which 
it  is  primarily  responsible 

178 — Christian  Association  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  (Foreign 
Department)   (UPCA)  (1901) 
Office:  Christian  Association,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadel- 
phia, Pennsylvania 
For.  Miss.  Sec,  Edward  C.  Wood 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Kiangsu) 

Mukti  Mission  (MM) 

(see  under  India) 
179 — American  Ramabai  Association  (1896) 

Office:  299  Waterman  Street,  Providence,  Rhode  Island 

Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  Harlan  P.  Beach,  D.D.,  F.R.G.S. 
*Chmn.  Exec.  Committee,  Miss  Clementina  Butler 
Rec.  Sec,  Miss  Alice  H.  Baldwin,  233  Fisher  Avenue,  Brookline,  Massachusetts 
Treas.,  Edgar  C.  Linn,  1352  Beacon  Street,  Brookline,  Massachusetts 

Periodical:  "Mukti  Prayer  Bell."    Editor,  Pundita  Ramabai.    Free  to  subscribers 

Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  India  {Bombay) 

Santal  Mission  of  the  Northern  Churches  (SMNC) 

(see  imder  India) 
180 — American  Committee  of  the  Santal  Mission  (1891) 

Office:  Augsburg  Seminary,  Minneapolis,  Minnesota.     Cable:  Santal 

Secretary,  Prof.  J.  H.  Blegen 
Periodical:  "Santhalmissionaeren."    Editor,  Prof.  J.  H.  Blegen.    Price,  $.50 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  India  (Assam,  Behar  and  Orissa) 

South  Africa  General  Mission  (SAGM) 

(see  under  International) 
181 — American  Home  Council  of  the  South  Africa  General  Mission  (1910) 
Office:  32  Cx)urt  Street,  Brooklyn,  New  York.    Cable:  Saggmis,  Brooklyn 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  William  Phillips  Hall 

Vice-Pres.,  Rev.  J.  G.  Snyder 
♦Sec,  Rev.  Wm.  H.  Hendrickson 

Rec.  Sec,  E.  D.  Gamsey 

Treas.,  W.  W.  Kouwenhoven 

Field  Sec,  Rev.  Arthur  J.  Bowen 


♦Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  229 

Periodicals:  "The  South  African  Pioneer"  ("The  S.  A.  G.  M.  Pioneer").  Editor,  Mrs. 

James  Middlemiss.     Price,  $.50.     "Diamonds  from  South  Africa."     Editor, 

Mrs.  Edgar  Faithfull.    Price,  $.25 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Africa:  Angola,  Basutoland,  Cape  of  Good  Hope 

Province,   Natal,   Nyasaland,    Orange  River   Colony,   Portuguese   East   Africa, 

Rhodesia,  Swaziland,  Transvaal 

182— South  China  Boat  Mission  (SCBM)  (191 1) 
{Boat  Afission) 
Office:  542  South  Dearborn  Street,  Chicago,  IlHnois 
Executive  Officers: 

Director,  Miss  Florence  Drew 
*Home  Sec,  Edward  Drew 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Kwangtung) 

183— Rev.  D.  M.  Steams'  Church  and  Bible  Classes  (SCBC)  (1900) 
Office:  167  Chelten  Avenue,  Germantown,  Pennsylvania 

Secretary,  Miss  S.  C.  Dunkelberger 
Periodical:  "Kingdom  Tidings" 
Fields:  Latin  America :  West  Indies :  Porto  Rico.    The  Non-Christian 

World.    Africa:  Morocco 
Also  work  in  the  United  States  and  in  other  countries  through 
various  missionary  agencies 

Sudan  United  Mission  (SUM) 

(see  under  International) 

184 — American  Council  of  the  Sudan  United  Mission  (1906) 

Office:  25  Pine  Grove  Avenue,  Summit,  New  Jersey.    Cable:  Kumm,  Summit,  New 
Jersey 
General  Secretary,  Dr.  H.  K.  W.  Kumm 
Periodical:  "Newsletter."    Editor,  Mrs.  E.  Williams.    Price,  $.50 
Field:  The  Non- Christian  World:  Africa:  Nigeria 

i8s — ^Foreign   Sunday   School  Association   of  the   United   States   of 
America  (FSSA)  (1878)  C') 

(»)  Merged  with  the  World's  Sunday  School  Association  (International)  in  1919.     It 
is  entered  as  139^  in  the  present  directory 

186 — James  M.  Taylor  Interdenominational  Missionary  Work  (TIM) 
(1909)  e) 
Office:  807  Deery  Street,  Knoxville,  Tennessee 
Director,  Rev.  James  M.  Taylor,  D.D. 

(a)  This  is  a  fund  rather  than  a  society.    All  monies  are  dispersed  through  the  regular 
Missionary  Societies 

187 — American  Waldensian  Aid  Society  (A WAS) 
Office:  520  West  End  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 
*Gen.  Sec,  Miss  Leonora  Kelso 
Cor.  Sec,  Mrs.  Richard  A.  Dorman 
Rec.  Sec,  Mrs.  Frank  Gardner  Moore 
Treas.,  Eugene  Delano 
Assist.  Treas.,  Mrs.  Gilbert  Colgate 

*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


230  UNITED  STATES 

i88 — ^Woman's  Union  Missionary  Society  of  America  (WU)  (i860) 
Office:  67  Bible  House,  New  York  City.    Cable:  Wunsoc 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Mrs.  Samuel  J.  Broad  well 
♦Cor.  Sec,  Mrs.  S.  T.  Dauchy 

Asst.  Treas.,  Miss  Clara  E.  Masters,  Miss  Elsie  E.  McCartee 
Periodical:  "The  Missionary  Link."     Editor,  Mrs.  F.  S.  Bronson. 

Price,  $.50 
Fields:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:   China   (Kiangsu),   India 
(Bengal,  United  Provinces),  Japan 

189— World's  Faith  Missionary  Association  (WFMA)  (1896)  (*) 
Office:  200  Mathews  Street,  Shenandoah,  Iowa 
Executive  Officers: 
*Pres.,  Rev.  C.  S.  Hanley 
Vice-Pres.,  Rev.  J.  S.  Johnson 
Sec,  R.  B.  Wilson 
Treas.,  Mrs.  C.  S.  Hanley 
Periodical:  "The  Missionary  World."     Editor,  Rev.  C.  S.  Hanley. 
Price,  $.50 

(»)  This  Society  sends  no  missionaries.    It  supports  workers  under  several  denomina- 
tional societies 

INDEPENDENT  (EDUCATIONAL) 

190 — Trustees  of  the  Canton  Christian  College  (CCC)  (1886) 

Office :  1 56  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City.    Cable :  Honglok,  New  York 
Executive  Officers: 

Hon.  Pres.,  Herbert  Parsons 

Vice-Pres.,  Francis  S.  Phraner,  Charles  H.  Parkhurst 
*Sec.  and  Treas.,  W.  Henry  Grant 
Asst.  vSec,  Miss  Katharine  C.  Griggs 
Periodical:  "Bulletin  of  the  Canton  Christian  College" 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Kwangtung) 

191 — Trustees  of  the  American  College  for  Girls  at  Constantinople 

(ACGC)   (1908) 
Office:  70  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Hon.  Chas.  R.  Crane 
Sec,  Samuel  C.  Darling 
*Bursar,  Miss  Susan  H.  Olmstead 
Periodical:  "Constantinople  College  News" 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Turkey  in  Europe 

192 — Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Gould  Memorial  Home  and  Industrial 
Schools,  Rome,  Italy  (1875) 
Office:  45  Cedar  vStreet,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 
*Pres.,  Henry  B.  Barnes 

♦  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  unless  otherwise  specified 


UNITED  STATES  231 

Treas.,  Frederick  D wight 
Field:  Europe:  Italy 

193 — Board  of  Directors  of  the  Iconium  College  (IC)  (1907) 
Office:  40  Flushing  Avenue,  Jamaica,  Long  Island,  New  York 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  David  J.  Burrell,  D.D.,  LL.D. 
*Sec.,  Martin  Ralph 

Field  Sec,  J.  O.  Wylie,  156  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City 
Treas.,  Frederick  O.  Foxcroft 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  Turkey  in  Asia 

194 — Trustees  of  Mackenzie  College,  Sao  Paulo,  BrazU  (MC)  (1892) 
Office:  5  West  82nd  Street,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Rev.  George  Alexander,  D.D. 
*Sec.,  Rev.  D.  C.  MacLaren,  D.D. 
Periodical:  "Revista  de  Engenharia  do  Mackenzie  College" 
Field:  Latin  America:  South  America:  Brazil 

195— Trustees  of  Robert  College  (RC)  (1864) 
Office:  18  East  41st  Street,  New  York  City 
Executive  Officers: 

Pres.,  Cleveland  H.  Dodge,  99  John  Street,  New  York  City 
Pres.  of  the  Faculty,  Rev.  Caleb  F.  Gates,  D.D.,  LL.D. 
Vice-Pres.,  Robert  W.  DeForrest 

Sec,  Rev.  A.  W.  Halsey,  D.D.,  156  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City 
*Ex.  Sec,  Luther  R.  Fowle 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Turkey  in  Europe 

196 — Trustees  of  Syrian  Protestant  College,  Beirut,  Syria  (SPC)  (1863) 
Office:  18  East  41st  Street,  New  York  City 

Pres.,  Rev.  D.  Stuart  Dodge,  D.D.,  "The  Allendale,"  808  West 

End  Avenue,  New  York  City 
*Cor.  Sec,  Bayard  Dodge 
Ex.  Sec,  Albert  W.  Staub 
Treas.,  William  M.  Kingsley 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  Syria,  including  Palestine 
ig*j — ^Yale  Foreign  Missionary  Society  (YM)  (1903) 
{Yale  in  China,  Yale  Mission) 
Office:  5  White  Hall,  Yale  Station,  New  Haven,  Connecticut 
Executive  Officers: 

Chmn.  of  Board  of  Trustees,  Prof.  F.  Wells  WilUams 
Pres.,  Clarence  H.  Kelsey 
*Sec.-Treas.,  Amos  P.  Wilder,  Ph.D. 
Periodical:  "Yali  Quarterly"  (Quarterly).    Editor,  Amos  P.  Wilder. 

Ph.D.     Price,  $.25 
Field:  The  Non-Christian  World:  Asia:  China  (Hunan) 

*  Officer  to  whom  general  correspondence  should  be  sent.     The  address  is  that  given 
above,  xmless  otherwise  specified 


232  INTERNATIONAL  SOCIETIES 

INTERNATIONAL  SOCIETIES 

Africa  Inland  Mission  (AIM) 

Rev.  Oliver  M.  Fletcher,  356  Bridge  Street,  Brooklyn,  New  York, 

U.  S.  A. 
James  B.  Nicholson,  Esq.,  2  Bilyard  Avenue,  Sydney,  New  South 

Wales 
Rev.  Donald  P.  Robinson,  M.A.,  78A  East  Street,  Baker  Street, 
London,  W.,  England 
(Councils  in  the  United  States,  Australia  and  England) 

China  Inland  Mission  (CIM) 

D.  E.  Hoste,  Newington  Green,  Mildmay,  London,  N.  16,  England 

(Councils  in  America  (Toronto  and  Philadelphia  offices),  Australia, 
England  and  China.  Associated  Missions  in  the  United  States  (2), 
Finland,  Germany  (4),  Norway  (2)  and  Sweden  (3)) 

Inland-South- America  Missionary  Union  (ISAM) 

Mrs.  Margaret  E.  Hay,  130  George  Street,  Edinburgh,  Scotland 
(Councils  in  Canada,  United  States  and  Scotland) 

Mission  der  Briidergemeine  (Mission  of  the  United  Brethren)  (Mor) 

Rev.  Theodor  Bechler,  Rev.  Samuel  Baudert,  Herrnhut  i.  S.,  Germany 
(Auxiliary  Societies  in  England  (2),  Germany  (4),  and  the  Nether- 
lands) 

South  Africa  General  Mission  (SAGM) 

James  Middlemiss,  Box  988,  Cape  Town,  Cape  of  Good  Hope  Prov- 
ince, Union  of  South  Africa 

(Councils  in  the  United  States,  England  and  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
Province) 

Sudan  United  Mission  (SUM) 

Gilbert  Dawson,  16,  New  Bridge  Street,  London,  E.  C.  4,  England 
(Councils  in  the  United  States,  Austraha,  England,  Denmark  and  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  Province) 

World's  Sunday  School  Association  (WSSA) 

Frank  L.  Brown,  i  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  City,  U.  vS.  A. 

Rev.  Corey  Bonner,  56,  Old  Bailey,  London,  E.  C,  England 
(Local  organizations  in  China,  India  and  Japan) 

World's  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  (WCTU) 

Miss  Anna  Adams  Gordon,  Evanston,  Illinois,  U.  vS.  A. 
Miss  Agnes  E.  Slack,  Ripley,  Derbyshire,  England 


AUSTRALIA  233 

HAWAIIAN  ISLANDS 

CONGREGATIONAL 
Board  of  the  Hawaiian  Evangelical  Association  (HEA) 

Rev.  Henry  P.  Judd,  Mission  Memorial,  King  Street,  Honolulu 

AUSTRALIA 

BAPTIST 

Australian  Board  of  Baptist  Foreign  Mission  (AuBM) 

Rev.  J.  C.  Martin,  Baptist  Union  Office,  Flinders -street,  Adelaide, 
South  Australia 

CHURCH  OF  ENGLAND 
Australian  Board  of  Missions  (AuM) 

Rev.  H.  M.  R.  Rupp,  242  Pitt  Street,  Sydney,  N.  S.  W. 

DISCIPLES  OR  CHRISTIAN 
Federal  Foreign  Mission  Committee  of  Churches  of  Christ  in  Aus- 
tralia (CCAu) 
Rev.  Ira  A.  Paternoster,  2  Buller  Street,  Prospect,  South  Australia 

LUTHERAN 

Missionary  Committee  of  the  Immanuel  German  Evangelical  Luth- 
eran Synod  of  Australia  (IGLA) 
Rev.  L.  Kaibel,  Tanunda,  South  Australia 

METHODIST 

Methodist  Missionary  Society  of  Australasia  (MMAu) 

Rev.  John  G.  Wheen,  139  Castlereagh  Street,  Sydney,  N.  S.  W. 

PRESBYTERIAN 

Board  of  Missions  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Australia  (AuP) 
Rev.  T.  Watt  Leggatt,  Assembly  Hall,   156  Collins  Street,  Mel- 
bourne, Victoria 

NOT  DENOMINATIONAL 

Aboriginal  Inland  Mission  (AIMA) 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Long,  Aboriginal  Inland  Mission,  Singleton,  N.  S.W. 
Africa  Inland  Mission  (AIM) 

(see  under  International) 
Africa  Inland  Mission,  Home  Council  for  Australia 

James  B.  Nicholson,  Esq.,  2  Bilyard  Avenue,  Sydney,  N.  S.  W. 

China  Inland  Mission  (CIIvI) 

(see  under  International) 
China  Inland  Mission,  Council  for  Australasia 

J.  Southey,  267  Collins  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria 


234  NEW  ZEALAND 

South  Sea  Evangelical  Mission  (SSEM) 

Miss  F.  S.  H.  Young,  Gibb's  Chambers,  7,  Moore  Street,  Sydney, 
N.  S.  W. 

Sudan  United  Mission  (SUM) 

(see  under  International) 

Australian  and  New  Zealand  Council  of  the  Sudan  United  Mission 
D.  N.  MacDiarmid,  B.A.,  182  Collins  Street,  Melbourne,  Victoria 

National    Committee    of   Young    Men's    Christian   Associations    of 
Australia  and  New  Zealand  (YMCAAu) 
J.  Henry  Lang,  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Building,  Melbourne,  Victoria 

Foreign   Department   of  the   National  Young   Women's   Christian 
Associations  of  Australasia  (YWCAAu) 

Miss  Helen  F.  Barnes,  M.A.,  5  Lyons  Terrace,  Liverpool  Street, 
Sydney,  N.  S.  W. 


NEW  ZEALAND 
BAPTIST 

New  Zealand  Baptist  Missionary  Society  (NZBMS) 
Rev.  Stanley  Jenkin,  Wanganui 

CHURCH  OF  ENGLAND 
Melanesian  Mission  (MelM) 
Rev.  A.  Neild,  Auckland 

METHODIST 
New   Zealand   Methodist   Home   Mission   and    Church   Extension 
Society  (NZMH) 
Rev.  T.  G.  Brooke,  Penryn  Road,  Mt.  Eden,  Auckland 

PRESBYTERIAN 

Foreign  Missions  Committee  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  New 
Zealand  (PCNZ) 
Rev.  Alexander  Don,  8  Oban  Street,  Roslyn,  Dunedin 

Maori  Mission  Committee  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  New  Zea- 
land (PCNZM) 
Rev.  Alexander  UouU,  St.  Andrew's  Manse,  Palmerston  North 

NOT  DENOMINATIONAL 
Bolivian  Indian  Mission  (BM) 

(see  under  Bolivia) 
Bolivian  Indian  Mission,  Dunedin  Council 

David  Love,  Kirkland  Street,  Green  Island,  Dunedin 


ENGLAND  235 

ENGLAND 
BAPTIST 

Baptist  Missionary  Society  (BMS) 

Rev.  Charles  Edward  Wilson,  B.A.,  Rev.  W.  Y.  Fullerton,  19,  Furn- 
ival  Street,  Holborn,  London,  E.  C.  4 

Strict  Baptist  Mission  (SB) 

Rev.  W.  Cliisnal,  16,  The  Grove,  Isleworth,  Middlesex 
Pioneer  Mission  (British  and  Continental)  (PM) 

Rev.  E.  C.;Carter,  7,  Trinity  Street,  Borough,  London,  E,  C. 

Baptist  Missionary  Association  (BMA) 

19,  Furnival  Street,  Holborn,  London,  E.  C. 

CHRISTIAN  OR  BRETHREN 

Christian  Missions  in  Many  Lands  (CMML)  («) 

William    Henry    Bennet,    William    Edwy    Vine,    M.A.,    William 
Rhodes  Lewis,  i,  Widcombe  Crescent,  Bath 
(»)  Also  known  as  the  "Echoes  of  Ser\'ice"  Missionary  Society.    See  also  under  Breth- 
ren Missionaries,  United  States 

CHURCH  OF  ENGLAND 

Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts  (SPG) 
The  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  King,  15,  Tufton  Street,  Westminster,  S.  W.  i 

Church  Missionary  Society  for  Africa  and  the  East  (CMS) 

Rev.  Cyril  C.  B.  Bardsley,  M.A.,  16,  Salisbury  Square,  London, 
E.  C.  4 

London  Society  for  Promoting  Christianity  amongst  the  Jews  (LJS) 
Rev.  E.  L.  Langston,  M.A.,  Rev.  C.  H.  Gill,  M.A.,  16,  Lincoki's 
Inn  Fields,  London,  W.  C. 

South  American  Missionary  Society  (SAMS) 
Rev.  Alan  Ewbank,  M.A.,  20,  John  Street,  London,  W.  C.  i 

Universities'  Mission  to  Central  Africa  (UMCA) 

Rev.  Canon  Duncan  Travers,  9,  Dartmouth  Street,  Westminster, 
S.  W.  I 

Baakleen  Medical  Mission  to  the  Druses  (BMM) 

Miss  L.  W.  Burnett,  22,  Albert  Square,  Clapham  Road,  London, 
S.  W. 

Cowley,  Wantage,  &  All  Saints  Missionary  Association  (SSJE) 
Miss  Mary  Booker,  50,  Queen  Anne's  Gate  Street,  James'  Park, 
London,  S.  W.  i 

Oxford  Mission  to  Calcutta  (OMC) 

Miss  Edith  Argles,  Spinney  Piece,  Bagley  Wood,  Oxford 


236  ENGLAND 

Church  of  England  Zenana  Missionary  Society  (CEZMS) 
Rev.  C.  E.  Paterson,  M.A.,  Lonsdale  Chambers,  27,  Chancery  Lane» 
London,  W.  C.  2 

Jerusalem  and  the-  East  Mission  (JEM) 

Rev.  E.  M.  Bickersteth,  The  Church  House,  Dean's  Yard,  West- 
minster, London,  S.  W.  i 
Palestine  Village  Mission  (PVM) 

Miss  A.  H.  Wilson,  Salem  House,  Wicklow,  Ireland 
Central  Board  of  Missions  of  the  Church  of  England 

Rev.  H.  Saumarez  Smith,  3,  Bedford  Square,  London,  W.  C.  i 

COUNTESS  OF  HUNTINGDON'S  CONNECTION 
Sierra  Leone  Mission  (SLM) 

E.  Dolby  Shelton,  41,  Holborn  Hall,  London,  W.  C. 
FRIENDS 

Friends'  Foreign  Mission  Association  (FFMA) 

Henry  T.  Hodgkin,  M.A.,  M.B.,  15,  Devonshire  Street,  Bishopsgate, 
London,  E.  C.  2 

Friends'  Armenian  Mission  Committee  (FAMC)(") 
W.  C.  Braithwaite,  Castle  House,  Banbury 
Miss  Adaude  Rowntree,  12,  Ramshill  Road,  Scarborough 

(»)  Also  known  as  the  "Friends'  Armenian  Mission  in  Constantinople" 

Friends'  Anti-Slavery  Committee  (FAS)  ('^) 

(*)   Merged  with  the  Friends'  Foreign  Missionary  Association,  1918 

METHODIST 
Wesleyan  Methodist  Missionary  Society  (WMMS) 

Rev.  William  Goudie,  24,  Bishopsgate,  London,  E.  C.  2 
Primitive  Methodist  Missionary  Society  (PMMS)('') 

Rev.  J.  T.  Barkby,  Holborn  Hall,  Gray's  Inn  Road,  London,  W.  C.  i 

(»)  Auxiliary  in  the  United  States 

United  Methodist  Church  Missionary  Society  (UMC) 
Rev.  Charles  StedeEord,  202,  Gravelly  Hill,  Birmingham 

Women's  Auxiliary  of  the  Wesleyan  Methodist  Missionary  Society 
(WMMSW) 

Miss  H.  M.  Bradford,  Miss  A.  M.  Hellier,  17,  Cromwell  Place, 
Highgate,  N.  6 

MORAVIAN 

Mission  der  Briidergemeine  (Mor) 

(see  under  International) 
London  Association  in  aid  of  Moravian  Missions 

Rev.  Edgar  Swainson,  A.K.C.,  7,  New  Court,  Lincoln's  Inn,  London,  W.  C.  3 
Society  for  the  Furtherance  of  the  Gospel  among  the  Heathen 

Rev.  Charles  Klesel,  32,  Fetter  Lane,  London,  E.  C. 


ENGLAND  237 

PRESBYTERIAN 

Foreign  Missions  Committee  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Eng- 
land (EPM) 
Rev.    P.  J.   Maclagan,  M.A.,   D.  Phil.,   7,  East  India  Avenue, 
London,  E.  C.  3 
Welsh  Calvinistic  Methodists'  Foreign  Missions  (WCMM) 
Rev.  R.  J.  Williams,  16  Falkner  Street,  Liverpool 

NOT  DENOMINATIONAL 

Africa  Inland  Mission  (AIM) 

(see  under  International) 
Africa  Inland  Mission,  Home  Council  for  the  British  Isles 

Rev.  Donald  P.  Robinson,  M.A.,  78A  East  Street,  Baker  Street,  London,  W. 

Angola  Evangelical  Mission  (AEM) 

Walter  Astley,  Ken  worthy  House,  Northenden 
Bolivian  Indian  Mission  (BM) 

(see  under  Bolivia) 
Bolivian  Indian  Mission,  London  Council 

Thomas  Hancock,  81,  Ashley  Road,  Bristol 

British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  (BFBS) 

Rev.  John  H.  Ritson,  M.A.,  D.D.,  Rev.  S.  Nowell-Rostron,  M.A., 
Bible  House,  146,  Queen  Victoria  Street,  London,  E.  C.  4 

British  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  among  the  Jews 

(BSJ) 
Rev.  Frank  J.  Exley,  9,  Great  James  Street,  Bedford  Row,  London, 
W.C.  I 

British  Syrian  Mission  (BSM) 

Miss  J.  E.  Hutcheon,  Grosvenor  House,  The  Ridgeway,  Wimble- 
don, S.  W. 
Central  Asian  Mission  (CAsM) 
Col.  G.  Wingate,  CLE.,  52,  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  Sardinia  House, 
London,  W.  C. 

Central  Asian  Pioneer  Mission  (CAPM) 

F.  D.  Norwood,  Esq.,  2  &  4,  Tudor  Street,  London,  E.  C. 
Ceylon  and  India  General  Mission  (CIGM)  (*) 

David  Gardiner,  121,  Stapleton  Road,  Stroud  Green,  London,  N.  4 
(")  Councils  in  Canada  and  United  States 

Children*s  Special  Service  Mission  (CSSM) 
Henry  Hankinson,  13A  Warwick  Lane,  Paternoster  Row,  London, 
E.G. 

China  Inland  Mission  (CIM) 

(see  under  International) 
China  Inland  Mission,  London  Council 

Rev.  J.  Stuart  Holden,  M.A.,  D.D.,  Newington  Green,  Mildmay,  London,  N.  16 


238  ENGLAND 

Christian  Literature  Society  for  India  (CLSI) 

Rev.  George  Patterson,  35,  John  Street,  Bedford  Row,  London, 
W.  C.  I 

Dufferin  and  Procter  Memorial  Schools  (DPMS) 

Miss  Amy  L.  Procter,  7,  Miles  Road,  Clifton 

Egypt  General  Mission  (EGM) 

J.  Martin  Cleaver,  B.A.,  10,  Drayton  Park,  Highbury,  London,  N. 

Evangelical  Mission  to  Israel  (EMJ) 

D.  C.  Joseph,  138,  Clifden  Road,  Clapton,  London,  N.  E. 
Evangelical  Union  of  South  America  (EUSA)  (») 

Rev.  A.  Stuart  McNairn,  8  &  9,  Essex  Street,  Strand,  London,  W.  C. 

(•)  This  Society  has  an  auxiliary  in  Canada 

Heart  of  Africa  Mission  (HAM) 

Mrs.  C.  T.  Studd,  17,  Highland  Road,  Norwood,  London,  S.  E.  19 
Indian  Christian  Mission  (ICM) 

Hy.  Bastow,  "Aalsund,"  Ashurst  Road,  North  Finchley,  London,  N. 
International  Postal  Telegraph  Christian  Association  (IPTCA) 

Air.  Lovelace,  62,  Bartholomew  Close,  London,  E.  C. 
Kurku  and  Central  Indian  Hill  Mission  (KCIHM) 

F.  W.  Howard  Piper,  Esq.,  L.L.B.,"Arden,"Busliey  Heath,  Herts. 
Lakher  Pioneer  Mission  (LPM) 

Miss  Alice  S.  Denning.  23,  Putney  Common,  London,  S.  W.  15 
Lebanon  Hospital  for  the  Insane  (LHI)  ('») 

Miss  A.  M.  Gooch,  35,  Queen  Victoria  Street,  London,  E.  C. 

(»)  This  Society  has  committees  in  Canada,    United  States,  Netherlands  and  Switzer- 
land 

London  Missionary  Society  (LMS) 

F.  H.  Hawkins,  LL.B.,  Rev.  F.  Lenwood,  M.A.,  16,  New  Bridge 
Street,  London,  E.  C.  4 

Mildmay  Mission  to  the  Jews  (MMJ) 

Rev.    Samuel   Hinds   Wilkinson,    Central   Hall,    Philpot   Street, 
Commercial  Road,  London,  E.  i 

Missionary  Settlement  for  University  Women  (MSUW) 

Miss  E.  I.  M.  Boyd,  M.A.,  14,  Endsleigh  Gardens,  London,  N.W.  i 

Nile  Mission  Press  (NMP) 

John  L.  OHver,  Esq.,  22,  Culverden  Park  Road,  Tunbridge  Wells 

North  Africa  Mission  (NAM) 

Edward  H.  Glcnny,  18,  John  Street,  Bedford  Row,  London,  W.C.i 


ENGLAND  239 

Nyassa  Industrial  Mission  (NIM) 

Rev.  Alfred  Walker,  Sandrock  House,  Sevenoaks,  Kent 
Pentecostal  Missionary  Union  for  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  (PMU) 

T.  H.  Mundell,  30,  Avondale  Road,  South  Croyden 

Regions  Beyond  Missionary  Union  (RBMU) 

Rev.  William  Wilkes,  Harley  House,  Bow  Road,  London,  E. 
ReUgious  Tract  Society  (RTS) 

Rev.    F.    T.    Thomburgh,    M.A.,    65,  ^St.    Paul's    Churchyard, 
London,  E.  C.  4 

Salvation  Army  (SA) 

Colonel  Francis  W.  Pearce,    10 1,  Queen  Victoria  Street,  London, 
E.  C. 

San  Pedro  Mission  to  the  Indians  (SPI) 

(see  under  Canada) 
San  Pedro  Mission  to  the  Indians,  English  Committee 

B.  F.  Babcock,  West  Derby,  Liverpool 

South  Africa  General  Mission  (SAGM) 

(see  under  International) 
English  Council  of  the  South  Africa  General  Mission 

Edgar  C.  Faithful,  M.A.,  17,  Homefield  Road,  Wimbledon,  London,  S.  W.  19 

Sudan  United  Mission  (SUM) 

(see  under  International) 

British  Council  of  the  Sudan  United  Mission 

Gilbert  Dawson,  16,  New  Bridge  Street,  London,  E.  C.  4 

Women's  Christian  College,  Madras  (WCCM) 

(see  under  India) 

Women's  Christian  College,  Madras,  Board  of  Governors,  British  Section 
T.  R.  W.  Lunt,  3,  Tudor  Street,  London,  E.  C. 

Women's  Christian  Medical  College  (WCMC) 

(see  under  India) 
Women's  Christian  Medical  College,  London  Auxiliary  Committee 

Miss  Clara  Benham,  15,  Holwood  Road,  Bromley,  Kent 

Work  among  Japanese  Seamen  in  the  Port  of  London  (JSL) 
Miss  O.  Kennion,   10,  Carlton  Square,  Mile  End,  London 
World's  Simday  School  Association  (WSSA) 

(see  under  International) 
World's  Sunday  School  Association 

Secretary  in  England,  Rev.  Corey  Bonner,  56,  Old  Bailey,  London,  E.  C. 

World's  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  (WCTU) 

(see  under  International) 
World's  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union 

Miss  Agnes  E,  Slack,  Ripley,  Derbyshire 

Foreign  Department  of  the  Enghsh  National  Council  of  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Associations  (YMCAE) 
Sir  Arthur  K.  Yapp,  K.B.E.,  13,  Russell  Square,  London,  W.  C 


240  IRELAND 

Foreign  Department  of  the  National  Young  Women's  Christian  As- 
sociation of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  (YWCAB) 

Miss  Constance  E.  Wathen,  26,  George  Street,  Hanover  Square, 
London,  W.  i 

Zambesi  Industrial  Mission  (ZIM) 

Robert    Caldwell,    F.R.G.S.,    11,    Chapel   Street,    Milton   Street, 
London,  E.  C. 

Zenana  Bible  and  Medical  Mission  (ZBMM) 

Rev.  E.  S.  Carr,  M.A.,  Rev.  T.  Carter,  Th.D.,  Miss  M.  Grace 
Liesching,   33,  Surrey  Street,  Strand,  London,  W.  C.  2 

IRELAND 

PRESBYTERIAN 

Foreign  Mission  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Ireland  (IP) 

Rev.  George  Thompson,  D.D.,   Foreign  Mission  Office,   Church 
House,  Fisherwick  Place,  Belfast 

Jewish  Mission  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Ireland  (PCIJ) 

Rev.  Edward  Clarke,  IVLA.,    Church   House,    Fisherwick   Place, 
Belfast 

Continental  Mission  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Ireland  (PCIC) 

Rev.  Jolin  A.  Bain,  Church  House,  Fisherwick  Place,  Belfast 
Jungle  Tribes  Mission  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Ireland  (JTM) 
Rev.  H.  Montgomery,  5  Lower  Crescent,  Belfast 

Foreign  Mission  of  the  Reformed  Presbyterian  Synod  of  Ireland 
(RPI) 

Rev.  S.  R.  McNeilly,  B.A.,  Bailiesmills  Manse,  Lisburn 
NOT  DENOMINATIONAL 
Mission  to  Lepers  (ML)(*) 

W.  H.  P.  Anderson,  20  Lincoln  Place,  Dublin 

(*)  Auxiliary  Committees  in  Canada,  the  United  States,  Australia  and  New  Zealand 

Qua  Iboe  Mission  (QIM) 

Robert  L.  M'Keown,  108-109  Scottish  Provident  Buildings,  Belfast 
Women's  Christian  Medical  College  (WCMC) 

(see  under  India) 
Women's  Christian  Medical  College,  Dublin  Committee 

Miss  Florence  Condon,  L.R.C.IM.,  29  Morehampton  Road,  Donnybrook,  Dublin 

SCOTLAND 

BAPTIST 

Baptist  Industrial  Mission  of  Scotland  (BIMS) 

Sir  Adam  Nimmo,  M.A.,  21  Bothwell  Street,  Glasgow 


SCOTLAND  241 

DISCIPLES  OR  CHRISTIANS 
Foreign  Mission  Committee  of  Churches  of  Christ  (CCS) 

Rev.   W.   Crockatt,    179  Nithsdale  Road,    Pollokscheilds   Road, 
Glasgow 

EPISCOPAL 
Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Representative  Council  of  the 
Episcopal  Church  in  Scotland  (ECS) 
Robert  T.  Norfor,  C.A.,   13  Queen  Street,  Edinburgh 

PRESBYTERIAN 

Chiu'ch  of  Scotland  Foreign  Mission  Committee  (CSFM) 
W.  M.  M'Lachlan,  Esq.,  M.A.,  W.S.,  22  Queen  Street,  Edinburgh 

Church   of   Scotland   Women's   Association  for  Foreign   Missions 

(CSFMW) 

Miss  J.  M.  Macpherson,  22  Queen  Street,  Edinburgh 
Church  of  Scotland  Committee  for  the  Conversion  of  the  Jews  (CSJ) 

John  A.  Trail,  Esq.,  LL.D.,  W.S.,  28  Rutland  Square,  Edinburgh 
Walker-Amott  Tabeetha  Mission  (TMS) 

C.  E.  W.  Macpherson,  Esq.,  C.A.,  6  N.  St.  David  Street,  Edinburgh 

Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church  of 

Scotland  (RPS) 
Rev.  W.  Russell,  M.A.,  12  Colinslee  Terrace,  Paisley- 
United   Original  Secession   Church  of  Scotland,  Foreign  Mission 

Committee  (UOS) 
Rev.  Alexander  Smellie,  D.D.,  Carluke 

Foreign  Mission  Committee  of  the  United  Free  Church  of  Scotland 

(UFS) 
Rev.  Frank  Ashcroft,  M.A.,  Rev.  James  Webster,  Foreign  Mission 
Office,  121  George  Street,  Edinburgh 

United  Free  Church  of  Scotland,  Jewish  Mission  (UFS J) 

James  T.  Webster,  121  George  Street,  Edinburgh 
Free  Chiurch  of  Scotland  Foreign  Mission  (FCS) 
Rev.  Alexander  Stewart,  Mound,  Edinburgh 

NOT  DENOMINATIONAL 
Association  for  the  Support  of  the  Jessie  Taylor  Memorial  School 
for  Moslem  and  Druse  Girls  (JTMS) 
Mrs.  Fraser,   5  Greenhill  Terrace,  Edinburgh 
Central  Morocco  Mission  (CMM) 

Mrs.  Robert  Kerr,  1 1  Stevenson  Drive,  Langside,  Glasgow 


2d,2  WALES 

Edinburgh  Medical  Missionary  Society  (EMMS) 

E.  Sargood  Fty,  M.B.,  CM.,  Medical  Mission  House,  56  George 
Square,  Edinburgh 

Emmanuel  Medical  Mission  (EMM) 
180  Ingram  Street,  Glasgow 

Hill-Miuray  Mission  to  the  Chinese  Blind  and  Illiterate  Sighted  in 
North  China  (MCB) 
John  Wylie,  Esq.  (Secretary  pro  tern.),  140  West  George  Street, 
Glasgow 

Inland-South-America  Missionary  Union  (ISAM) 

(see  under  International) 
Inland-South-America  Missionary  Union,  Council  in  Great  Britain 

Mrs.  Margaret  E.  Hay,  130  George  Street,  Edinburgh 

National  Bible  Society  of  Scotland  (NBSS) 

James  Murray,  Esq.,  224  West  George  Street,  Glasgow 
Rev.  R.  H.  Falconer,  5  St.  Andrew  Square,  Edinburgh 

Southern  Morocco  Mission  (SMM) 

John  Geddes,  64  Bothwell  Street,  Glasgow 
Tibetan  Mission  (TM) 

George  Rankin,  Esq.,   3  West  Bell  Street,  Dundee 
Women's  Christian  Medical  College  (WCMC) 

(see  under  India) 
Women's  Christian  Medical  College,  Edinburgh  Committee 

James  Cornwall,  Esq.,  24  Drumsheugh  Gardens,  Edinburgh 

Foreign  Mission  Department  of  the  Scottish  National  Coimcil  of  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Associations  (YMCAS) 
H.  Lightbody"*  118  George  Street,  Edinburgh 

WALES 

NOT  DENOMINATIONAL 

Maranham  Christian  Mission  (MCM) 

Sidney  Durk,  17  Morgan  Street,  Swansea 
Thado-Kookie  Pioneer  Mission  (TPM) 

Rev.  D.  Loyd  Jones,  B.A.,  Aber,  Carnarvonshire 

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 

Vienna  Gustav  Adolph  Verein  (VGAS) 

BELGroM 

Societe  Beige  des  Missions  Protestantes  au  Congo  (BPM) 
M.  Pierre  M.  Olivier,  51  Rue  Crespel,  Bruxelles 


BULGARIA  243 


BULGARIA 

Bulgarian  Evangelical  Society  (BES) 
G.  N,  Popoff,  Ludjene,  Peshtersko 

DENMARK 

Danske  Missionsselskab  (Danish  Missionary  Society)  (DMS) 
Rev.  Christian  Schlesch,  Strandagervej  24,  Hellenip,  Kobenhavn 

Dansk  Kirke-Mission  i  Arabien  (Danish  Church  Mission  in  Arabia) 
(DKMA) 

Missionaer  P.  Wissenberg,  Eckersbergsgade  8,  Kobenhavn 
Mission  der  Briidergemeine  (Mor) 

(see  under  International) 
Nordschleswigsche  Missionsverein 

(see  under  Germany) 

Osterlands-Missionen  (Mission  to  the  Orient)  (DM0) 

Rev.  C.  Siegumfeldt,  Lyderslev,  Storehadinge 
Santal  Mission  of  the  Northern  Churches  (SMNC) 

(see  under  India) 
Danish  Board  for  the  Santal  Mission 

Aage  Krohn,  Esq.,  Ceres  Vei  4,  Kobenhavn  V 

Sudan  United  Mission  (SUM) 

(see  under  International) 
Danish  Council  of  the  Sudan  United  Mission 

Missionaer  Juul,  Strib 

Teltmissionen  (Tent  Mission)  (HTM) 
Rev.  Mr.  Hass,  Stenhus,  Holbeck 

Udvalget  for  L.  P.  Larsens  Missionsarbejde  blandt  indiske  Studenter 
(Committee  for  L.  P.  Larsen's  Missionary  Work  among  Stu- 
dents in  India)  (LPL) 
Rev.  Marius  Hansen,  Norde  Frihavnsgade  71,  Kobenhavn 

FINLAND 

China  Inland  Mission  (CIM) 

(see  under  International) 
Fria  Missionen  i  Finland  (Free  (Church)  Mission  of  Finland)  (FFC) 

20,  Eriksgatan,  Abo 

Finska  Missionssallskapet  (Finnish  Missionary  Society)  (FMS) 
Rev.  Hannu  Haahti,  Helsingfors 

Lutherska  Evangeliforeningen  i  Finland   (Lutheran  Evangelical   So- 
ciety of  Finland)  (LEF) 
Pastor  L.  L,  Byman,  Helsingfors 


244  FRANCE 

FRANCE 

Mission  Populaire  Evangelique  de  France  (McAll  Mission)  (McM)('') 
Rev.  Henri  Guex,   i  Rue  Pierre  Lev6e,  Paris 

(*)  This  Society  has  committees  in  Canada  and  the  United  States 

Mission  protestante  franfaise  en  Kabylie  (Union  pour  I'Evangelisa- 
tion  des  Musulmans  du  Nord  de  I'Afrique,  Mission  methodiste 
franfaise  en  Kabylie)  (French  Protestant  Mission  in  Kabylie) 
(KM)   (1886) 

M.  Bres,  Il-AIaten,  Dep.  de  Constantine,  Alg^rie 

Societe  des  Missions  Evangeliques  chez   les  Peuples  non  Cretiens 
(Paris  Evangelical  Missionary  Society)  (P), 
M.  J.  Bianquis,  M.  Daniel  Couve,  M.  A.  Casalis,  102,  boulevard 
Arago,  Paris 

Vereinigte  Gemeinden  der  deutschen  Kirchen  A.  C.  in  Paris  (United 
Evangelical  Church  of  the  Augsburg  Confession  in  Paris)  (UEAC) 

GERMANY 

Allgemeiner  evangelisch -protestantischer  Missionsverein  (General 
Society   for  Evangelical  Protestant  Missions)   (Weimar  Mission) 

(AEPM) 

Rev.  Joannes  Witte,  Dr.  Lie,  Sedanstrasse  40,  Berlin-Steglitz 

Aussatzigen-Asyl  "Jesushilfe"  in  Jerusalem  (Jesushilfe  Leper  Asylum 
in  Jerusalem)  (HLJ) 
Rev.  W.  L.  Kolbing,  D.th.,  Rev.  Karl  Kuchener,  Herrnhut  i.  S. 

Berliner  Frauen-Missionsverein  fiir  China  (Berlin  Women's  Mission- 
ary Society  for  Chma  (BFM) 
Rev.  H.  Gluer,  Georgenkirchstrasse  70,  Berlin 

Berliner  Missionsgesellschaft  (Berlin  Missionary  Society)   (Berlin  I) 

(Bn) 

Rev.  Dr.  Karl  Axenfeld,  Georgenkirchstrasse  70,  Berlin  NO  43 
China  Inland  Mission  (CIM) 

(see  unrler  International) 
Deutsche  China-AUianz-Mission  in  Barmen  (German  China  Alliance  Mission  in  Bar- 
men) (GCAM) 

K.  Engler,  C.  Polnick,  Scifenstrasse  5,  Barmen 
Deutscher  Frauen  Missionsbund  (German  Women's  Missionary  Union)  (DFMB) 

I3ibclhaus,  Malchc,  bci  Frcienwaldc,  a.  O. 
Friedenshort  Deaconess  Mission  (FDM) 

Miechowitz,  Obcrschlcsien 
Liebenzeller  Mission  (Liebenzell  Mission)  (L) 

(see  separate  entry,  Germany) 

Deutsche  Orient  Mission  (German  Orient  Mission)  (DOM) 
Pastor  Dr.  Roemer,  Gr.  Weinmeisterstrasse  50,  Potsdam 


GERMANY  245 

Deutscher  Hiilfsbund  fiir  christliches  Liebeswerk  im  Orient  (German 
Aid  Society  for  Christian  Charity  in  the  East)  (DHL) 
F.  Schuchardt,  Fiirstenbergerstrasse  151,  Frankfurt  a.  Main 

Evangelische  Missionsgesellschaft  fiir  Deutsch-Ostafrika  (Evangelical 
Missionary  Society  for  German  East  Africa)  (DO A) 

Rev.  W.  Trittelvitz,  Lic.Theol.,  Rev.  P.   Burckhardt,   Bethel  bei 
Bielefeld 

Evangelisch-lutherische  Mission  zu  Leipzig  (Leipzig  Evangelical  Luth- 
eran Mission)  (Lp) 
Prof.  Dr.  Paul,  Carolinenstrasse  19,  Leipzig 

Evangelisch-lutherische  Missionsanstalt  zu  Hermannsburg  (Hermanns- 
burg  Evangelical  Lutheran  Missionary  Society)  (HM) 
Rev.  Georg  Haccius,  D.D.,  Hermannsburg,  Hannover 

Gesellschaft  fiir  innere  und  aussere  Mission  im  Sinne  der  lutherischen 
Kirche  (Society  for  Home  and  Foreign  Missions  According  to  the 
Principles   of  the  Lutheran   Church)    (Neuendettelsau   Mission) 

(ND) 
Rev.  Martin  Deinzer,  Neuendettelsau,  Bayem 

Gossnersche  Missionsgesellschaft  (Gossner  Missionary  Society)  (Ber- 
lin n)  (GM) 

Rev.  H.  Kausch,  Handjerystrasse  19-20,  Friedenau,  Berlin 

Hildesheimer  Verein  fiir  die  deutsche  Blindenmission  in  China  (Hil- 
desheim  Missionary  Society  for  Blind  Girls  in  China  (HVBC) 

Miss  Louise  Cooper,  Sedanstrasse  33,  Hrldesheim 

Jerusalems- Verein  (Jerusalem  Union)  (JV) 
Rev.  Mr.  Ulich,  Wustrau,  Kreis  Ruppin 

Kieler  China  Mission  (Kiel  China  Mission)  (KCM) 
Pastor  F.  Witt,  Missionshaus,  Kiel 

Liebenzeller  Mission  (Liebenzell  Mission)  (L)(^) 

(»)  This  Society  is  associated  with  the  China  Inland  Mission  in  its  work  in  China 

Pastor  Heinrich  Coerper,  Liebenzell,  Wiirttemberg 
Mission  der  Briidergemeine  (Mor) 

(see  under  International) 
Mission  der  Brudergemeine 

Prediger  Theodor  Bechler,  Missionsinspektor  Samuel  Baudert,  Sees,    in   Germany 
Hermhut  i.  S. 

Funfpfennig- Verein  (Mite  Society) 

Missionar  A.  E.  Schmidt,  Hermhut  i.  S. 
Nordschleswigsche  Missionsverein  (North  Schleswig  Missionary  Society) 

Prediger  Fr.  Hoy,  Christiansfeld,  Nord-Schleswig 


246  THE  NETHERLANDS 

Mission     der     hannoverschen     evangelisch-lutherischen     Freikirche 
(Hannover  Free   Evangelical  LuSieran   Church   Missionary   So- 
ciety)  (MHLF) 
Rev.  A.  Heicke,  Nettelkamp  bei  Wrested 

Missionsgesellschaft  der  deutschen  Baptisten  (Missionary  Society  of 
the  German  Baptists)  (MDB) 

Rev.  Karl  Alascher,  Missionshaus,  Neunippin 

Neukirchener  Missionsanstalt  (Neukirchen  Mission  Institute)  (NK) 
Pastor  G.  Paschen,  Kreis  Mors,  Neukirchen 

Norddeutsche   Missionsgesellschaft   (North  German  Missionary  So- 
ciety) (NMG) 
Rev.  E.  Ohly,  Bremen 

Rheinisch-v/estfalischer  Diakonissenverein  (Rhenish-Westphalian  Dea- 
conesses' Society)  (Kaiserswerth  Deaconesses)  (RDV) 
Rev.  Mr.  Disselhoff,  Kaiserswerth  am  Rhein 

Rheinische  Missionsgesellschaft  (Rhenish  Missionary  Society)  (RM) 
Rev.  Johann  Spiecker,  Missionshaus,  Barmen 

Schleswig-holsteinische    evangelisch-lutherische    Missionsgesellschaft 
zu  Breklum  (Schleswig-Holstein  Evangelical  Lutheran  Missionary 
Society  at  Breklum)  (Br) 
Pastor  Bracker,  Breklum,  Schleswig-Holstein 

Sudan  Pionier  Mission  (Sudan  Pioneer  Mission)  (SPM) 
Rev.  W.  Ziemendorff,  Holzappel,  Bez.  Wiesbaden 

Verein  fiir  das  Syrische  Waisenhaus  in  Jerusalem    (Union  for  the 
Syrian  Orphanage  in  Jerusalem)  (SW) 
Rev.  Ludwig  Schneller,  D.D.,  Coin 


THE  NETHERLANDS 

Centraal-Comite  voor  de  Oprichting  en  de  Instandhouding  van  een 
Seminarie  nabij  Batavia  (Central  Committee  for  the  Founding  and 
Supporting  of  a  Seminary  near  Batavia)  (CSB) 
Mr.  A.  Bierens  de  Haan,  Haarlem 

Comite  tot   Voorziening  in  de    Godsdienstige   Behoeften  van  de  Ge- 
vestigde    Inlandsche    Protestantsche    Chiistengemeenten    op    de 
Sangir-  en  Talaut-Eilanden  (CZST) 
Rev.  Dr.  J.  W.  Gunning,  Rechter  Rottekade  63,  Rotterdam 


NORWAY  247 

Doopsgezinde  Vereeniging  tot  Bevordering  der  Evangelieverbreiding 
in  de  Nederlandsch-Overzeesche  Bezittingen  (Mennonite  Union 
for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in  the  Ultramarine  Possessions 
of  the  Netherlands)  (DVNB) 
Rev.  J.  B.  Du  Buy,  Sing  el  45,  Amsterdam 

Lebanon  Hospital  for  the  Insane  (LHI) 

(see  under  England) 
Holland  Committee  for  the  Lebanon  Hospital  for  the  Insane 

Baroness  van  Heemstra,  Doom,  Utrecht 

Mission  der  Briidergemeine  (Mor) 

(see  under  International)  . 

Zendinggenootschap  der  Broedergemeente  te  Zeist  (Missionary  Society  of  the  United 
Brethren  in  Zeist) 
Rev.  Henry  Weis,  Zeist 

Nederlandsch  Luthersch  Genootschap  voor  in-  en  Uitwendige  Zending 
(Netherlands  Lutheran  Society  for  Home  and  Foreign  Missions) 

(NLG) 
Mr.   J.   C.   Schipper,   Prinsengracht  418,   Amsterdam;  Rev.   C.   F. 
Westermann,  Nic.  Witsenkade  20,  Amsterdam 

Nederlandsch    Zendelinggenootschap    (Netherlands    Missionary    So- 
ciety)  (NZG) 
Rev.  Dr.  J.  W.  Gunning,  Rechter  Rottekade  63,  Rotterdam 

Nederlandsche  Z  endings  vereeniging  (Netherlands  Missionary  Union) 

fNZV) 
Rev.  J.  Hartman,  Westzeedijk  343,  Rotterdam 

Utrechtsche  Zendingsvereeniging  (Utrecht  Mission  Union)  (UZV) 

Dr.  J.  A.  Cram.er,  Den  Haag 

Vereeniging  het  Java-Comite  te  Amsterdam  (Java  Committee  at  Am- 
sterdam) (JC) 
Heer  H.  Duijker,  vSingel  236,  Amsterdam 

Vereeniging  tot  Uitbreiding  van  het  Evangeb'e  in  Egypte  (Union  for  the 
Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in  Egypt)  (VUEE) 
Ds.  C.  R.  van  Lelyveld,  Dinther 

Zending  van  de  Gereformeerde  Kerken  in  Nederland  onder  Heldenen 
en  Mohammedanen  (Mission  of  the  Reformed  Churches  in  the 
Netherlands  to  the  Heathen  and  Mohammedans)  (ZGK) 
Rev.  H.  Kijkstra,  Smilde 

NORWAY 

China  Inland  Mission  (CIM) 

(see  under  International) 
Norske  Mission  i  Kina  (Norwegian  Mission  in  China)  (NMJ) 
Randsfjord 


248  SWEDEN 

Norske  Missionsforbund  (Norwegian  Mission  Union)   (Norwegian  Alliance  Mission) 
(NMF) 
(see  separate  entry,  Norway) 

Norges   Frie   Evangeliske   Missionsforbund    (Free   Evangelical    Mis- 
sionary Union  of  Norway)  (NFEM) 
Kristiania 

Norsk  Lutherske  Kinamissionsforbund   (Norwegian  Lutheran  China 
Mission  Association)   (NLK) 
Rev.  Johannes  Brandtzaeg,  Fjeldhaug,  Sinsenbakken,  Kristiania 

Norske  Evangelisk  Lutheris^e  Frikirkes  Kinamission  (Mission  of  the 
Evangelical  Lutheran  Free  Church  of  Norway)  (NLF)C') 

(a)   No  information  as  to  the  home  office  of  this  Society  is  available.    Communications 
should  be  addressed  to  Rev.  Ole  A.  Sommernes,  Hinganfu,  Shensi,  China 

Norske  Kirkes  Mission  ved  Schreuder  (Norwegian  Church  Mission 
Organized  by  Bishop  Schreuder)  (Sch) 
Pastor  P.  V.  Skaar,  Norderhovsgt.  32,  Kristiania 

Norske    Missionsforbund    (Norwegian    Mission    Union)    (Norwegian 
Alliance  Mission)  (NMF) 
Mr.  Odolf  Larsen,  Bernt  Ankersgate  4,  III,  Kristiania 

Norske  Missionsselskab  (Norwegian  Missionary  Society)  (NMS) 
Pastor  Lars  Dahle,  Stavanger 

Santal  Mission  of  the  Northern  Churches  (SMNC) 

(see  under  India) 
Norwegian  Board  for  the  Santal  Mission 

Rev.  M.  A.  Waaler,  Aasengate  20,  Kristiania 

Tsjilimissionen  (North  Chihli  Mission)  (NCM) 
Mr,  Ludvig  Eriksen,  Stabaek  (near  Kristiania) 

SWEDEN 
China  Inland  Mission  (CIM) 

(see  under  International) 
Helgelse-Forbundet  (Holiness  Union)  (HF) 

(sec  separate  entry  under  Sweden) 
Svenska  Alliansmissionen  (Swedish  Alliance  Mission)  (SvAM) 

(see  separate  entry  under  Sweden) 
Svenska  Missionen  i  Kina  (Swedish  Mission  in  China)  (SMC) 

M.  Josef  Holmgren,  Malmtorgsgatan  8,  Stockholm 

Evangeliska  Fosterlands-Stiftelsen  (Evangelical  National  Missionary 
Society  of  Stockholm)  (EFS) 

Rev.  J.  Lindgren,  Danderyd,  Stockholm 
Foreningen  for  Israelsmission  (Swedish  Mission  to  Jews)  (SJM) 

Pastor  Iljalinar  Stcnberg,  Idungatan  4,  Stockholm  6 


SWITZERLAND  249 

Fri  Baptister  (Independent  Baptists)  (FBS) 
Rev.  Anders  Hansson,  Hansjo,  Orsa 

Helgelse-Forbundet  (HoUness  Union)  (HF)(^) 

Pastor  C.  J.  A.  Kihlstedt,  Torp,  Kumla 
(a)  This  Society  is  associated  with  the  China  Inland  Mission  in  its  work  in  China 

Kvinnliga  Missions  Arbetare  (Women  Missionary  Workers)  (KMAS) 
Miss  Anna  Baeckman,  Brunnsgatan  3,  Stockholm 

Svenska  AUiansmissionen  (Swedish  Alliance  Mission)  (SvAM)(=^) 

Rev.  A.  Thomander,  Kapellgatan  27,  Jonkoping 
(»)  This  Society  is  associated  with  the  China  Inland  Mission  in  its  work  in  China 

Svenska  Baptistemas  Kommittens  for  Missionen  Utom  Landet  (Swe- 
dish Baptist  Foreign  Missions  Committee)  (SBM) 
Rev.  J.  Bystrom,  D.D.,  M.P.,  Tegnerogatan  13,  Stockholm 

Svenska   Kyrkans    Missionsstryrelse    (Church    of    Sweden    Mission 
Board)  (SKM) 

Rev.  P.  A.  Gunnar  Brundin,  Uppsala 
Svenska  Missionsforbimdet  (Swedish  Missionary  Society)  (SMF) 

Jakob  E.  Lundahl,  Barnhusgatan  10,  Stockholm 

Svenska  Mongolmissionen  (Swedish  Mongol  Mission)  (SM) 
Miss  Agnes  Jacobson,  Brunnsgatan  3,  Stockholm 

SWITZERLAND 

Evangelische  Missionsgesellschaft  zu  Basel  (Basel  Evangelical  Mis- 
sionary Society)   (B) 
Pf.  Hermann  Kieser,  Missionshaus,  Basel 
Lebanon  Hospital  for  the  Insane  (LHI) 

(see  under  England) 
Swiss  Conunittee  for  the  Lebanon  Hospital 

Herr  S.  ZurUnden,  Zurich 

Mission  philafricaine  (Philafrican  Mission)  (MPh) 

Mile.  A.  Chatelain,  Villa  Duprada,  Mousquines,  Lausanne 
Mission  Suisse  Romande  (Swiss  Romande  Mission)  (MR) 
M.  Arthur  Grandjean,  2  Chemin  des  Cedres,  Lausanne 

SOUTH  AFRICA 
BAPTIST 

South  African  Baptist  Missionary  Society  (SABMS) 

Rev.  B.  Vernon  Bird,  The  Manse,  King  William's  Town,  Cape  )f 
Good  Hope  Province 


250  SOUTH  AFRICA 

CONGREGATIONAL 

Congregational  Union  Church  Aid  and  Missionary  Society  of  South 
Africa  (CUSA) 
Rev.  Wm.  Angus,  Claremont,  Cap6  of  Good  Hope  Province 


METHODIST 

South  African  Missionary  Society  (SAf) 

Rev.  Samuel  Clark,  Ludeke,  via  Bizana,  Pondoland,  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  Province 


PRESBYTERIAN  AND  REFORMED 

General   Mission   Committee   of  the  Dutch  Reformed   Church  of 
South  Africa  (DRCSA)('^) 
De  Alg.  Zending  Secretaris,  Bus  144,  Capetown,  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  Province 
(•)  The  Nyassa  Mission  of  this  Society  has  aid  committees  in  Canada  and  the  United 
States 

Native  Missions  Committee  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  South 
Africa  (PCSA) 
Andrew  Bryson,  4  Wale  Street,  Capetown,  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
Province 


NOT  DENOMINATIONAL 
Ikwezi  Lamaci  Mission  (IL) 

Rev.  Samuel  Aitchison,  Native  Mission,  Ikwezi  Lamaci,  Harding, 

Natal 

South  Africa  General  Mission  (SAGM) 

(see  under  International) 
South  Africa  General  Mission 

Superintendent,  James   Middlemiss,   Box  988,  Capetown,   Cape  of  Good  Hope 
Province 

South  African  Compounds  and  Interior  Mission  (SACIM) 

William   M.   Douglas,   37,   Henwood's  Arcade,   P.  O.  Box    1089, 
Johannesburg,  Transvaal 

Sudan  United  Mission  (SUM) 

(see  under  International) 
South  African  Council  of  the  Sudan  United  Mission 

G.  McDougall,  P.  O.  Box  1465,  Capetown,  Cape  of  Good  Hope  Province 

South  African  National  Council  of  the  Young  Women's  Christian 
Association  (YWCASAf) 

Miss  Dora  McCarthy,  51  Jeppe  Street,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal 


NORTH  AFRICA  251 

NORTH  AFRICA 
BAPTIST 

Mission  des  Eglises  baptistes  de  Langue  franfaise  (French  Baptist 
Mission)  (FBM) 
M.  Michel  Olives,  Villa  Beau  Sejour,  Boulevard  de  Metz,  Blida, 
Algeria 

NOT  DENOMINATIONAL 

Algiers  Mission  Band  (AMB)  {") 

Miss  I.  Lilias  Trotter,  2  Rue  du  Croissant,  Algiers,  Algeria 
(»)  This  Society  has  an  auxiliary  in  the  United  States 

BOLIVIA 

NOT  DENOMINATIONAL 

Bolivian  Indian  Mission  (BM)  (*) 

George  Allan,  San  Pedro,  Charcas,  Bolivia 
(a)  This  Society  has  committees  in  the  United  States  (2),  New  Zealand  and  England 

BRITISH  GUIANA 

CONGREGATIONAL 

Congregational  Union  of  British  Guiana  (CUBG) 

Rev.  A.  W.  Wilson,  Georgetown,  British  Guiana 

WEST  INDIES 
BAPTIST 
Baptist  Church  in  Trinidad  and  Tobago  (BCT) 

L.  O.  Inniss,  St.  John's  Hall,  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad 

Jamaica  Baptist  Union  (JBU) 

T.  Gordon  Somers,  Trinity  Ville,  Spanish  Town,  Jamaica 

Bahamas  Baptist  Union  (BBU) 

Milton  A.  Russell,  22  Parliament  Street,  Nassau,  N.  P.,  Bahamas, 
B.W.I. 

CONGREGATIONAL 

Congregational  Union  of  Jamaica  (CUJ) 
Rev.  William  Priestnal,  Kingston,  Jamaica 

PRESBYTERIAN 

Presbyterian  Church  of  Jamaica  (PC J) 

Rev.  Douglas  A.  Rothnie,  M.A.,  Lucea,  Jamaica 


252  CHINA 

CHINA 

American  Presbyterian  Mission  Press  (PMP) 

Gilliert  Mcintosh,  American  Presbyterian  Mission  Press,  Shanghai, 
Kiangsu 

Bible,  Book  and  Tract  Depot  (BB  &  TD) 

Mrs.  A.  Youngs,  2  Wyndham  Street,  Hongkong 

Canton  Medical  Missionary  Society  (CMMS) 

William  W.  Cadbury,  M.A.,  M.D.,  Canton,  Kwangtung 

Chef 00  Industrial  Mission  (CI) 

James  McMullan,  Chefoo,  Shantung 

China  Baptist  Publication  Society  (CBP) 

Rev.  Robert  E.  Chambers,  D.D.,  Canton,  Kwangtung 

China  Christian  Educational  Association  (CCEA) 

Rev.  Frank  D.  Gamewell,  LL.D.,  5  Quinsan  Gardens,  Shanghai, 
Kiangsu 

China  Continuation  Committee  of  the  National  Missionary  Conference, 
Shanghai,  1913  (ChCC) 
Rev.  Edwin  C.  Lobenstine,  5  Quinsan  Gardens,  Shanghai,  Kiangsu 

China  Inland  Mission  (CIM) 

(see  under  International) 

China  Inland  Mission,  China  Council 

D.  E.  Hoste,  9  Woosung  Road,  Shanghai,  Kiangsu 

China  Medical  Missionary  Association  (CMMA) 

Rev.  Robert  C.  Beebe,  M.D.,  5  Quinsan  Gardens,  Shanghai,  Kiangsu 
Chinese  Tract  Society  (CTS) 

Rev.  C.  J.  F.  Symons,  89  Range  Road,  Shanghai,  Kiangsu 
Chinese  Student  Volunteer  Movement  for  the  Ministry  (SVMM) 

Samuel  J.  Mills,  4  Quinsan  Gardens,  Shanghai,  Kiangsu 
Christian  Catholic  Apostolic  Church  in  Zion  (CCACZ) 

C.  F.  Viking,  37  Helen  Terrace,  Shanghai,  Kiangsu 
Christian  Faith  Mission  (CFM) 

Miss  A.  Lee  Chiles,  care  of  British  Post  Office,' Canton,  Kwangtung 
Christian  Literature  Society  for  China  (CLSC) 

Rev.  W.  Hopkyn  Rees,  D.D.,  143  North  Szechuen  Road,  Shanghai, 
Kiangsu 

Christians'  Mission  (CM) 

Miss  L.  M.  ITojnvood,  Ningpo,  Chekiang 


CHINA  253 

"Door  of  Hope"  Mission  (DHM) 

Mrs.  A.  G.  Parrott,  31  North  Szechuen  Road,  Shanghai,  Kiangsu 

Evangel  Press  (EP) 

Rev.  C.  E.  Ranck,  Ph.M.,  B.D.,  Shenthowfu,  Hunan 
Faith  Mission  (FaM) 

Miss  G.  Oviatt,  Wuhu,  Anhwei 
Gospel  Baptist  Mission  (ABGM) 

(Now  united  with  the  SBC  (U.  S.  A.)) 

Grace  Mission  (GMC) 

Rev.  Alexander  Kennedy,  Tangsi,  Chekiang,  via  Shanghai 
Independent  Lutheran  Mission  (ILM) 

Rev.  E.  O.  Boen,  Piyuanhsien,  Honan 
Institution  for  the  Chinese  Blind  (IBC) 

George  B.  Fryer,  3  Edinburgh  Road,  Shanghai,  Kiangsu 

International  Institute  of  China  (Mission  among  the  Higher  Classes  in 
China  (II)) 

Rev.  Gilbert  Reid,  M.A.,  D.D.,  Shanghai,  Kiangsu 
Japanese  Christian  Mission  (JCM)(*) 

Miss  Frances  Smith,  Shanghai,  Kiangsu 

(a)  Formerly  the  Angarrack  Christian  Mission 

John  G.  Kerr  Hospital  for  the  Insane  (KHI) 

Charles  C.  Selden,  M.D.,  Ph.D.,  Canton,  Kwangtung 
Metropolitan  Presbyterian  Mission  (MPM) 

Rev.  Henry  G.  C.  Hallock,  Ph.D.,   13  Nanking  Road,  Shanghai, 
Kiangsu 

Mission  Book  Company  (MB Co) 

Rev.  W.  H.  Lacy,  D.D.,  10  Woosung  Road,  Shanghai,  Kiangsu 
National  Tract  Society  for  China  (NTSC) 

Rev.  Henry  G.   C.  Hallock,  Ph.D.,   13  Nanking  Road,  Shanghai, 
Kiangsu 

North  Fukien  Tract  Society  (NFTS) 

William  Muller,  CMS  Mission,  Foochow,  Fukien 
North- West  Kiangsi  Mission  (NKM) 

E.  J.  Blandford,  Wucheng,  Kiangsi 
Refuge  for  Chinese  Slave  Children  (CSCR) 

Miss  M.  Henderson,  17  Brenan  Road,  Shanghai,  Kiangsu 
Religious  Tract  Society  of  North  and  Central  China  (TSNC) 

Rev.  G.  A.  Clajrton,  Hankow,  Hupeh 


254  INDIA  AND   CEYLON 

Shanghai  Mission  to  Ricksha  Men  and  Coolie  Class  (SRM) 
Mrs.  George  Matheson,  la  Jinkee  Road,  Shanghai,  Kiangsu 

South  Chih-U  Mission  (SCM) 

Miss  Bertha  Z.  Schrack,  Tamingfu,  ChihH 

South  China  Christian  Book  Company  (SCCBC) 

A.  L.  Groff,  Missions  Building,  The  Bund,  Canton,  Kwangtung 

South  China  Holiness  Mission  (SCHM) 
Rev.  E.  R.  Munroe,  Canton,  Kwangtung 

South  China  Religious  Tract  Society  (SCTS) 

Rev.  W.  W.  Clayson,  Canton,  Kwangtung 
South  Fukien  Religious  Tract  Society  (SFTS) 

Rev.  George  M.  Wales,  Amoy,  Fukien 
South  Yunnan  Mission  (SYM) 

John  D.  Fullerton,  Szemao,  Yunnan 
Tsehchowfu  Mission  (TSM) 

Rev.  Stanley  P.  Smith,  M.A.,  Tsehchowfu,  via  Tsinghwachen,  Honan 
United  Society  of  Christian  Endeavor  for  China  (CEC) 

Edgar  E.  Strother,  9  Woosung  Road,  Shanghai,  Kiangsu 
West  Chma  Rehgious  Tract  Society  (WCTS) 

Rev.  William  L.  L.  Knipe,  Chungking,  Szechwan 
Worid's  Sunday  School  Association  (WSSA) 

(see  under  International) 
China  Sunday  School  Union  (CSSU) 

Rev.  Elwood  G.  Tewksbury,  5  Quinsan  Gardens,  Shanghai,  Kiangsu 

National  Committee  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Associations  of 
Chma  (YMCACh) 

David  Z.  T.  Yui,  Esq.,  M.A.,  4  Quinsan  Gardens,  Shanghai,  Kiangsu 

National  Committee  of  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Associations  of 
China  (YWCACh) 

Miss  Grace  L.  Coppock,  61  Range  Road,  Shanghai,  Kiangsu 

INDIA  AND  CEYLON 

Board  for  Tamil  Christian  Literature  (BTCL) 

Rev.  A.  C.  Clayton,  Kodaikanal,  Madras 
"Boys'  Christian  Home"  Mission  of  India  (BCHM) 

Albert  Norton,  Dhond,  Poona  District,  Bombay 
Christian  Literature  Society  for  India  (CLSI) 

(see  under  England) 


INDIA  AND  CEYLON  255 

Church  of  God  (CGI) 

G.  P.  Tasker,  Lahore,  Punjab 

Henaratgoda  Village  Mission  (HVM) 

Miss  H.  Topper,  Mission  House,  Henaratgoda,  Ceylon 

Home  Missionary  Society  of  India  (HMSI) 

Miss  H.  M.  Wise,  M.A.,  37  Dharamtala  Street,  Calcutta,  Bengal 

India  Christian  Endeavor  Union  (CEI) 

Rev.  Herbert  Halliwell,  Christian  Endeavor  Office,  Bangalore 

Indian  Christian  Association,  Madras  (ICAM) 
S.  E.  Runganadhan,  M.A.,  L.T.,  Madras 

Indian  Christian  Mission  (ICM) 

(see  under  England) 

Indian  Missionary  Society  of  Tinnevelly  (IMST) 

J.  Anbudaiyan,  Esq.,  B.A.,  L.T.,  Palamcottah,  Tinnevelly  District, 
Madras 

Jungle  Tribes  Mission,  Coonoor,  South  India  (JTSI) 

Rev.  R.  Samuel,  Trinder  Cottage,  Mount  Road,  Coonoor,  Madras 
Kandy  Industrial  School  (KIS) 

Rev.  E.  E.  Taylor,  M.A.,  The  Vicarage,  Kandy,  Ceylon 
Lee  Memorial  Bengali  Mission  (LMB) 

Rev.  D.  H.  Lee,  D.D.,  13  Wellington  Square,  Calcutta 
Malabar  Mar  Thoma  Syrian  Christian  Evangehstic  Association  (MTS) 

Rev.  C.  P.  Philipose  Kassisa,  Tiruvalla,  Travancore,  South  India 
Medical  Missionary  Association  of  India  (MMSI) 

A.  Lankester,  M.D.,  Hyderabad,  Deccan 
Mukti  Mission  (MM)(*) 

Manoramabai  Medhavi,   Kedgaon,  Poona  District,   Bombay  Pres- 
idency 
(»)  This  Society  has  an  auxiUary  in  the  United  States 

National  Missionary  Council  of  India  (NMCI) 

Rev.  Herbert  Anderson,  48  Ripon  Street,  Calcutta 
National  Missionary  Society  of  India  (NMSI) 

P.  O.  Philip,  B.A.,  N.  M.  S.  Office,  Vepery,  Madras 
Nepaul  Mission  (NM) 

J.  W.  Innes  Wright,  Sukhia  Pokhri  P.  O.,  Darjeeling  District 
Poona  and  Indian  Village  Mission  (PIVM) 

J.  W.  Stothard,  Nasrapur,  Poona  District,  Bombay  Presidency 


2-:,(i  INDIA  AND  CEYLON 

Rangoon  Karen  Home  Mission  Society  (RHMS) 
Rev.  T.  Thanbyah,  M.A.,  Ahlone,  Rangoon,  Burma 

Santal  Mission  of  the  Northern  Churches  (SMNC)  {^) 
Rev.  P.  O.  Bodding,  Dumka,  Santal  Parganas,  Behar 

(»)  This  Mission  has  committees  in  the  United  States,  Denmark  and  Norway 

South  India  Blind  School  (SIBS) 
Mr.  Eleazer,  5  Waller's  Road,  Narasingapuram,  Madras 

South  Indian  Missionary  Association  (SIMA) 
Rev.  J.  I.  Macnair,  Gooty,  South  India 

Tehri  Anjuman-I-Basharat  (TAIB) 

Miss  Sarah  Vrooman,  M.D.,  Tehri,  Garhwal  State 

Tehri  Border  Village  Mission  (TBVM) 
William  Greet,  Landour,  United  Provinces 

Telugu  Baptist  Mission  Society  (TBMS) 
Rev.  Mallela  Pitchiah,  Kanigiri,  Nellore  District,  Madras  Presidency 

Telugu  Baptist  Publication  Society  (TBPS) 
Rev.  F.  Kurtz,  Bezwada,  Madras  Presidency 

Tibetan  Mission  (TM) 

(See  under  Scotland) 

Tranquebar  Tamil  Bible  Society  (TTBS) 

Rev.  H.  Frytzholm,  Lie.  Theol.,  Tranquebar,  Madras  Presidency 

Women's  Christian  College,  Madras  (WCCM)('') 

Miss  E.  McDougall,  M.A.,  Madras 
(')  Committees  in  the  United  States  and  England 

Women's  Christian  Medical  CoUege  (WCMC)('^) 

Miss  Edith  M.  Brown,  MA.,  M.L).,  Ludhiana,  Punjab 
(»)  Committees  in  Canada  (2),  the  United  States,  England,  Ireland  and  Scotland 

Women's  Christian  Temperance  Union  of  India  (WCTUI) 

Mrs.    Donald   Sunder,    Havcli   Khargpore,  Monghyre  District,  via 
Bariarpore,  E.  I.  R.,  Loop  Line 

World's  Sunday  School  Association  (WSSA) 

(see  under  International) 
India  Sunday  School  Union  (ISSU) 

Rev.  Richard  liur^es,  Juljbulpore,  Central  Provinces 

National   Council,  Young   Men's   Christian  Associations,   India   and 
Ceylon  (YMCAI) 
E.  C.  Carter,  K.  T.  Paul,  B.A.,  5  Russell  Street,  Calcutta 


JAPAN  257 

National  Young  Women's  Christian  Association  of  India,  Burma  and 
Ceylon  (YWCAI) 
The  National  Secretary,  National  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  170  Hornby  Road, 
Bombay 

Zenana  Training  Home,  Poena  (ZTH) 

Miss  Soonderbai  H.  Powar,  Poona,  Bombay  Presidency 

JAPAN 

Akasaka  Hospital  (AH) 

William  R.  Watson,  M.B.,  F.R.C.S.I.,  Akasaka  Hospital,  17  Hikawa 
Cho,  Akasaka,  Tokyo 

Christian  Educational  Association  of  Tokyo  (CEAT) 

Rev.  Charles  B.  Tenny,  D.D.,  29  Sanai  Machi,  Ichigaya,  Ushigome 
Ku,  Tokyo 

Conference  of  Federated  Missions  in  Japan  (CFMJ) 

Rev.  A.  Oltmans,  D.D.,  Meiji  Gakuin,  Shirokane,  Shiba,  Tokyo 

Doshisha  University  (DU) 

Rev.  Tasuku  Harada,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  Kyoto 

Hakuaikai  Seryoin  ("Loving  All"  Dispensary)  (HS) 
Miss  Alice  P.  Adams,  95  Kadotayashiki,  Okayama 

International  Christian  Police  Association  (ICPA) 

James  Cuthbertson,  9  Fukuro  Machi,  Suraga  Dai,  Kanda,  Tokyo 

Japan  Book  and  Tract  Society  (JBTS) 

George  Braithwaite,  5  Hikawa  Cho,  Akasaka,  Tokyo 

Japan  Continuation  Committee  (JCC) 

Galen  M.  Fisher,  22  Gochome,  Fujimi  Cho,  Kojimachi  Ku,  Tokyo 

Japan  Evangelistic  Band  (JEB) 

Richard  W.  Harris,  23  Nichome,  Kita  Nagasa  Dori,  Kobe 

Japan  Union  of  Christian  Endeavor  (CEJ) 
T.  Sawaya,  12  Honmura  Cho,  Azabu,  Tokyo 

Japanese  Baptist  Missionary  Society  (JBMS) 
Rev.  N.  Uryawa,  75  Bluff,  Yokohama 

Kumiai  Kyokwai  (Congregational  Churches)  (K) 

K.  Nishio,  57  Nichome,  Nakanoshima,  Osaka 

National  Temperance  League  of  Japan  (NTLJ) 

Rev.  T.  Ukai,  20  Nishikonya  Cho,  Kyobashi  Ku,  Tokyo 


258  CHOSEN 

Nihon  Kirisuto  Kyokwai  (Church  of  Christ  in  Japan)  (NKK) 

Rev.  Yakichi  Sasakura,  Somu  Kyoku,  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  Omote  Sarugaku 
Cho,  Kanda,  Tokyo 

Nihon  Methodist  Kyokwai  (Japan  Methodist  Church)  (NMK) 
Bishop  Yoshiyasu  Hiraiwa,  D.D.,  Aoyama,  Tokyo 

Nippon  Sei  Kokwai  (Japanese  Episcopal  Church)  (NSK) 

Okayama  Kojiin  (Okayama  Orphan  Asylum)  (OOA) 

Rev.  Tetsuya  Onoda,  Kadota-yashiki,  Okayama 

Omi  Kirisutokyo  Dendo  Dan  (Omi  Mission)  (OMJ) 

William  Merrell  Vories,  Hachiman,  Omi 

Presbyterian  and  Reformed  Church  Building  Association  (PCBA) 

Rev.  Charles  A.  Logan,  D.D.,  Tokushima 

Seisho  No  Tomo  (Scripture  Union  of  Japan)  (SUJ) 
George  Braithwaite,  5  Hikawa  Cho,  Akasaka,  Tokyo 

Toyo  Senkyokwai  (Oriental  Missionary  Society)  (OMS) 

Rev.  E.  L.  Kilbourne,  391  Kashiwagi,  Yodobashi  Machi,  Tokyo  Fu 

Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  of  Japan  (WCTUJ) 

Mrs.  K.  Yajima,  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union,  Tokyo 

World's  Sunday  School  Association  (WSSA) 

(see  under  International) 
National  Sunday  School  Association  of  Japan 
Rev.  K.  Kanasumi,  Tokyo 

Japanese  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  National  Union  (YMCAJ) 

(jalen  M.  Fisher,  22  Gochome,  Fujimi  Cho,  Kojimachi  Ku,  Tokyo 

National  Committee  of  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Associations  of 
Japan  (YWCAJ) 

Miss  Margaret  L.  Matthew,  12  Sanchome,  Tamachi,  Ushigome,  Tokyo 
Yotsuya  Mission  (YMJ) 

Rev.  W.  D.  Cunningham,  6  Naka  Cho,  Yotsuya,  Tokyo 

CHOSEN 

Federal  Council  of  Protestant  Evangelical  Missions  in  Korea  (       ) 

Rev.  B.  W.  Billings,  M.E.F.B.  Mission,  Seoul 
Korean  Itinerant  Mission  (KIM) 

Rev.  M.  C.  Fenwick,  Wonsan 
Korean  Rehgious  Book  and  Tract  Society  (KRBTS) 

Gerald  Bonwick,  Seoul 


TURKEY  IN  ASIA  259 

TURKEY  IN  ASIA 

English  Mission,  Lydda,  Palestine  (EM) 

Miss  Leishman,  English  Mission,  Lydda,  Palestine 

Jebail  Settlement  (JS)(^) 

Miss  Caroline  M.  Holmes,  Jebail,  Syria 

(»)  This  Society  has  an  aid  committee  in  the  United  States. 

Oriental  Orphanage,  Brousa  (OOB) 

G.  Baghdasarian,  Brousa,  Turkey  in  Asia 
Swedish  Society  of  Jerusalem  (SSJ) 

Dr.  G.  L.  Ribbing,  Bethlehem,  Palestine 

DUTCH  EAST  INDIES 

Nederlandsch  Indische  Zendingsbond  (Netherlands  East  Indies  Mis- 
sion Union)  (NIZ) 

Rev.  O.  van  der  Bmg,  Buitenzorg,  Java 
Salatiga-Zending  op  Java  (Salatiga  Mission  in  Java)  (SZJ) 

Pastor  Kamp,  Salatiga,  Java 

PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS 

Evangelical  Union  of  the  Philippine  Islands  (EUPI) 

Rev.  George  William  Wright,  Presbyterian  Mission,  Manila 


STATISTICS 


ANNUAL  STATISTICS  FOR  NORTH  AMERICA 

In  presenting  the  annual  statistics  of  the  Foreign  Missions  Confer- 
ence the  Bureau  wishes  first  of  all  to  give  recognition  of  Miss  Antoi- 
nette Link,  of  the  staff  of  the  Bureau,  upon  whom  rested  the  work  of 
research  in  collecting  the  data  herewith  presented. 

Each  Society  has  had  the  opportunity  of  correcting  the  information 
gathered  from  the  annual  reports.  While  a  few  have  not  taken  the 
trouble  to  examine  carefully  the  statements  submitted  to  them,  we 
feel  sure  that  the  following  report  is  reasonably  correct.  We  always 
recognize  the  likelihood  of  mistakes  and  shall  appreciate  having  errors 
reported  to  us  as  they  are  discovered. 

I.  Table  of  Incomes.  This  tabulation  represents  the  incomes  for 
foreign  missions  of  each  of  the  Societies  having  headquarters  in  Canada 
or  in  the  United  States.  The  year  presented  is  the  latest  fiscal  year 
ending  previous  to  November  i,  1919.  It  includes  the  amount  ac- 
tually expended  on  the  foreign  mission  field  and  also  the  funds  re- 
ceived during  the  year  and  expended  at  the  "Home  Base"  in 
administration,  publicity,  and  investment.  It  does  not  include  the 
amounts  received  on  the  annuity  plan,  except  in  the  instances  of 
matured  annuities  and  the  profit  on  annuities  not  yet  matured,  or 
what  is  raised  for  self-support  on  the  mission  field. 

II.  Field  Statistics  for  Europe,  excepting  Turkey  in  Europe.  This 
table  presents  the  statistics  of  the  work  in  Europe  under  the  super- 
vision of  societies  of  the  United  States.  It  will  be  observed  that 
much  of  this  work  in  Europe  is  simply  by  way  of  appropriations 
in  money  or  in  American  staff.  Where  no  European  staff  or  other 
church  data  are  presented  it  will  be  understood  that  the  work  is  under 
the  direction  of  the  Church  in  Europe  and  therefore  not  properly 
credited  to  the  societies  in  America.  During  the  year  some  new  work 
has  been  begun  in  Europe,  but  is  not  reported  because  no  report  has 
been  made  for  the  incomplete  first  year. 

III.  Field  Statistics  of  Missions  in  Latin  America.  Following  the 
definition  of  Latin  America  used  by  the  Committee  on  Cooperation 
in  Latin  America,  we  have  included  the  work  of  certain  Home  Mission 
Societies  which  conduct  the  work  of  their  churches  in  one  or  more 
areas  of  the  Latin  American  Group. 

IV.  Field  Statistics  for  the  Missionary  Work  in  the  Non-Christian 
World.  The  expression  Non-Christian  World  is  used  for  lack  of  a 
more  satisfactory  term.  It  includes  Turkey  in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa, 
and  Oceania.  Much  the  greater  part  of  the  work  of  the  Foreign  Mis- 
sion Boards  is  reported  under  this  group.  There  are  several  instances, 
notably  in  Japan,  where  the  indigenous  church  is  self-directing  and 
for  which  the  cooperating  missionary  societies  of  Canada  and  the 
United  States  make  no  report.  The  totals  therefore  do  not  represent, 
even  in  this  outline,  the  full  extent  of  the  results  of  the  missionary 
endeavor  of  the  Societies  reported.  There  are  other  organizations, 
such  as  the  China  Inland  Mission,  which  are  international  in  char- 
acter or  which  are  auxiliary  to  societies  with  headquarters  in  other 
countries.     These  report  either  finances  only  or  finances  and  staff. 

V.  Footnotes.  Attention  is  respectfully  called  to  the  footnotes. 
These  notes  include  many  facts  which  interpret  the  records  in  the 
statistical  tables.  In  many  instances  the  entry  is  not  fuUy  clear  exceot 
in  the  light  of  the  footnote. 

263 


Table  I.    Incomes 


SOCIETY 


Total 


From 
Living 
Donors 


From 
Other 
Sources 


S 


I 


GRAND  TOTALS— CANADA-  AND  U.  S . 


CANADA 


TOTALS— CANADA 

BAPTIST 

Baptist,  Canadian  For.  Miss.  Bd 

Baptist  Wo.  For.  Miss.  Soc,  Ont.,  West 

Baptist  Wo.  For.  Miss.  Soc,  Ont.  and  Q 

Baptist  Wo.  Miss.  Un.  Maritime 

CHURCH  OF  ENGLAND 

Church  of  England,  Miss.  Soc 

Ch.  of  England,  Wo.  Aux.  Miss.  Soc 

CONGREGATIONAL 

Congregational  Canadian  For.  Miss.  Soc 

Congregational  Canadian  Wo.  Bd.  Miss 

HOLINESS 

Holiness  Movement  Church 

MENNONITES 

Mennonite  Brethren,  Ont.  Conf .  Miss.  Soc .  .  .  . 

METHODIST 

Methodist  Chiirch,  Canada,  Miss.  Soc 

Methodist  Ch.,  Canada,  Wo.  Miss.  Soc 

PRESBYTERIAN 

Presbyterian  Ch.,  Canada,  Bd.  For.  Miss 

Presby.  Ch.,  Canada,  Wo.  Miss.  Soc.  (E) .  .  .  . 

Presby.  Ch.,  Cayiada,  Wo.  Miss.  Soc.  {W)..  . . 

INTERDENOMINATIONAL 

(Excepting  Educational) 

Lepers'  Miss.,  Canadian  Com 

Y.  W.  C.  A..  Canada,  For.  Dept 

INTERDENOMINATIONAL  (Educational) 
Wo.  Christian  Medical  Col.,  Toronto  Com.  .  .  . 

INDEPENDENT  (Excepting  Educational) 
Ceylon  and  India  Gen.  Miss.,  Canadian  Br.  .  . 

China  Inland  Miss.,  Canadian  Br 

Evangelical  Un.  South  America,  N.  A.  Br 

Inland-South-America  Un.,  Canada 

McAll  Assn.,  Canadian 

Nyasaland  Miss.,  Canadian  Com 

San  Pedro  Miss.,  Canadian  Cora 

Sudan  Interior  Miss .^ 

Reported  through  Societies  in  U.  S 


30,872,882    28,605,438    2,267,444 


1,630,355 

179.917 

2Q,009 
4,831 

a,b  24,848 

a  172,136 
a,c  88,795 

t  20,000 
0,^6,265 

13,600 

t  S.ooo 

a  609,356 
a,e  163,814 

374.043 

a,f  39,223 

a,g  117,680 


11,280 
6,129 

3.091 

538 

27.401 

8,345 

1. 551 

h  2,263 

633 

i  1,800 

34.51 

j  152,490 


,580,487 

168,554 

28,378 

4,797 

24,848 

172,136 
88,795 

20,000 
6,265 

11,600 

5.000 

580,175 
163,814 

366,723 

3Q,223 

117,680 


11,280 
6,125 

3,091 

538 

27.401 

8,345 

I.S5I 

2,263 

633 

1,800 

34.517 

152,490 


49,868 

11,363 

631 

34 


2,000 


29,181 
7.320 


LN 


LN 

N 


N 

N 

N 

N 
N 

LN 

N 


Note. — Figures  in'  italics  are  included  in  the 
totals  of  the  main  society  above. 

*  Figures  for  19 18. 

t  Estimate. 
**  No  data  available, 
tt  Incomplete. 

a  Expended  on  work  included  in  this  report 
only. 

b  Total  income,  $44,197- 

c  Total  income,  $102,916. 

d  Of    this    amount,     15.778    was    expended 


through  the  American  Board  of  Com- 
missioners for  Foreign  Missions.  Total 
income,  $8,311. 

e  Total  income,  $247,946. 

/  Total  income,  $55,640. 

g  Total  income,  $222,133. 

h  Not  including  $  1.979  for  war  relief  and 
$734  for  war  orphans. 

i  Income  for  six  months  only. 

j  See  footnotes  under  Societies  in  the  United 
States. 


264 


Table  I.    Incomes  (Continued) 


SOCIETY 

Total 

From 
Living 
Donors 

From 
Other 
Sources 

Work  in 
E — Europe 
L — Latin  America 
N — Non-Christian 
World 

UNITED  STATES 

TOTALS— UNITED  STATES 

29,242,527 

k  39,645 
a,l  15,925 

a,m  1,604,170 

*t  2,000 

58,505 

1,904 

n  24,616 

1,652,248 

0  494,629 

a,p  129,427 

0,338,673 

6,000 

a,r  12,411 
2,635 

s  1,261,595 

268,201 

a,<,t  65,000 

a,u  159,750 

19,281 

26,070 

*,1[,v  10,000 

a,w  210,869 

39,374 
7,912 

a  55,000 

27,024,951 

38,689 
15,925 

1,604,170 

2,000 

58,50s 

1,904 

24,616 

1,367,807 

445,387 

129,427 

38,673 

6,000 

12,411 
2,635 

1,151,180 

268,201 

65,000 

159,750 
19,163 
26,070 
10,000 

210,869 

39,147 
7,912 

55,000 

2,217,576 

956 

284,446 
49,242 

110,415 
118 

227 

23 

24 

25 
26 

ADVENT  CHRISTIAN 

Advent  American  Miss  Soc                    .... 

N 

Advent  Wo.  Ho.  and  For.  Miss.  Soc 

N 

ADVENTIST,  SEVENTH-DAY 

Adventist,  Seventh-Day  Denomination 

BAPTIST,  GENERAL 
Baptists,  General  For.  Miss.  Soc 

ELN 

N 

27 

270 
28 

29 
29a 
30 
31 

32 

33 
33a 

34 

34a 

BAPTIST,  NATIONAL  CONVENTION 

Lott  Carey  Bapt  For   Miss  Soc          

LN 

Lett  Carey,  Wo.  Atix.  For.  Miss.  Soc 

Baptist  National  For.  Miss.  Bd 

BAPTIST  NORTHERN  CONVENTION 
Baptist  American  For  Miss  Soc      

LN 
EN 

Baptist  American  For.  Wo.  Miss.  Soc 

Baptist  American  Ho   Miss.  Soc    

N 
L 

Baptist  American  Ho.  Wo.  Miss.  Soc 

L 

BAPTIST,  SCANDINAVL/^N 

LN 

BAPTIST,  SEVENTH  DAY 

Baptist  Seventh  Day  Miss  Soc 

ELN 

Baptist  Seventh  Day  Wo.  Exec.  Bd 

BAPTIST,  SOUTHERN  CONVENTION 

Baptist  Southern  For.  Miss.  Bd 

ELN 

Baptist  Southern  Wo.  Miss.  Un 

35 
36 
37 

Baptist  Southern  Ho.  Miss.  Bd 

BRETHREN,  CHURCH  OF  THE  (DUNKER) 

Brethren  Gen   Miss   Bd 

L 

EN 

BRETHREN,  CHURCH  (Progressive) 
Brethren  For.  Miss.  Soc           .             

LN 

3« 

BRETHREN  IN  CHRIST  (TUNKERS) 
Brethren  in  Christ  For.  Miss.  Bd 

N 

39 

BRETHREN,  PLYMOUTH 

ELN 

40 

CHRISTIAN  AND  MISS.  ALLIANCE 

LN 

41 

CHRISTIAN  CHURCH 

Christian  Church  For.  Miss.  Bd 

LN 

41a 

Christian  Church  Wo.  Bd.  For.  Miss 

43 

CHURCH  OF  GOD 

Church  of  God.  Miss.  Bd 

ELN 

Note. — Figures  in  italics  are  included  in  the 

totals  of  the  main  society  above. 
*  Figures  for  191 8. 
t  Estimate. 
**  No  data  available, 
tt  Incomplete. 
a  Expended  on  work  included  in  this  report 

only. 
k  Not  including  $376  for  relief  in  the  Near 

East. 
I  Total  income,  $20,385. 
tn  Not  including  $64,837  from  Canada. 
n  Not  including  $29  from  Canada. 
0  Not  including  $26,600  from  the  Rockefeller 
Fund. 


p  Total  income,  $1,400,000. 

q  Total  income,  $283,731. 

r  Including  $840  contributed  directly  to  the 
fields  by  the  American  Sabbath  Tract 
Society.    Total  income,  $18,244. 

5  Including  $62,080  for  the  Judson  Centen- 
nial Fund. 

t  Total  income,  about  $700,000. 

u  Total  income,  $272,939.     _ 

V  In  addition,  $5,000  was  contributed  in 
Canada.  ^         te^i 

w  Not  including  $25,000  from  Canada.  Total 
income,  $306,855. 


265 


Table  I.    Incomes  (Continued) 


SOCIETY 


Total 


From 
Living 
Donors 


From 
Other 
Sources 


<U  xn 


a  3 


-wjlz; 


CHURCHES  OF  GOD,  GENERAL 
ELDERSHIP 

Churches  of  God,  Miss.  Bd 

Churches  of  God,  Wo.  Gen.  Miss.  Soc 

CONGREGATIONAL  CHURCHES 

American  Bd.  Comm.  For.  Miss 

Wo.  Bd.  Miss.,  Boston 

Wo.  Bd.  Miss.,  Interior 

Wo.  Bd.  Miss.,  Pacific 

American  College,  Madura,  Trustees 

Central  Turkey  College,  Aintab,  Trustees 

Euphrates  College,  Trustees 

Jaffna  College,  Trustees 

St.  Paul's  Institute,  Trustees 

American  Miss.  Assn 

DISCIPLES  OF  CHRIST 

Christian,  For.  Miss.  Soc 

Christian  Wo.  Bd.  Miss 

EPISCOPAL 
Protestant,  Episcopal,  Dom.  For.  Miss.  Soc.  .  .  . 
EPISCOPAL,  REFORMED 

Reformed  Episcopal  Bd.  For.  Miss 

Reformed  Episcopal  Wo.  For.  Miss.  Soc 

EVANGELICAL  ASSOCIATION 

Evangelical  Assn.  Miss.  Soc 

Evangelical  Assn.  Wo.  Miss.  Soc 

EVANGELICAL  UNITED 

Evangelical  Un.  Ho.  and  For.  Miss.  Soc 

Ev.  Un.  Wo.  Ho.  and  For.  Miss.  Soc 

EVANGELICAL  SYNOD 

Evangelical  For.  Miss.  Bd.j? 

FRIENDS  (ORTHODOX) 

Friends  Philadelphia  For.  Miss.  Assn 

Friends  American  Bd.  For.  Miss 

Friends  Wo.  Miss.  Un 

Friends  California  Bd.  Miss 

Friends'  Ohio  For.  Miss.  Soc 

HEPHZIBAH  FAITH  MISS.  ASSN 

Hephzibah  Faith  Miss.  Assn 

HOLINESS  CHURCH  riNTERNAT'L  APOS.) 

Holiness  Intcr'l  Apos.  Bd.  For.  Miss 

LUTHERAN  BRETHREN 
Lutheran  Brethren  Bd.  Miss 


a,x  6,115 
a,x  6,115 

1.639,46s 

y  263,949 

189,693 

22,289 

z8o 

z  3,814 

2  10,718 

z  17,056 

z  2,500 

a,b  20,236 

755,216 
a,c  271,108 

a,d  1,549,293 

4,180 
4,180 

a  122,479 
a  33,957 

a,e  78,364 
a,f  39.450 

62,746 

26,477 
139.624 
a,/7,t  25,000 
a  24,98 
19,32 

*,t  3.000 

t  1.^.000 

22,000 


6,115 
6,Ji5 

1,136.284 

234,100 

185,143 

21,270 

80 


2,500 
20,236 

675.194 
271,108 

1,443,839 

4,180 
4,180 

121. 551 
33,029 

78.364 
39,450 

48,346 

22,992 
127,469 
25,000 
24.988 
18.959 

3.000 

15,000 

22.000 


503.181 

29,849 

4,550 

1,019 


3,814 
10,718 
17,056 


80,022 
105.454 


928 

928 


14.400 

3.485 
12,155 


369 


N 

N 

ELN 
ELN 
ELN 

N 


LN 


ELN 
LN 


LN 

N 


EN 
N 


N 
LN 

L 

N 

N 

LN 

N 


Note. — Figvu-es  in  italics  are  included  in  the 
totals  of  the  main  society  above. 
*  Figures  for  19 18. 
t  Estimate. 
**  No  data  available, 
tt  Incomplete. 
a  Expended  on  work  included  in  this  report 

only. 
X  Total  income.  $9,i47. 

y  Does  not  include  13,328  from  the  Canada 
Congregational  Woman's  Board  of  Mis- 
sions. 
I  Income  independent  of  the  American  Board 

appropriations. 
h  Total  income,  $642,957. 


c  Including  one  half  of  the  appropriation 
for  Mexico  and  Texas  frontier  work" 
Not  including  $3,524  from  Canada. 
Total  income,  $656,681. 

d  For  fourteen  months.  Includes  the  income 
for  foreign  missions,  and  expenditures  for 
Porto  Rico.  Philippines,  and  Canal  Zone. 
Total  income,  home  and  foreign  work, 
$2,605,716. 

e  Total  income,  $214,749. 

/  Total  income.  $64,685. 

g  Formerly  known  as  the  German  Evangelical 
Synod. 

h  Contributed  through  the  four  Friends  For- 
eign Mission  Boards. 


266 


Table  I.    Incomes  (Continued) 


II 

From 

From 

^Jh 

u  u 

SOCIETY 

Total 

Living 

Other 

r^2-^^> 

^^ 

Donors 

Sources 

•S^ttfO^ 

y  H 

.^WhJZ 

si 

|J,^i 

LUTHERAN,  DANISH 

6? 

i  2,000 

2,000 

LUTHERAN,  DANISH  UNITED 

63 

Lutheran  Danish  United  Miss.  Bd 

LUTHERAN  FREE  CHURCH 

15.000 

15,000 

N 

64 

Lutheran  Free  Ch.  Bd.  Miss 

LUTHERAN,  JOINT  SYNOD  OF  OHIO 

36,424 

33,891 

2.533 

N 

65 

Lutheran  Ohio  Syn.  Bd.  For.  Miss 

LUTHERAN,  NORWEGIAN 

j  13,804 

13.007 

797 

N 

66 

Lutheran,  Norwegian  Bd.  For.  Miss 

LUTHERAN  SYNOD  OF  IOWA 

292,666 

287,578 

5,088 

N 

67 

84,265 

LUTHERAN  SYN.  CONFERENCE 

68 

Lutheran  Missouri  Syn.  Bd.  For.  Miss 

LUTHERAN,  UNITED 

57,958 

57,958 

N 

60 

Lutheran  Un.  Bd.  For.  Miss 

t  310,000 

310,000 

N 

tqa 

Lutheran  Un.  Wo.  Miss.  Soc 

t  30,000 

50,000 

70 

Lutheran  West  Indies  Miss.  Bd 

I  50,000 

50,000 

L 

71 

Lutheran  Augustana  China  Miss.  Soc 

LUTHERAN  INTER-SYNODICAL 

t  40,000 

40,000 

N 

72 

Lutheran  Inter-Synodical  Orient  Miss.  Soc 

MENNONITE  AND  AMISH  MENNONITE 

t  5.000 

5,000 

N 

73 

Mennonite  Bd.  Miss,  and  Charities 

m  55.605 

55.605 

LN 

MENNONITE  BRETHREN 

74 

n  90,000 

90,000 

N 

MENNONITE  BRETHREN  IN  CHRIST 

76 

United  Orphanage  and  Miss.  Soc 

80 

Mennonite  Penn.  Conf.  Bd.  For.  Aliss      .  . 

P  13,790 

13,700 

LN 

MENNONITE,  CONF.  OF  DEFENCELESS 

8t 

10,000 

N 

MENNONITE,  GENERAL  CONF. 

87 

Mennonite  Gen.  Conf.  Bd.  For.  Miss 

a,q  50,000 

50,000 

N 

MENNONITE  (KRIMMER  BRUEDER- 

GEMEINDE) 

«? 

N 

METHODIST  EPISCOPAL 

81 

Methodist  Episcopal  For.  Bd.  Miss 

r  7,348,207 
2,006,371 

7.281,096 
l,QQi,336 

ELN 

84a 

Methodist  Epis.  For.  Wo.  Miss.  Soc 

15,035 

ELN 

8^ 

Methodist  Epis.  Ho.  Bd.  Miss 

a,s  42,122 
a,t  31,386 

42,122 
31.386 

L 

86 

Methodist  Epis.  Ho.  Wo.  Miss.  Soc 

L 

METHODIST  EPISCOPAL,  AFRICAN 

87 

Methodist  Epis.  African  Miss.  Dept 

a,u  19,425 

19,425 

LN 

87a 

Methodist  Epis.  African  Wo.  Miss.  Soc 

a,t  2,500 

2,500 

87&   1     Methodist  Epis.  African  Wo.  Mite  Soc 

a,t  2,500 

2,500 

Note. — Figures  in  italics  are  included  in  the 
totals  of  the  main  society  above. 
*  Figures  for  1918. 
t  Estimate. 
**  No  data  available, 
tt  Incomplete. 
a  Expended  on  work  included  in  this  report 

only. 
i  Contributed  to  the  Santal  Mission  of  the 

Northern  Churches. 
j  One  half  of  the  income  for  the  biennium. 
k  Including  $60,000  raised  to  take  over  the 
Neuendettelsau  Mission  in  New  Guinea. 
I  Expenditures  on  the  field  only. 
m  Not  including  $234  for  Russian  Relief. 


n  Including  $50,000  for  famine  relief  in  con- 
nection with  the  mission  in  India. 

o  Work  closed  on  account  of  war  conditions. 
All  contributions  donated  to  relief  in  the 
Near  East. 

p  Contributed  through  the  Christian  and 
Missionary  Alliance. 

q  Total  income,  $95,799- 

r  Of  this  amount  $31,601  was  contributed  di- 
rectly to  the  field  by  the  Board  of  Sunday 
Schools.  Not  including  $141, 884  for  gen- 
eral relief  and  $74,700  for  the  War  Council. 

5  Total  income,  $4,831,802. 

t  Total  income,  $1,156,099. 

u  Total  income,  $59,504. 


267 


Table  I.    Incomes  (Continued) 


ll 

SOCIETY 

Total 

From 
Living 
Donors 

From 
Other 
Sources 

Work  in 
E— Europe 
L — Latin  America 
N — Non-Christian 
World 

88 

METHODIST  EPIS.  AFRICAN  ZION 

Methodist  Epis.  Zion  Miss.  Soc .  . 

a,v  20,000 
a,-f  2,500 

w  1,202,161 

a,x  101,499 
a,y  73,153 

3.883 

86,376 
38,793 

34.407 

*800 

a,z  33.660 

181,752 

0,63.970 

4-474 

a,t  10,000 

t  20,000 

a,c  823 

05.031 

871.203 

d  2,744,807 

e  137,272 

33,095 

f  303,027 

46,959 

g  17,721 

h  179,831 

20,000 
2,500 

1,116,101 

101,499 
73,153 

3.883 

83,120 
38,793 

34.407 

800 

33.660 

177.060 

3.970 

2,513 

10,000 

20,000 

823 

2,624 

765.119 

2,328,903 

124,106 

33,095 

272,518 

46,817 

15,471 

166,762 

86,060 

3.256 


4,692 
1,961 



2.407 
106,084 

415.904 
13,166 

30,509 

142 

2,250 

13,069 

LN 

88a 
80 

Methodist  Epis.  Zion  Wo.  Miss.  Soc 

METHODIST  EPISCOPAL,  SOUTH 

Methodist  Epis.  South  Bd.  Miss 

LN 

90 

METHODIST,  FREE 

Methodist  Free  Gen.  Miss.  Bd 

LN 

90fl 

Meth.  Free  Wo.  For.  Miss.  Soc 

91 

METHODIST,  PRIMITIVE 

Methodist  Primitive  For.  Miss.  Soc 

92 

METHODIST,  PROTESTANT 

Methodist  Protestant  Bd.  For.  Miss 

N 

93 
95 

Methodist  Protestant  Wo.  For.  Miss,  Soc 

METHODIST,  WESLEYAN 

Methodist  Weslevan  Am.  Miss.  Soc. 

N 
N 

06 

METROPOLITAN  CHURCH  ASSN. 

Burning  Bush  Mission 

N 

97 

MORAVIAN  CHURCH 

Moravian  Church 

L 

98 

NAZARENE  CHURCH 

Xazarene  Ch..  Gen.  Miss.  Bd 

LN 

99 

NEW  JERUSALEM  CHURCH 

New  Jerusalem  Ch.,  Bd.  Miss 

100 

PENIEL  MISSIONS 

Peniel  Miss.  Soc 

LN 

lOI 

PENTECOST  BANDS  OF  THE  WORLD 

Pentecost  Bands  of  the  World 

LN 

102 
103 

PRESBYTERIAN,  ASSO.  REFORMED 

Presbyterian  Asso.  Ref.  Bd.  For.  Miss 

PRESBYTERIAN,  ASSOCIATE  SYNOD 

Presbyterian  Associate  Church 

LN 

104 
105 
106 

PRESBYTERIAN,  CUMBERLAND 

Presbyterian  Cumberland  Wo.  Bd.  Miss    

PRESBYTERIAN  IN  THE  U.  S.  (SOUTH) 

Presby.,  Exec.  Com.  For.  Miss.  (South) 

PRESBYTERIAN  IN  THE  U.  S.  A.  (NORTH) 
Presbyterian  For.  Miss.  Bd 

N 
LN 
LN 

1 06a 
io6b 
io6c 
io6d 
io6e 
106/ 

Presby.  Wo.  Bd.  For.  Miss.  ( New  York) 

Presby.  Wo.  Occidental  Bd.  For.  Miss 

Presby.  Wo.  For.  Miss.  Soc,  Philadelphia 

Presby.  Wo.  Bd.  For.  Miss.,  Southwest 

Presby.  Wo.  Bd.  Miss.,  North  Pacific 

1     Presby.  Wo.  Bd.  Miss.,  Northwest 

LN 
LN 
LN 
LN 
LN 
LN 

iVo/e.— Figures  in  italics  are  included  in  the 
totals  of  the  main  society  above. 
*  Figures  for  19 18. 
t  Estimate. 
**  No  data  available, 
tt  Incomplete. 
a  Expended  on  work  included  in  this  report 

only, 
V  Total  income,  $40,000. 
w  Not    including    I684    for    war    relief    and 

12,227  for  Armenian  relief, 
X  Total  income,  $137,685. 
y  Not  including  $8,869  from  Canada,  and  $445 

contributed  for  relief  in  the  Near  East. 
%  Not  including  $909  from  Canada,     Total 
income  about  $50,000. 


b  Total  income,  $10,596. 

c  Expended  through  the  Original  Secession 
Church  of  Scotland. 

d  This  includes  the  total  amount  raised  by 
the  Women's  Boards,  though  only  $556,- 
573  was  expended  by  those  Societies 
through  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions. 

e  Not  including  $17,853  for  war  relief  and 
$88,000  for  relief  in  the  Near  East. 

/  Not  including  $2,139  for  relief  in  the  Near 
East. 

g  Not  including  $65  for  relief  in  the  Near 
East  and  $240  for  Chinese  work  in  Port- 
land, Oregon, 

h  Not  including  $270  for  relief  work  in  the 
Near  East, 


268 


Table  I.    Incomes  (Continued) 


From 

From 

De 

America 
Christian 
rid 

l> 

SOCIETY 

Total 

Living 

Others 

m 
uro 
atin 
on- 
Wc 

Donors 

Sources 

Work 
E— E 
L— L 

N— ^ 

PRESBYTERUN  IN  THE  U.  S.  A.  (NORTH) 

/n *: ^A\ 

107 

Presbyterian  Home  Miss.  Bd 

a,i  80,118 

80,118 

L 

TO8 

Presbyterian  Home  Wo.  Bd.  Miss 

a,j  61, 354 

61,354 

L 

PRESBYTERIAN,  REFORMED 

109 

Presbyterian  (Covenanter)  Bd.  For.  Miss 

PRESBYTERIAN,  REF.  GEN.  SYNOD 

k  50,380 

50,380 

N 

110 

Presbyterian,  Reformed,  Gen.  Syn.  Bd.  For.  Mis. 
PRESBYTERIAN,  UNITED 

8,241 

8,241 

N 

III 

Presbyterian  United,  Bd.  For.  Miss 

525,798 

452,066 

73.732 

N 

Presbyterian  United,  Wo.  Miss.  Soc 

a,l  148,640 

141,682 

6,714 

N 

PRESBYTERIAN,  WELSH  CALVINISTIC 

METHODIST 

112 

Calvinistic  Methodist  Miss.  Soc 

a,m  14,703 

14,703 

N 

REFORMED,  CHRISTIAN 

"3 

Reformed  Christian,  Bd.  For.  Miss 

n 

REFORMED  IN  AMERICA 

114 

Reformed  Bd.  For.  Miss 

0  374.949 

359-865 

iS.084 

N 

II4& 

Reformed  Wo.  Bd.  For.  Miss .  . 

ioq,8q8 

101,552 

6,346 

REFORMED  IN  THE  U.  S. 

115 

Reformed  Bd.  For.  Miss 

248,619 

235.153 

13,466 

N 

115a 

Reformed  Wo.  Miss.  Soc 

23,316 

SALVATION  ARMY 

116 

Salvation  Army 

a,p  49,124 

49.124 

LN 

SCANDINAVIAN  ALLIANCE 

117 

68,490 

68,490 

LN 

SCHWENKFELDER 

119 

Schwenkfelder.  Ho.  and  For.  Miss.  Soc 

SWEDISH  FREE  CHURCH 

0.3  953 

953 

N 

120 

Swedish  Evang.  Free  Ch.  U.  S.  of  N.  A 

SWEDISH  MISSION  COVENANT 

** 

121 

a,r  41,795 

41.795 

N 

UNITED  BRETHREN  IN  CHRIST 

122 

United  Brethren  For.  Miss.  Soc 

177.205 

173.244 

3.961 

LN 

122a 

United  Brethren  Wo.  Miss.  Assn 

UNITED  BRETHREN  (OLD  CONSTITUTION) 

65,357 

65,026 

331 

123 

United  Brethren  Dom.  Fro.  and  For.  Miss 

a,s  7.644 

7.644 

N 

1230 

t 1,200 

1,200 

UNIVERSALIST 

124 

Universalist  General  Convention 

fl.t  19,993 
-t  6,34c 

19.158 

5,550 

83s 
835 

N 

124a 

Universalist  Wo.  Nat'l  Miss.  Assn 

N 

INTERDENOMINATIONAL 

(Excepting  Educational) 

125 

American  Bible  Society 

a,<,t  300,00c 

300,00c 



LN 

126 

American  Tract  Society 

a  7.097 

7.097 

Note. — Figures  in  italics  are  included  in  the 

m  Total  income,  $19,26 

3. 

totals  of  the  main  society  above. 

n  First  report  not  rece 

ved. 

*  Figures  for  1918. 

0  This    includes    the 

total    raise 

d    by    the 

t  Estimate. 

Woman's    Board 

of    Foreign 

Missions, 

**  No  data  available. 

though  only  $83,5 

57  was  ex 

pended   by 

tt  Incomplete. 

that  Society  throu 

gh  the  Boc 

ird  of  For- 

0  Expended  on  work  included  in  this  report 

eign  Missions. 

only. 

p  Total  income  of  the 

Self  Denia 

1  Fund  for 

i  Total  income,  ^962,743. 

Home  and  Foreign 

Missions, 

$118,548. 

j  Total  income,  |667,53i. 

q  Total  income,  $12,09 

8. 

k  Not    including    $17,003    for   relief   in   the 

r  Total  income,  $48,73 

5. 

Near  East. 

5  Total  income,  $I9,55 

5. 

Total  Income,  $302,969. 

/  Total  inc 

ome,  $912,3 

07. 

269 


Table  I.    Incomes  (Continued) 


SOCIETY 


Total 


From 
Living 
Donors 


From 
Other 
Sources 


6 


^T3 

Oh 


127 
129 

130 

131a 

133 

135 

136 

138 

139 

140 

141 
141a 

142 

143 

144 
145 
147 
148 
149 

150 
151 
152 
153 
154 
155 
156 

157 

158 
159 

160 

161 
162 

164 

165 
166 
167 
168 

169 
170 


INTERDENOMINATIONAL 

(Excepting  Educational) — (Continued) 

Christian  Endeavor  Union,  World's 

Federal  Council  of  the  Churches 

Federation  Wo.  Bds.  For.  Miss 

For.  Miss.  Conf .,  Conun.  of  Ref.  and  C 

Latin  America  Com.  on  Cooperation 

Lepers'  Miss.  Amer.  Com 

Methodist  Publishing  House,  China '.  . 

Student  Volunteer  Movement 

Sunday  School  Assn.,  World's 

W.  C.  T.  U.,  World's 

Y.  M.  C.  A.  Intemat'l  Com.  For.  Dept 

Princeton  Mission 

Y.  W.  C.  A.  National  Bd.  For.  Dept 

INTERDENOMINATIONAL  (Educational) 

Am.  Univ.  at  Cairo 

Madras  Women's  Christian  College 

Nanking  Univ.,  Trustees 

Pierson  Mem.  Bib.  Sch.,  Seoul 

Union  Miss.  Med.  Col.  for  Women 

Wo.  Christian  Med.  Col.  Amer.  Aux 

INDEPENDENT  (Excepting  Educational) 

Africa  Inland  Mission 

Algerian  Miss.  Band,  Women's 

Am.  and  For.  Christian  Union 

Armenia  and  India  Relief  Assn 

Bible  Faith  Mission 

Bolivian  Indian  Mission,  N.  Y.  Br 

Bolivian  Indian  Miss.,  Pacific  Coast  Br 

Broadcast  Tract  Press 

Central  American  Mission 

Ceylon  and  India  Gen.  Miss.,  Am.  Com , 

China  Inland  Miss.  Coun.  for  N.  A 

Christian  Herald  Miss.  Fund 

Churches  of  God,  Wo.  Miss.  Soc.f 

Evangel  Mission 

Gospel  Miss.  Soc 

Harvard  Mission 

Holiness  National  Assn.,  Bur.  Miss 

Inland  So.  American  Miss.  Un 

International  Medical  Miss.  Soc 

International  Miss.  Union 


a,u  9.968 
» 355.178 


X  56.437 

y  17,615 

40.304 

w 

z  6o,9S7 
41.899 
*S.SiS 
b  912,009 
20,000 
107.572 

14,007 

c  13.136 

c  42,407 

1.565 

c  7,579 

*  1,293 

90,340 

1.550 

4,430 

d  64.273 

4,54 


4,484 


9,968 
355,178 


56,000 

17,615 
40,304 


51,757 

41,899 

5-515 

907,372 
20,000 

107.572 

10,601 

13.136 

41,934 

1,565 

7.579 

1,293 

90,340 
1.550 
4,430 

62,148 
4,541 


4,484 


42. Ill 

12,306 

124,117 

^a,e  22,000 

3,227 

4,790 

*  2,633 

1,500 

*  18,535 

28,772 

5,775 

R 


42,111 

12,306 

124. 117 

22,000 

3,000 

4,790 

2,633 

1,500 

18.535 

28.772 

5,775 


437 


9.200 
4,637 


3,406 
473 


2,125 


LN 

LN 

ELN 

N 

LN 

N 
N 

N 


Note. — Figures  in  italics  are  included  in  the 
totals  of  the  main  society  above. 
*  Figures  for  1918. 
t  Estimate. 
**  No  data  available, 
tt  Incomplete. 
a  Expended  on  work  included  in  this  report 

only. 
M  Foreign  Fund  only. 

V  Expended  upon  the  rehabilitation  of  Prot- 
estant churches  abroad,  principally  in 
Europe. 
w  No  income  except  from  constituent  mis- 
sionary societies. 
X  Not  including  1 17,51 5  contributed  by  the 
constituent  missionary  societies. 


y  In  addition  to  the  grants  from  constituent, 
missionary  societies. 

%  Not  including  ^2,500  from  Canada. 

b  Not  including  jj8,822  from  Canada. 

c  Income  in  addition  to  grants  from  co- 
operating Boards. 

d  Expended  for  the  support  of  orphans  who 
are  carerl  for  by  the  regular  missionary 
societies,  but  not  included  in  the  in- 
comes of  the.se  societies. 

e  Expended  through  regular  missionary  so- 
cieties. 

/  Formerly  connected  with  the  General  El- 
dership of  the  Churches  of  God. 

g  No  income  except  from  constituent  mis- 
sionary Societies. 


270 


Table  I.    Incomes  (Continued) 


O  <U 

.is  D 

Q2 


SOCIETY 


oa 

•S:g 

S-9 

From 

From 

Total 

Living 

Other 

0  «  A,5 

Donors 

Sovtrces 

ikkk 

a  5,291 

5,291 

N 

.       592 

42s 

167 

N 

»  14.357 

3.913 

10.444 

j  112,881 

103.968 

8,913 

*  2,48s 

2,485 

N 

4.536 

3.696 

840 

N 

12,307 

12,307 

N 

25.762 

25.319 

443 

N 

N 

LN 

a,k  46,437 

46.437 

8.367 

8.345 

22 

N 

/  1,298 

853 

445 

*  58.676 

58,290 

386 

56,85s 

38.800 

18,055 

N 

*,m  2,500 

2,500 

n  74.175 

52,489 

21,686 

N 

70,399 

70,399 

N 

90 

90 

E 

0 

L 

141,434 

56,020 

85.414 

N 

135,355 

11,932 

123,423 

N 

67.07s 

66.875 

200 

N 

171 
173 

174 
175 
177 
178 
179 
180 
181 
182 
183 
184 
185 
187 
188 
189 

190 
191 
192 
194 
195 
196 
197 


INDEPENDENT  (Excepting  Educational) 
(Continued) 

International  Reform  Bureau 

Konia  Hospital  h 

Lebanon  Hospital,  Am.  Com 

McAll  Assn.,  American 

Nyasaland  Miss.,  Amer.  Com 

Pennsylvania  Chr.  Assn.  Univ.  For.  Dept . . . . 

Ramabai  Assn.,  American 

Santal  Miss.,  Ainerican  Com 

South  Africa  Gen.  Miss.,  Amer.  Coun 

South  China  Boat  Miss 

Stearns'  Church  and  Bible  Classes 

Sudan  United  Miss.,  Am.  Coun 

Sunday  School  Assn.,  For 

Waldensian  Aid  Society 

Wo.  Union  Miss.  Soc 

World's  Faith  Miss.  Assn 

INDEPENDENT  (Educational) 

Canton  Christian  College,  Trustees 

Constantinople  Girls'  College.  Trustees 

Gould  Ho.  and  Industrial  Sch.,  Rome 

Mackenzie  College,  Trustees 

Robert  College,  Trustees 

Syrian  Prot.  College,  Trustees 

Yale  For.  Miss.  Soc 


Note. — Figures  in  italics  are  included  in  the 

totals  of  the  main  society  above. 
*  Figures  for  19 18. 
t  Estimate. 
**  No  data  available. 
tt  Incomplete. 
a  Expended  on  work  included  in  this  report 

only. 
h  Work  closed  on  account  of  war  conditions. 
i  Including  a  legacy  of  $10,000  for  endow- 
ment. 
Not  including  I59.192  for  war  relief. 


k  Not  including  |8,i39  for  war  relief.    Tota 

income,  $83,722. 
I  Independent  income  for  part  of  the  year. 

This    association    became    a    dependent 

society  of  the  World's  Sunday   School 

Association  during  the  year  1918. 
tn  Contributed    through    regular    missionary 

societies. 
«  Not  including  $3,000  from  Canada. 
o  No  income  from  the  United  States  except 

a  grant  from  the  Presbyterian  (North) 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions. 


271 


Table  II.    Europe,  Excepting 


SOCIETY 

FOREIGN  STAFF 

Includea 

/". 

'a 

0^ 

1 

0  C 

0^ 

> 

IJ 

Physi- 
cians 

3 

e2 

UNITED  STATES 

I 

2 

3 

4 

S 

6 

7 

8 

9 

TOTALS — UNITED  STATES 

214 

79 

29 

73 

33 

3 

3.884 

25 
29 

33 
34 

36 

39 

43 

45 

450 

456 

58 

42 

§4 
840 

141 

152 
192 

ADVENTIST,  SEVENTH-DAY 

Adventist,  Seventh- Dav  Denom.* 

BAPTIST  NORTHERN  CONVENTION 

Baptist  American  For.  Miss.  Soc 

BAPTIST,  SEVENTH  DAY 

Baptist  Seventh  Day  Miss.  Soc 

BAPTIST,  SOUTHERN  CONVENTION 

Baptist  Southern  For.  Miss.  Bd 

BRETHREN,  CHURCH  OF  THE 
(DUNKER) 

86 

6 
4 

3 

4 

23 

45 
7 
6 

14 

13 

4 

12 

4 

27 

2 
2 

I 

2 

7 

16 

14 

5 

I 
2 

18 

2 

... 

"x 

2 

I 

5 

34 

2 
2 

I 

I 

6 

IS 

4 

6 

2 

7 

I 

8 

13 
7 

6 

4 
4 

IS? 
2,S07 

28 

BRETHREN,  PLYMOUTH 

Brethren  Missionaries*, c 

CHURCH  OF  GOD 

Church  of  God,  Miss.  Bd 

CONGREGATIONAL  CHURCHES 

American  Bd.  Comm.  For.  Miss 

Wo.  Bd.  Miss.,  Boston 

172 

Wo.  Bd.  Miss.,  Interior 

DISCIPLES  OF  CHRIST 

Christian,  For.  Miss.  Soc 

EVANGELICAL  ASSOCIATION 

Evangelical  Assn.  Miss.  Soc 

METHODIST  EPISCOPAL 

Methodist  Episcopal  For.  Bd.  Miss 

Methodist  Epis.  For.  Wo.  Miss.  Soc. .  . 

INTERDENOMINATIONAL 

(Excepting  Educational) 

Y.  M.  C.  A.  Intemat'l  Com.  For.  Dept.  . 

INDEPENDENT 

(Excepting  Educational) 

Am.  and  For.  Christian  Union 

167 

840 
9 

INDEPENDENT  (Educational) 
Gould  Ho.  and  Industrial  Sch.,  Rome.  .  . 

Note. — Figures  in  italics  are  included  in  the  totals  of  the  main  society  above. 

*  Figures  for  1918.  t  Estimate.  **  No  data  available.  tt  Incomplete. 


Table  III.    Latin  America.     The  West  Indies^ 

[GRAND  TOTALS— CANADA  &  U.S  .  .11,5871     487I     2i6|     530I     3541     2o|       5I     4il    2,681^ 


CANADA 


12345678 


ITOTALS— CANADA 


BAPTIST 

Baptist,  Canadian  For.  Miss.  Bd .  . 

CHURCH  OF  ENGLAND 

Church  of  England,  Miss.  Soc.a .  . 


1    46 

1       x6 

6 

16 

8 

•• 

•• 

1 

12 

5 

S 

2 

I 

I 

a  Working  under  the  South  American  Missionary  Society  (England). 

272 


Tut 

key^ 

in  Europe 

NATIVE  STAFF 

CHURCH 

2  </>  S 

MEDICAL 

c 

•3 

0  « 

1 

rt  3  1-1 

0 
CJ 

A  cut. 

111 

•ft 

1 

1 

•3S 

J 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

590 

3,205 

89 

265,944 

249,969 

4,290 

11,685 

2,792 

1,579,049 

2S 
29 

33 
34 

36 

39 

43 

45 

450 

456 

48 

52 

84 

84a 

141 

152 
192 

32 

25 

13 

43 

167 
310 

a  125 
6  2,507 

3 

49 
521 

i 

50 

9 
9 

10,695 
143,986 

96 

1,419 
243 

3.806 

2.043 
24,119 

79,337 
200 

10.695 

143,986 

96 

1,369 

243 

3,806 

2,043 
24,119 
63,412 

200 

so 

4.240 

ii,68s 

81 
345 

1,830 
400 

476 
60 

98,352 

931.499 

411 

2.139 

1,408 

12,777 

4,661 

522,802 

5.000 

a  May  include  women. 

b  Includes  some  ordained  men  and  some  women. 


c  No  data  available,  except  for  staflf. 


Mexico,  Central  America,  South  America 


t  Estimate. 


273 


6I41  1,464 

6031 

202,8711  136,4801     46,847 

19,544!    56,9501   III   19 

94,8l9l 

649,616 

fc,..Ji 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

17 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

7l       277 

138I 

8,9711      1,7291      7,2i7l 

25I    14,1451    ..|    ..| 



11,890 

I 

2 

88 

63 

25 

t40 

t  100 

Table  III.    Latin  America.    The  West  Indies, 


SOCIETY 

FOREIGN  STAFF 

Indudeu 

?  j« 

3 

■3 

II 

1 
^ 

Is 

Physi- 
cians 

ll 

g 

c 

3 
e2 

CANADA  (Continued) 

' 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

9 

21 

PRESBYTERIAN 

Presbyterian  Ch.,  Canada,  Bd.  For.  Miss. 

INDEPENDENT 

(Excepting  Educational) 

San  Pedro  Miss.  Canadian  Com 

27 
6 

II 

3 

3 

8 
3 

5 

6  422 

1         UNITED  STATES 

I  TOTALS— UNITED  STATES |  1,541!     471 1     2io|      sul     3461     2o|       5I     4i| 


25 


33 


39 


43 

45 
45a 
45^ 
46 

48 
49 


60 


ADVENTIST,  SEVENTH-DAY 

Adventist  Seventh-Day  Denom.* 

BAPTIST  NATIONAL  CONVENTION 

Lott  Carey  Bapt.  For.  Miss.  Soc 

Baptist,  National  For.  Miss.  Bd.* 

BAPTIST  NORTHERN  CONVENTION 

Baptist  American  Ho.  Miss.  Soc 

Baptist  American  Ho.  Wo.  Miss.  Soc .  .  . 
BAPTIST,  SEVENTH  DAY 

Baptist,  Seventh  Day  Miss.  Soc 

BAPTIST,  SOUTHERN  CONVENTION 

Baptist  Southern,  For.  Miss.  Bd 

Baptist  Southern,  Ho.  Miss.  Bd.* 

BRETHREN  CHURCH  (Progressive) 

Brethren  For.  Miss.  Soc 

BRETHREN,  PLYMOUTH 

Brethren  Missionaries*. d 

CHRISTIAN  AND  MISS.  ALLIANCE 

Christian  and  Missionary  Alliance 

CHRISTIAN  CHURCH 

Christian  Church  For.  Miss.  Bd 

CHURCH  OF  GOD 

Church  of  God.  Miss.  Bd 

CONGREGATIONAL  CHURCHES 

American  Bd.  Comm.  For.  Miss 

Wo.  Bd.  Miss.,  Boston 

Wo.  Bd.  Miss.,  Interior 

American  Miss.  Assn 

DISCIPLES  OF  CHRIST 

Christian,  For.  Miss.  vSoc./ 

Christian  Wo.  Bd.  Miss 

EPISCOPAL 

Protestant  Epis.,  Dom.  For.  Miss.  Soc.  . 

FRIENDS  (ORTHODOX) 

Friends  American  Bd.  For.  Miss 

Friends  California  Bd.  Miss 

HOLINESS  CHURCH  (INTERNAT'L 

APOSTOLIC) 
Holiness  Inter'l  Apos.  Bd.  For.  Mi.ss.*.  .  . 


197 

12 

8 

29 
26 

2 

113 
13 

8 

IS 

35 

3 

8 

IS 

3 

2 

12 

3 
29 

91 

41 

10 

37 

5 
6 

13 

I 

55 

7 

4 

13 

I 
4 
4 

3 

2 
10 

25 
A;  ID 

71 

4 

8 
3 

I 
I 

14 

4 

67 

I 

2 

14 

I 

53 

4 

4 

7 

13 

I 
4 
5 

3 

I 

10 
t20 
g  10 

i  I 

22 

•26 

5 
2 

6 

I 

5 
3 
2 
5 

"s 

32 
g2I 

J  6 

8 
I 

I 

I 
I 

3 

4 

I 

Note. — Figures  in  italics  are  included  in 
totals  of  the  main  society  above. 

*  Figures  for  191 8. 

t  Estimate. 
**  No  data  available.  tt  Incomplete 


the  b  Trinidad  only. 

c  Probably  includes  some  women  teachers. 
d   No  data  available,  except  for  staff. 
c  This   vSociety    makes   use   of   schools   con- 
ducted by  other  organizations. 

274 


Mexico, 

Central  America 

,  South  America 

(Continued) 

NATIVE  STAFF 

CHURCH 

III 

sis. 

MEDICAL 

II 

h 

1 

of. 

c3  3  M 

3 

•a 

Jl 

OCQO 

13 
'p. 

1 

5 

X:  3 

IS 
61 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

9 

21 

bi 

b  277 

6138 

8,883 

1,666 

7,217 

6  14,105 

b  11,790 

607I    i,i87l        465!      193,9001  i34,7Si|    39,6301     19.S19I    42,8051  III    19I        94,8191 


9 

c  x8o 

40 

33 

37 

113 

69 

5 

23 

I 
I 

19 

8 

6 

I 

3 

I 

t8 

t8 

t3 

8 

ti8 

t4 

3 

10 

4 

2 

I 

IS 

45 

3 

55 

69 

24 

6 

h42 

44 

7 

12 

14 

2 

I  12 

.... 

6,504 

t  100 

350 

6,379 


25.737 
2,734 


2,695 
417 


1,156 


915 

233 

4.452 

10,614 

4.844 
1,037 


890 


6,504 

t  100 
350 

6,379 


22,649 
2.734 


2,006 
356 


1.156 


801 


233 
4.030 


7.087 


1,594 
1,037 


890 


3.088 


422 
3,527 


689 
61 


3,250 


705 
t  200 


2.123 
758 


645 


45 
1.456 


2.321 
1,243 


t  15,000 


t  5,000 


3.071 


19,041 


/  Work  discontinued  in  Cuba  in  191 8. 

g  Among  the  wives  and  unmarried  women 

are  five  recorded  ministers. 
h  Probably  includes  a  few  women. 
i  Recorded  minister. 


j  Including  one  recorded  minister. 

k  Includes  both  ordained  men  and  ordained 

women. 
I  Probably  includes  some  Bible  Women. 


275 


Table  III.    Latin  America.    The  West  Indies, 


^6 


SOCIETY 


FOREIGN  STAFF. 

Included  in 

Columns  1-3 

Physi- 

cians 

•n 

F^52 

-S 

.s 

'c3 

fn 

d 

3 

> 

cd  g 
If 

S 

0 

2  0 

OS 

t^s 

^ 

S 

^ 

c^^ 

UNITED  STATES  (Cont.)      i 


70 

73 
80 
84 

84^1 

85 

86 

87 

88 

89 

90 

97 

98 

100 

lOI 

102 
105 

106 
io6« 
io6h 
io6c 

I06r/ 

io6e 
106/ 
107 
108 


117 
122 


LUTHERAN,  UNITED 

Lutheran  West  Indies  Miss.  Bd 

MENNONITE  AND  AMISH 
MENNONITE 

Mennonite  Bd.  Miss,  and  Charities 

MENNONITE  BRETHREN  IN  CHRIST 
Mennonite  Penn.  Conf.  Bd.  For.  Miss.n .  . 
METHODIST  EPISCOPAL 

Methodist  Episcopal  For.  Bd.  Miss 

Methodist  Epis.  For.  Wo.  Miss.  Soc.  . . 

Methodist  Epis.  Ho.  Bd.  Miss 

Methodist  Epis.  Ho.  Wo.  Miss.  Soc 

METHODIST   EPISCOPAL,   AFRICAN 

Methodist  Epis.  African  Miss.  Dept 

METHODIST  EPIS.,  AFRICAN   ZION 

Methodist  Epis.  Zion  Miss.  Soc.** 

METHODIST  EPISCOPAL,  SOUTH 

Methodist  Epis.  South  Bd.  Miss 

METHODIST,  FREE 

Methodist  Free  Gen.  Miss.  Bd 

MORAVLA.N  CHURCH 

Moravian  Church _^^. 

NAZARENE  CHURCH 

Xazarene  Ch.,  Gen.  Miss.  Bd 

PENIEL  MISSIONS 

Peniel  Miss.  Soc 

PENTECOST  BANDS  OF  THE  WORLD 

Pentecost  Bands  of  the  World* 

PRESBYTERIAN,  ASSO.  REFORMED 

Presbyterian  Assoc.  Ref.  Bd.  For.  Miss.* 

PRESBYTERIAN  IN  THE  U.  S. 

(SOUTH) 

Presbv.,  Exec.  Com.  For.  Miss.  (South). 

PRESBYTERIAN  IN  THE  U.  S.  A. 

(NORTH) 

Presbyterian  For.  Miss.  Bd 

Preshy.  Wo.  Bd.  For.  Miss.  (N.  Y.). 
Wo.  Occidental  Bd.  For.  Miss. 
Wo.  For.  Miss.  Soc,  Phila.  . . 
Wo.  Bd.  For.  Miss.,  Southwest 
Wo.  Bd.  Miss..  North  Pacific. 
Preshy.  Wo.  Bd.  Miss.,  Northwest  .  .  . 

Presbyterian  Home  Miss.  Bd 

Presbyterian  Home  Wo.  Bd.  Miss 

SALVATION  ARMY 

Salvation  Army 

SCANDINAVIAN  ALLIANCE 

Scandinavian  Alliance  Miss 

UNITED  BRETHREN  IN  CHRIST 
United  Brethren  For.  Miss.  Soc 


Preshy. 
Preshy. 
Preshy. 
Preshy. 


4 

7 

161 

15 

10 

5 

tt25 


136 

8 

6S 

16 

7 
I 
2 


54 


132 

8 

7 

21 

12 

I 

20 

tl7 

23 


14 


tt8 


W7 


j^ote. — Figures  in  italics  are  included  in  the 

totals  of  the  main  society  above. 
♦  Figures  for  191 8.     ^^     ,  ^  .,  , , 

t  Estimate.  **  No  data  available. 


tt  Incomplete. 

m  Including  three  missionary  deaconesses, 
n  Under  the   Christian  and    Missionary  Al- 
liance. 


276 


Me 

xico, 

Central  America 

,  South  America  (Continued) 

NATIVE  STAFF 

CHURCH 

%^ 

MEDICAL 

ri4 

>> 

-s 

■n 
y 

"c3 

c 

^S^ 

vj. 

.§1 
0  a 

§ 

G 

II 

1^ 

1 

-.^U^ 
^d^ 

6 
0 

Other 
Baptiz 
Christ 

Under 
Instru 
for  Ba 

•a 

1 

13 

0^ 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

1- 

19 

20 

21 

70 

14 

7 

4.955 

2,387 

2.428 

140 

207 

2 

2 

160 

73 





80 

4 

84 

83 

205 

83 

20,284 

10,508 

1.547 

8.229 

7.443 

I 

I 

t  5.000 

209,257 

84a 

83 

3,116 

^5 

8 

20 

5,792 

3,094 

324 

2,374 





2,117 

86 

I 

6 

350 

87 

10 

3 

.... 

tt  I.S99 

1.570 

29 

851 

662 

88 









89 

84 

8 

14.796 

14.796 



3.790 

I 

1,510 

41.449 

90 

... 

2 

4 

226 

79 

147 

634 

97 

22 

138 

**.... 

43.277 

16,070 

25.103 

2,104 

11,812 

98 

II 

8 

272 

216 

56 

55 

I 

2,100 

100 

I 

2 

9 

lOI 

I 



178 

.. 

102 

6 

.... 

.... 

600 

los 

27 

10 

18 

11,236 

7.399 

2,438 

1.399 

1,845 

I 

I 

t  5,000 

27,609 

106 

106a 

io6b 

28 

109 

121 

0  12.543 

11,271 

610 

662 

3.S16 

2 

1,950 

29,831 



io6c 

io6d 

io6fi 

106/ 

.... 

107 

21 

P31 

IS 

4.46s 

4.46s 

9.607 

108 

39 

1,050 

I 

3 

31,987 

ii6 







117 

... 



122 

4 

9 

3 

1.867 

1.459 

408 

4 

2,703 

Not  including  Brazil,  as  converts  belong  to 
the  National  Presbyterian  Church  of 
Brazil. 


p  Probably  includes  a  number  of  ordained 
men. 


277 


Table  HI.    Latin  America.    The  West  Indies, 


SOCIETY 

FOREIGN  STAFF 

Included 

.'■«. 

H 

6^ 

h 

1 
^ 

II 

Physi- 
cians 

II 

ll 

c 

3 
e2 

UNITED  STATES  (Cont.) 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

125 

INTERDENOMINATIONAL 

(Excepting  Educational) 
American  Bible  Society 

10 

2 
57 
12 

37 
6 

2 

18 

4 
I 

15 

I 
29 

3 

2 

I 

5 
27 

3 
13 

1 

8 

2 
12 

I 
9 
4 

I 

•• 

139 

140 

Sunday  School  Assn.,  World's 

W.  C.  T.  U.,  World's  * 

I 

141 
142 

155 
TS8 

Y.  M.  C.  A.  Intemat'l  Com.  For.  Dept.  . 
Y.  W.  C.  A.  National  Bd.  For.  Dept. .  .  . 
INDEPENDENT 
(Excepting  Educational) 
Bolivian  Indian  Mission.  N.  Y.  Br.**. .  . 
Bolivian  Indian  Miss.,  Pacific  Coast  Br.g 

■■96 
•■23 

168 
183 

194 

Inland  So.  American  Miss.  Un.g 

Steams'  Church  and  Bible  Classes 

INDEPENDENT  (Educational) 

g  Missionaries  sent  out  from  America  only. 


Table  IV. 

Non-Christian  World. 

Turkey 

GRAND  TOTALS— CANADA  &  U.  S. . 

9,739 

2,534 

1,185 

3.098 

2,922 

410 

190 

185 

49,388 

CANADA 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

TOTALS— CANADA 

806 

200 

76 

240 

290 

41 

27 

6 

1,999 

I 

2 

BAPTIST 

Baptist,  Canadian  For.  Miss.  Bd 

CHURCH  OF  ENGLAND 

92 

62 
30 

6 

II 

10 

260 
66 

237 
J  43 

5 

25 

17 

6 
63 

60 

3 
I 

26 
26 

23 
14 

2 

4 

80 

74 
74 

41 

30 

30 

6 

85 
66 

77 
6cj 

5 

4 
I 

14 
20 

6 

I 

4 

2 

9 

7 

1 
5 

780 
66 

20 

4 
5 

Ch.  of  EriKland,  Wo.  Aux.  Miss.  .Soc. .  . 
CONGREGATIONAL 
Congregational  Canadian  Wo.  Bd.  Miss. 

HOLINESS 
Holiness  Movement  Church 

2 
51 

6 

8 

8a 

l^ 

II 

MENNONITES 
Menn.  Brethren.  Ont.  Conf.  Miss.  Soc*. 

METHODIST 

Methodist  Church.  Canada.  Miss.  Soc... 

Methodist  Ch.,  Canada,  Wo.  Miss.  Soc. 

PRESBYTERIAN 

Presbyterian  Ch.,  Canada.  Bd.  For.  Miss. 

Presby.  Ch.,  Canada.  Wo.  Miss.  Soc.(W) 

INTERDENOMINATIONAL 

(Excepting  Educational) 

Y.  W.  C.  A.,  Canada.  For.  Dept 

254 
107 

846 

Note. — Figures  in  italics  are  included  in  the  t  Estimate. 

totals  of  the  main  society  above.  **  No  data  availaljlc. 

♦  Figures  for  1918.  ft  Incomplete. 

278 


Mexico,  Central  America,  South  America  (Continued) 


NATIVE  STAFF 

CHURCH 

MEDICAL 

•a 

Vs 

nS 

1° 

s 

.2 

1^ 

1 

6S 

h 

i 
1 

Total  of 
Columns 
14.  15.  16 

c 
s 
6 

0 

III 

orao 

0  a 

1 
■ft 

1 

a 

IS 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

I2S 

140 

141 
142 

.... 



155 

156 

r96 

.... 

S.500 

S.500 

** 



I 

2 

1 5.000 

1,620 

168 

183 

... 

.... 



194 

I 

16 

6 

994 

r  Includes  some  ordained  men  and  some  women. 


in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa, 

Oceania 

3,618 

32,145 

13,625 

1,602,414 

835,459 

226,196 

540,759 

678,562 

316 

556 

4,096,338 

1,522,553 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

59 

1,562 

378 

48,216 

27,263 

5,974 

14,979 

24,613 

30 

58 

466,694 

27,620 

2 

20 

4 
5 
6 

8 

8a 

%^ 

II 

4 

I 

14 

8 
32 

540 
50 

35 

123 

h  814 

236 

15 
2 

2 

123 
107 

.  .  .  . 

13,552 
370 

2,965 

a  7.666 
22,122 

11,552 
370 

1.375 

1,863 
10,562 

1,240 

211 
4.523 

2,000 

350 

5,592 
7.037 

t  9,500 
653 

410 

7,119 
2,850 

6,843 
796 

6 

I 

8 

I 

15 

7 

10 
2 

"' 
8 

21 
9 

59.610 
tt  4.500 

116,339 
9,850 

264,267 
117,568 

3,377 

6,302 

a  8,604 
9.337 

a  Not  including  data  for  Japan,  as  converts 
are  members  of  the  Nippon  Methodist 
Kyokwai  Qapan  Methodist  Church). 


b  Includes  some  women  also. 


279 


Table  IV.    Non-Christian  World.    Turkey 


SOCIETY 

FOREIGN  STAFF 

Included  in 

1 

1c 

1 

'H 
si 

Si 

Physi- 
cians 

s 

ii 

c 

e2 

CANADA  (Continued) 

' 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

12 

14 
15 

INTERDENOMINATIONAL 

(Educational) 

Wo.  Christian  Med.  Col.,  Toronto  Com.c 

INDEPENDENT 

(Excepting  Educational) 

Ceylon  and  India  Gen.  Miss.,  Can.  Br.c,* 

China  Inland  Miss.,  Canadian  Br.c 

9 

I 

22 

4 

20 

I 
21 
15 

20 
10 

I 
I 

5 

2 

UNITED  STATES 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

TOTALS— UNITED  STATES    .  .  . 

8,933 

2,334 

1,109 

2,858 

2,632 

369 

163 

179 

47,389 

23 

24 

25 
26 

27 
28 

29 

29a 
32 

33 

34 

36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
43 

ADVENT  CHRISTIAN 

Advent,  American  Miss.  Soc 

16 

7 

450 

2 

6 
20 

779 
224 

12 

16 

212 

77 
6 

33 

26 

261 

9 

22 

5 
2 

72 

I 

4 
9 

228 

6 

3 

72 

23 

2 

II 

77 
4 
6 

163 

55 

9 
3 

I 
II 
20 

5 
2 

186 

I 

I 
6 

267 

3 
3 

76 

24 
2 
II 

7 

08 

4 

7 

5 
3 

29 

I 
4 

229 
224 

2 

9 

55 

27 
2 
10 

8 

96 

I 

8 

I 

2 

I 

34 

12 
3 

*i 

23 
12 

3 

2 

1 

60 

Advent,  Wo.  Ho.  and  For.  Miss.  Soc 

ADVENTIST,  SEVENTH-DAY 

Adventist,  Seventh-Day  Denomination  * 

BAPTIST,  GENERAL 

Baptist,  General  For.  Miss.  Soc* 

BAPTIST,   NATIONAL   CONVENTION 

Lott  Carey,  Bapt.  For.  Miss.  Soc 

Baptist  National  For.  Miss.  Bd.* 

BAPTIST,  NORTHERN  CONVENTION 
Baptist  Amer.  For.  Miss.  Soc 

SI 

882 
3 

6 
72 

6,996 

Baptist  Amer.  For.  Wo.  Miss.  Soc 

BAPTIST,  SCANDINAVIAN 

Baptist  Scandinavian  Denom                    . 

2,300 
17 

BAPTIST,  SEVENTH  DAY 

Baptist,  Seventh  Day  Miss.  Soc 

BAPTIST,  SOUTHERN  CONVENTION 

Baptist  Southern  For.  Miss.  Bd 

BRETHREN,  CHURCH  OF  THE 
(DUNKER) 

20 
546 

247 

BRETHREN  CHURCH  (Progressive) 

BRETHREN  IN   CHRIST   (TUNKERS) 

Brethren  in  Christ  For.  Miss.  Bd 

BRETHREN,  PLYMOUTH 

Brethren  Missionaries/,* 

CHRISTIAN  AND  MISS.  ALLIANCE 

Christian  and  Missionary  Alliance 

CHRISTIAN  CHURCH 

Christian  Church  For.  Miss.  Bd 

CHURCH  OF  GOD 
Church  of  God,  Miss.  Bd 

24 

568 
17 
73 

Note. — Figures  in  italics  are  included  in  the  t  Estimate. 

totals  of  the  main  society  above.  *♦  No  data  available. 

*  Figures  for  1918.  tt  Incomplete. 


280 


in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  Oceania  (Continued) 


NATIVE  STAFF 

CHURCH 

III 

MEDICAL 

1 

6^ 

.s 

Ij 

1 

0  S   - 

^^M 

a 

.Si 

Ji 

orao 

^4 

1 

CO 

.2 
Q 

% 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

x6 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

12 

14 
15 

22 

... 

.... 

2 



1,541 

1.541 





'""88 

17 

21.978 

10 

" 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

3,559 

30,583 

13,247 

1,554,198 

808,196 

220,222 

525,780 

653,949 

286 

498 

3,629,644 

1,521,906 

23 

24 

25 
26 

11 

29 

29a 
32 

33 
34 

36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
43 

12 
3 

19 

I 

2 
20 

443 
5 

68 

7 

7 
13 
48 

40 
32 

d863 

2 

■*28 

4.712 
1,043 

4 

13 

354 

20s 
23 

455 

I 
12 

8 
16 

4 
24 

1,841 

8 

7 

124 

35 

I 

106 
3 
13 

1,200 
205 

7,703 

60 

t  1,000 

20,312 
188,710 

124 
28,140 

3.088 
1 1.503 

10,671 

1,404 

1,100 
205 

7.703 

60 

1,000 
20,312 

188,710 

124 
25.643 

2,993 
t6oo 

8,525 
1,283 

t  TOO 

2,497 

95 

t903 

2,146 
121 

1,000 

910 
10,223 

150 
450 

87,386 
35,372 

t24i 

13.217 
2,663 

t 1,004 

6,366 
g 

100 

26 
15 

14 

I 
3 

«30 

I 

83 
20 

I 
15 

5 

100 

320,396 
143,018 

4.947 
126,227 

30,437 

137 
86,343 

250 
500 

259,815 

200 

535 

44.407 

590 

ti.921 

7,827 
1,671 

c  Missionaries  sent  out  from  Canada  only. 
d  Probably  includes  some  women. 
e  May  include  some  hospitals. 


/  No_  data  available,  except  for  staff. 
g  This   Society   makes   use   of  schools   con- 
ducted by  other  organizations. 


281 


Table  IV.    Non-Christian  World.    Turkey 


SOCIETY 


FOREIGN  STAFF 

Included  in 

Columns  1-5 

Physi- 

cians 

V, 

•d 

B 

Si 

'S  c 

C 

HS 

1c 
51 

^ 
^ 

B 

G 

1 

UNITED  STATES  (Cont.) 


I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

44a 

45 

45a 

45* 

45c 

46 

48 
49 

50 
51 

52 

52a 

53 

54 

55 

5^ 
58 

59 


CHURCHES  OF  GOD,  GENERAL 
ELDERSHIP 

Churches  of  God,  Miss.  Bd 

Churches  of  God,  Wo.  Gen.  Miss.  Soc.  . 
CONGREGATIONAL  CHURCHES 

American  Bd.  Comm.  For.  Miss 

Wo.  Bd.  Miss.,  Boston 

Wo.  Bd.  Miss.,  Interior 

Wo.  Bd.  Miss.,  Pacific 

American  Miss.  Assn.h 

DISCIPLES  OF  CHRIST 

Christian,  For.  Miss.  Soc 

Christian,  Wo.  Bd.  Miss 

EPISCOPAL 

Prot.  Epis.  Dom.  and  For.  Miss.  Soc.  . .  . 

EPISCOPAL,  REFORMED 

Reformed  Epis.  Bd.  For.  Miss.* 

EVANGELICAL  ASSOCIATION 

Evangelical  Assn.  Miss.  Soc 

Evangelical  Assn.  Wo.  Miss.  Soc 

EVANGELICAL,  UNITED 

Evangelical  Un.  Ho.  and  For.  Miss.  Soc. 

EVANGELICAL  SYNOD 

Evangelical  For.  Miss.  Bd 

FRIENDS  (ORTHODOX) 
Friends  Philadelphia  For.  Miss.  Assn.  .  . . 

Friends  American  Bd.  For.  Miss 

Friends'  Ohio  For.  Miss.  Soc 

HEPHZIBAH  FAITH  MISS.  ASSN. 

Hephzibah  Faith  Miss.  Assn.* 

HOLINESS  CHURCH  (INTERNAT'L 

APOS.) 

Holiness  Intemat'l  Apos.  Bd.  For.  Miss.* 

LUTHERAN  BRETHREN 

Lutheran  Brethren.  Bd.  Miss 

LUTHERAN,  DANISH  UNITED 

Lutheran  Danish  United  Miss.  Bd , 

LUTHERAN  FREE  CHURCH 

Lutheran  Free  Ch.  Bd.  Miss 

LUTHERAN,  JOINT  SYN.  OF  OHIO 

Lutheran  Ohio  Syn.  Bd.  For.  Miss 

LUTHERAN,  NORWEGIAN 
Lutheran,  Norwegian  Bd.  I"or.  Miss..  .  . 

LUTHERAN  SYN.  CONFERENCE 
Lutheran  Missouri  Syn.  Bd.  For.  Miss..  . 

LUTHERAN,  UNITED 
Lutheran  Un.  Bd.  For.  Miss.*.  .... 
Lutheran  Augu^tana  China  Miss.  Soc* .  . 


6 

6 

2 
2 

2 
2 

2 
2 

638 

116 
84 

JO 

6 

170 
3 

57 

199 
2 

212 

J16 

84 

10 

I 

28 

16 
5 
3 

16 
8 
3 

5 

180 
76 

75 
22 

I 

71 
19 

34 
34 

20 

5 

4 
5 

321 

75 

53 

71 

122 

17 

2 

4 

2 

2 

I 

fo 

9 

9 

16 

16 

2 

«3S 

»I3 

2 

i  13 

7 

2 

22 

10 

I 

7 

4 

10 

22 
7 

3 

4 

I 

I 
5 

3Z 
J  9 
J  I 

J  3 
J  A 
J  5 

2 

13 

4 

4 

Is 

20 

10 

3 

m  6 

I 

15 

6 

5 

4 

6 

3 

3 

24 

10 

10 

4 

I 

3 

2 

I 

159 

54 

9 

56 

40 

7 

I 

38 

20 

17 

I 

125 
30 

48 
9 

2 

4 

41 
13 

34 
4 

2 

4 

Note. — Figures  in  italics  are  included  in  the 

totals  of  the  main  society  above. 
*  Figures  for  1918. 
t  Estimate. 


**  No  data  available, 
ft  Incomplete. 

h  Missionaries  supported  under  the  American 
Board  in  Angola. 


282 


in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  Oceania  (Continued) 


NATIVE  STAFF 


5^ 


CHURCH 


Oj    5    M 


omo 


Jn  ^  "* 


1  O  cfi 


'.S<J 


MEDICAL 

s 

•s 

a 

s 

g 

in 

rt  rt 

y 

w 

^S 

w 

b 

HH 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

44 

44a 

... 

8 
5 

4 
4 

67 

67 
67 

200 
200 

•• 



45 

s 
4T 

287 

3.707 

1,607 
3 

88,090 


88,090 

80,948 
6,178 

16 
3 
2 

I 

25 
4 
4 

I 

149,865 
33.720 

375,753 
45 

48 

49 

384 
263 

573 
32s 

56 
27 

16,027 
6,597 

16,027 
5,828 

"769 

10,988 
6,199 

15 
9 

16 
9 

236,580 
98,944 

15.239 
9,722 

SO 

127 

441 

324 

42,949 

14,019 

27.774 

1,156 

13.382 

6 

9 

tt  67.220 

63,436 

SI 

17 

62 

62 

I 

52 

52a 

21 

25 

73 
73 

1,502 

1,405 

97 

t  1,000 
7,000 

I 

I 

t  5,000 

6,477 
4,160 

S3 

63 

12 

1,143 

678 

465 

776 

I 

2 

30,000 

3.755 

S4 

253 

41 

3,747 

2,021 

1,577 

149 

4.570 

2 

3 

33,618 

55 

II 

5 

I 

W72 
32 

4 

I 

21 

t900 

4,933 

543 

t750 
133 
543 

t  150 
4,800 

162 

2,178 

391 

I 
4 

7,334 
21,813 

59 

2 

II 

7 

624 

249 

315 

60 

326 

60 

5 

6 

721 

323 

398 

119 

61 

18 

2 

743 

309 

14 

420 

393 

1,000 

63 

4 

II 

3 

180 

130 

20 

30 

35 

1,800 

64 

5 

84 

4 

1,291 

623 

42s 

243 

262 

2 

t  19,000 

t650 

65 

2 

39 

1,503 

1,390 

113 

756 

I 

1,200 

178 

66 

9 

38s 

82 

12,821 

6.044 

3,756 

3,021 

4,046 

4 

17,500 

4,200 

68 

2 

100 

8 

3.729 

285 

1,614 

1,830 

2,859 

I 

2,810 

184 

69 
71 

13 

1.338 
28 

219 

4 

90,049 
570 

34,126 
293 

46,615 
37 

9,308 
240 

27,925 
374 

6 
I 

39.331 
20,527 

14,803 
203 

i  Not  including  one  ordained  man  and  one 
wife  supported  by  this  Society  in  Nigeria 
under  the  American  Council  of  the 
Sudan  United  Mission. 

j  Includes  some  recorded  ministers. 


k  Probably  includes  some  women. 
I  Not  including  one  woman  working  under 
the  China  Inland  Mission. 
m  Includes  five  ordained  women. 


283 


Table  IV.    Non-Christian  World.    Turkey 


II 


SOCIETY 


FOREIGN  STAFF. 

Included  in 

Columns  1-3 

Physi- 

cians 

-^ 

T) 

s 

f^S 

1 
6s 

'S 

c 

ii 

> 

Si 

;5^ 

$ 

U3^ 

UNITED  STATES  (Cont.) 


72 
73 
74 
80 

81 
82 

83 

84 

84a 

87 

88 

89 

90 

92 
93 

95 

96 

98 

100 
lOI 

102 
104 

105 


LUTHERAN  INTER-SYNODICAL 

Luth.  Inter-Synodical  Orient  Miss.  Soc.^^.w 

MENNONITE  AND  AMISH  MENN 

Mennonite  Bd.  Miss,  and  Charities.  .  . , 

MENNONITE  BRETHREN 

Mennonite  Brethren  Ch.  For.  Miss.  .  .  . 

MENNONITE  BRETHREN  IN  CHRIST 

Mennonite  Pen7i.  Conf.  Bd.  For.  Miss.o . 

MENNONITE,  CONFERENCE  OF 

DEFENCELESS 

Congo  Inland  Mission 

MENNONITE,  GENERAL  CONF. 

Mennonite  Gen.  Conf.  Bd.  For.  Miss.  . 

MENNONITE  (KRIMMER 

BRUEDERGEMEINDE) 

Mennonite  China  Miss.  Soc* 

METHODIST  EPISCOPAL 

Methodist  Epis.  For.  Bd.  Miss 

Methodist  Epis.  For.  Wo.  Miss.  Soc.  . 
METHODIST   EPISCOPAL,   AFRICAN 

Methodist  Epis.  African  Miss.  Dept 

METHODIST  EPIS.  AFRICAN  ZION 

Methodist  Epis.  Zion  Miss.  Soc 

METHODIST  EPISCOPAL,  SOUTH 

Methodist  Epis.  South  Bd.  Miss 

METHODIST,  FREE 

Methodist  Free  Gen.  Miss.  Bd 

METHODIST  PROTESTANT 

Methodist  Prot.  Bd.  For.  Miss 

Methodist  Prot.  Wo.  For.  Miss.  Soc.  .  .  . 

METHODIST,  WESLEYAN 

Methodist  Wesleyan  Am.  Miss.  Soc* .  .  . 

METROPOLITAN  CHURCH  ASSN. 

Burning  Bush  Mission  * 

NAZARENE  CHURCH 

Nazarene  Ch.,  Gen.  Miss.  Bd 

PENIEL  MISSIONS 

Peniel  Miss.  Soc 

PENTECOST  BANDS  OF  THE  WORLD 

Pentecost  Bands  of  the  World* 

PRESBYTERIAN,  ASSO.   REFORMED 

Presbyterian  Assoc.  Ref.  Bd.  For.  Miss.* 

PRESBYTERIAN,  CUMBERLAND 

Prcsby.  Cumberland  Wo.  Bd.  Miss 

PRESBYTERIAN  IN  THE  U.  S. 

(SOUTH) 

Prcsby.,  Exec.  Com.  For.  Miss.  (South) .  . 


8 
18 
9 

13 

12 

27 

28 

1,220 

314 

41 

5 

238 

72 

15 
S 

21 

12 

47 

6 
20 

9 


2 

6 
3 

9 

5 
II 

5 
313 

34 

3 

60 

19 

3 

I 

6 
4 
16 
I 
9 
2 


94 


35 


3 
7 
3 
2 

s 

II 

9 
331 

4 

I 

69 

22 

3 
I 

7 

3 

13 

2 

6 
2 


117 


SI4 
514 

I 

I 

89 

25 

9 
3 

6 

3 

17 


67 


41 


66 
127 


30 
85 

52 

13.489 
4,897 

85 

150 

661 

240 

84 
33 

20 

3 

79 

7 

36 

20 

18 


928 


Note. — Figiires  in  italics  are  included  in  the  t  Estimate. 

totals  of  the  main  society  above.  **  No  data  available. 

*  Figures  for  1918.  ft  Incomplete. 


284 


in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  Oceania  (Continued) 


NATIVE  STAFF 


oS 


o  C 
0^ 


CHURCH 


OpqO 


.2-- 
0^o 


MEDICAL 


13 


14 


15 


i6 


17 


i8    19 


88s 

74 

20 

68 

8 

SS 


I05 


30 

30 
7.707 

10 

130 

3463 

137 

22 
22 

12 

2 

49 

2 

13 

12 

9 

788 


4.897 
4.897 


130 

95 


699 

626 

73 

** 

7.200 

2,200 

5.000 

2,641 

2,084 

557 

150 

100 



50 

610 

610 



427 

127 

300 

4II.II3 

50,912 

120.010 

240,191 

20,121 

20.121 



8,000 

8,000 

27.834 

16,206 

11,628 

4.955 

1.844 

3.III 

3.039 
652 

2,242 
410 

197 
27 

600 
215 

100 

100 



1,048 

695 

353 

813 

167 

28 

618 

1.836 

400 

1,200 

236 

595 

595 



68,820 

35.822 

3.733 

29,265 

939 
500 

600 
750 

522 

94,434 
50,981 

821 

686 

10,324 

2,733 

1.432 
369 


250 
100 
338 

26,839 


I 

4 

19.300 

I 

I 

t  5.000 

2 

250 

4 

20,000 

I 

I 

t500 

34 
20 

42 
33 

1 469,194 
309,194 

8 

13 

m,ss?> 

I 

4 

3,700 
11,900 

I 

I 

400 

4 

3,402 

I 

2 

11,596 

14 

14 

333,635 

Work  in  abeyance  on  account  of  the  War. 
Work  all  under  the   Christian  and   Mis- 
sionary Alliance. 


p  May  include  some  ordained  men  and  some 

women. 
q  May  include  some  women. 


285 


Table  IV.    Non-Christian  World.    Turkey 


o  <u 


SOCIETY 


FOREIGN  STAFF 


OS 


Included  in 
Columns  1-3 


Physi- 
cians 


UNITED  STATES  (Cont.) 

PRESBYTERIAN  IN  THE  U.  S.  A. 
(NORTH) 

Presbyterian  For.  Miss.  Bd 

Presby.  Wo.  Bd.  For.  Miss.  {N.    Y.).. 

Presby.  Wo.  Occidental  Bd.  For.  Miss.  . 

Presby.  Wo.  For.  Miss.  Soc,  Phila. . .  . 

Presby.  Wo.  Bd.  For.  Miss.,  Southwest. 

Presby.  Wo.  Bd.  Miss.,  North  Pacific.  . 

Presbv.  Wo.  Bd.  Miss.,  Northwest.  .  .  . 

PRESBYTERIAN,  REFORMED 

Presbyterian  (Covenanter)  Bd.  For.  Miss. 

PRESBYTERIAN,  REF.   GEN.   SYNOD 

Presby.  Ref.  Gen.  Syn.  Bd.  For.  Miss.  .  . 

PRESBYTERIAN,  UNITED 

Presby.  United,  Bd.  For.  Miss 

Presby.  United  Wo.  Miss.  Soc 

PRESBYTERIAN,  WELSH   CALVINIS- 
TIC  METHODIST 

Calvinistic  Methodist  Miss.  Soc 

REFORMED  IN  AMERICA 

Reformed  Bd.  For.  Miss 

REFORMED  IN  THE  U.  S. 

Reformed  Bd.  For.  Miss 

SALVATION  ARMY 

Salvation  Army 

SCANDINAVIAN  ALLIANCE 

Scandinavian  Alliance  Miss.5 

SCHWENKFELDER 
Schwenkf elder.  Ho.  and  For.  Miss.  Soc.t .  . 

SWEDISH  MISSION  COVENANT 

Swedish  Evangelical  Miss.  Covenant.  .  .  . 

UNITED  BRETHREN  IN  CHRIST 

United  Brethren  For.  Miss.  Soc 

UNITED  BRETHREN 

(Old  Constitution) 

Un.  Brethren  Dom.  Fro.  and  For.  Miss.  . 

UNIVERSALIST 

Universalist  Gen.  Convention* 

Universalist  Wo.  Nat' I  Miss.  Assn.  .  .  . 
INTERDENOMINATIONAL 
(Excepting  Educational) 

American  Bible  Society* 

Sunday  School  Assn.,  World's  u 

W.  C.  T.  U.,  World's* 

Y.  M.  C.  A.  Internat'l  Com.  For.  Dept.  . 

Princeton  Mission 

Y.  W.  C.  A.  National  Bd.  For.  Dept.  .  .  . 


106 

1 06a 

1066 

io6c 

1 06  J 

io6f 

106/ 

109 


III 

111a 


112 
114 
115 
116 
H7 
119 
121 
122 

123 

124 
124a 


125 

139 

140 

141 

141a 

142 


1,284 

106 

73 

272 

65 

22 

199 

50 

4 

155 
103 


4 

139 

84 

23 

96 

2 
27 
54 


30 

9 

3 

310 

12 

85 


344 
2 


173 

2 


156 
S 


448 
61 
41 

158 

43 

8 

132 

16 

2 

73 

I 
41 
30 
t7 
32 

9 

16 


146 
3 


319 
45 
28 

101 

22 
13 
67 

16 


85 


Note. — Figures  in  italics  are  included  in  the 

totals  of  the  main  society  above. 
*  Figures  for  19 18. 


t  Estimate. 
**  No  data  available. 
tt  Incomplete. 


286 


in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa, 

Oceania  (Continued) 

NATIVE  STAFF 

CHURCH 

1^ 

MEDICAL 

1^, 

d  S 

o°,„ 

"M 

i2 

.2  j3 

b 

T) 

a 

^-^ 

•g 

'^  s 

.2-52 

.^•^- 

•^ 

S5 

a 

sH 

II 

0:^ 

ll 

0  c   . 
^  S  to 

s 
(3 

ill 

0  D. 

Wort 

1 

IS 
6^ 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

1 06 

380 

4.134 

1.990 

374.907 

164,782 

6,746 

203,379 

171.637 

79 

108 

785,668 

126,326 

1 06a 



106/7 

106c 

. . . . 

.. 

io6d 

io6e 







106/ 



109 

6 

31 

17 

763 

•708 

55 

825 

5 

6 

35,778 

1,200 

no 

2 

12 

5 

24 

24 

I 

I 

5,349 

III 

118 

1.045 

322 

45.694 

45,694 

26,242 

2 

4 

150,864 

65,968 

Ilia 

... 

76 

3.890 

4 

9 

33,475 

112 

4 

6 

41 

27 

14 



167 

I 

I 

4,500 

409 

114 

42 

451 

264 

6,838 

6.838 



15.544 

8 

17 

139,049 

16,458 

115 

28 

220 

63 

6.873 

3.884 

489 

2,500 

1.95 1 

3 

3 

29,228 

6,502 

116 





117 

.... 

.... 

119 

.... 



121 

90 

31 

3,905 

2.265 

370 

1,270 

1,226 

I 

2 

7,914 

4,58s 

122 

34 

113 

51 

9.779 

6,842 

1.454 

1.483 

1.989 

I 

6 

29,646 

12,969 

123 

I 

4 

I 

170 

55 

103 

12 

80 

I 

1,268 

100 

124 

5 

3 

580 

560 

20 

150 

400 

124a 



125 

5 

273 

7 

139 

I 

I 

.... 



140 





141 

.... 



141a 



.... 



142 

.  .'    .  . 

r  Commissioned  officers. 
5  Field  statistics  not  available. 
t  Under  the  American   Board   of    Commis- 
sioners for  Foreign  Missions. 


u  In  addition  this  Society  has  special  workers 
giving  part  time  in  several  countries. 
These  part-time  workers  are  mission- 
aries reported  by  other  Boards. 


287 


Table  IV.    Non-Christian  World.    Turkey 


SOCIETY 


FOREIGN  STAFF 


OS 


'I 


^ 


Included  in 
Columns  1-5 


Physi- 
cians 


UNITED  STATES  (Cont.) 

INTERDENOMINATIONAL 

(Educational) 

Am.  Univ.  at  Cairo 

Madras  Women's  Christian  College.!;.  . 

Nanking  Univ.  Trustees  .f 

Union  Miss.  Med.  Col.  for  Women  w.  .  . 

INDEPENDENT 

(Excepting  Educational) 

Africa  Inland  Mission 

Bible  Faith  Mission 

Broadcast  Tract  Press* 

China  Inland  Miss.  Coun.  for  N.  K.w. . 

Churches  of  God,  Wo.  Miss.  Soc.a; 

Evangel  Mission 

Gospel  Miss.  Soc* 

Holiness  National  Assn.,  Bur.  Miss.*.  .  . 

International  Reform  Bureau 

Konia  Hospital  y 

Nyasaland  Miss.,  Amer.  Cova*,w 

Penn.  Chr.  Assn.  Univ.  For.  Dept 

Santal  Mission,  American  Com.w 

So.  Afr.  Gen.  Miss.,  Am.  Oouxi.w 

South  China  Boat  Miss.* 

Stearns'  Church  and  Bible  Classes 

Sudan  United  Miss.,  Am.  Coun 

Wo.  Union  Miss.  Soc 

INDEPENDENT  (Educational) 
Canton  Christian  College,  Trustees .  .  .  . 
Constantinople  Girls'  College,  Trustees. 

Robert  College,  Trustees 

Syrian  Prot.  College,  Trustees 

Yale  For.  Miss.  Soc 


143 
144 
145 
148 


150 
154 
157 
160 
162 
164 
165 
167 
171 
173 
177 
178 
180 
i8i 
182 
183 
184 
188 

190 
191 
195 
196 

197 


17 
197 

60 
40 

46 
IS 


Note. — Figures  in  italics  are  included  in  the 
totals  of  the  main  society  above, 

*  Figures  for  1918. 

t  Estimate. 
**  No  data  available. 


tt  Incomplete. 
V  The  members  _  of  the  staff  are  those  not 
under    appointment    as    missionaries    of 
the  constituent  Societies. 


288 


in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  Oceania  (Continued) 


NATIVE  STAFF 

CHURCH 

II 
M 

o  f5 

5a 

E 
1 

Total  of 
Columns 
14,  IS,  16 

0 

OCQU 

I  O  03 


H.a< 


MEDICAL 


03  ►> 

IS 

16 


15 


16 


18  19 


143 

144 
145 
148 


150 
154 
157 
160 
162 
164 

i6s 
167 
171 
173 
177 
178 
180 
181 
182 

^P 

184 

188 

190 
191 

196 
197 


84 


3,090 
38 


II 
200 


300 


10 
197 

II 
27 
3 
3 
3 


3.090 

24 


II 
200 


300 


85 

766 

35 


1,000 
42 


64 


18 
t300 

I. SIC 

856 
547 
521 
950 
282 


17.509 
35.588 


6,000 


t  500 


1 1,000 


12,490 
'102,911 


t  5.000 


li: 


000 

000 

26,623 


35 


2,750 


w  Missionaries  sent  out  from  the  United 
States  only. 

X  Not  to  be  confused  with  the  Women's  Gen- 
eral Missionary  Society  of  the  General 
Eldership  of  the  Churches  of  God  (44a) . 


y  Work  suspended  on  account  of  war  con- 
ditions. 


289 


INDEXES 


DIRECTORY  OF  MISSION  SOCIETY  OFFICERS 


Beets,  Rev.  Henry,  LL.D.  (113) 

Beezley,  Mrs.  Beatrice  C.  (167) 

Bell,  Rev.  Enoch  F.  (45,  4Se) 

Bell,  Rev.  Ezra  K..  D.D.  (69) 

Bell,  Bishop  W.  M..  D.D.  (122) 

Bender,  G.  L.  (73) 

Benedict,  Elbert  L.  (58) 

Bennett,  Miss  Belle  H.,  LL.D.  (89a) 

Bennett,  Mrs.  P.  S.  (108) 

Bennett,  Rev.  J.  R.,  D.D.  (28) 

Benton,  Miss  Elisabeth  S.  (450) 

Berry,  Rev.  George  T.  (175) 

Betticher,  Rev.  Charles  E.  (50) 

Bible,  Rev.  Frank  W.  (i32aia) 

Bicknell,  A.  Ingham  (124) 

Biller,  Mrs.  George  (50a) 

Bingham,  Rev.  Rowland  V.  (21,  22) 

Birkelund,  Rev.  J.  R.,  M.D.  (66) 

Bisbee,  Rev.  F.  A.,  D.D.  (124) 

Bissland,  Mrs.  W.  H.  (io6d) 

Blackwell,  Mrs.  Annie  A.  (88a) 

Blackwell,  Mrs.  J.  H.  (27a) 

Blackwood,  Mrs.  D.  (9a) 

Blegen,  Prof.  J.  H.  (64,  180) 

Blinn,  Miss  Vera  B.  (122a) 

Bliss,  Mrs.  Theodora  Crosby  (i32aib) 

Boardman,  Roger  S.  (i32aia) 

Boggs,  Samuel  W.  (i32aib) 

Bolles,  Mrs.  C.  T.  (90a) 

Bolt,  Rev.  Ralph  (113) 

Booth,  Commander  Eva  (116) 

Bovaird,  David,  M.D.  (i32aib) 

Bowen,  Rev.  Arthur  J.  (181) 

Bradley,  Mrs.  T.  E.  D.  (io6f) 

Bradt,  Rev.  Charles  E.,  D.D.  (106) 

Brearley,  Miss  Marie  L.  (51a) 

Brewer,  Miss  Henrietta  F.  (4Sc) 

Broadwell,  Mrs.  Samuel  J.  (188) 

Brock,  Charles  R.  (30) 

Brockman,  F.  S.  (141) 

Brodie,  Donald  M.  (i32aia) 

Broen,  Rev.  E.  M.  (61) 

Bromer,  Rev.  Albert  S.  (115) 

Bronson,  Mrs.  F.  S.  (188) 

Brookes,  Mrs.  H.  S.  (io6d) 

Brooks,  Rev.  Charles  A.  (30) 

Broomfield,  Rev.  J.  C,  D.D.  (92) 

Brown,  Rev.  Arthur  J.,  D.D.  (106) 

Brown.  Rev.  C.  L.,  D.D.  (69) 

Brown,  Rev.  C.  S.,  D.D.  (27) 

Brown,  Frank  L.  (139) 

Brown,  Rena  M.  (loia) 

Brown,  Mrs.  Walter  T..  B.A.  (8a) 

Browning,     Rev.     Webster     E.,     Ph.D 

(i32aia,  133) 
Brownlee,  Rev.  E.  A.  (15) 
Brunner,  Rev.  C.  H.  (80) 

Note. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  society  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies,  and  not  to  the  page  number. 


Aaberg,  Rev.  J.  C.  (62) 

Achard,  Miss  A.  M.  (84a) 

Alden,  Ezra  Hyde  (99) 

Alexander,    Rev.    George,     D.D.     (106, 

194) 
Allen,  Mrs.  Ethel  M.  (124a) 
Allen,  Miss  Mary  Louise  (142) 
AUgyer,  Bishop  S.  E.  (73) 
Aimer,  Rev.  A.  D.  (71) 
Anderson,  Miss  Alice  T.  (31) 
Anderson,  Rev.  Elmer  G.  (98) 
Anderson,  Mrs.  G.  M.  (49) 
Anderson,  Rev.  W.  B.,  D.D.  (iii) 
Anderson,  W.  H.  P.  (10),  (i3S) 
Anewalt,  Mrs.  Lewis  L.  (115a) 
Ankeney,  Hon.  Horace  (115) 
Armstrong,  Rev.  A.  E.,  M.A.  (9) 
Armstrong,  Rev.  John  I.  (105) 
Arnup,  Rev.  Jesse  H.,  B.A.  (8) 
Atwater,  Mrs.  Anna  R.  (47.  49) 
Avery,  Mrs.  D.  J.  (27a) 
Ayer,  Mrs.  H.  H.  (ib) 
Ayres,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  (9Sa) 

Babcock,  A.  S.  {zz) 

Babcock,  Mrs.  J.  H.  (33a) 

Babson,  Miss  Hester  T.  (45) 

Bailey,  Miss  Annie  G.  (84a) 

Baker.  Rev.  F.  L.  (90) 

Baker.  Rev.  T.  P.  (9S) 

Baldwin,  Miss  Alice  H.  (179) 

Baldwin,  Mrs.  F.  A.  (114b) 

Banks,  Varian  (107) 

Barbee,  Mrs.  C.  M.  (io6e) 

Bare.  Miss  Stella  (10 1) 

Barkby.  Rev.  J.  T.  (91) 

Barnes.  Henry  B.  (192) 

Barnes.  Rev.  Lemuel  C,  D.D,  (30) 

Barrett,  Mrs.  R.  M.  (26a) 

Bartholomew.  Rev.  Allen  R.,  D.D,  (115) 

Barton,  Rev.  James  L.,  D.D.,  LL.D.  (45, 

4Sf,  4Sg,  43h,  I3iai,  I44.  148) 
Bauman,  Rev.  Louis  S.  (37) 
Beach,  Prof.  Harlan  P.,  D.D.,  F.R.G.S. 

(163,  179) 
Beach,  Roderick  (i3ia9a) 
Bealer,  Mrs.  L.  May  (162) 
Beard,  Rev.  Augustus  F..  D.D.  (46) 
Beard,  Rev.  William  S.  (46) 
Beatty,  Miss  Rose  (11) 
Beauchamp,  Rev.  W.  B.,  D.D.  (89) 
Bechtel,  Andrew  S.  (81) 
Beck,  Rev.  C.  H.,  D.D.  (92) 
Becker.  Rev.  Johs.  (67) 
Beckett,  Mrs.  M.  S.  C.  (87b) 
Beede,  B.  Willis  (56) 
Beegle,  Mrs.  Helen  C.  (69a) 


293 


294        DIRECTORY  OF  MISSION  SOCIETY  OFFICERS 


Bryant,  Samuel  (30) 

Bunker,  Rev.  Fred  R.  (i32aia) 

Burdick,  Rev.  Clayton  H.  (33) 

Burnham,  F.  W.,  D.D.  (47) 

Burrell,  Rev.  David  James,  D.D.,  LL.D. 

(126.  193) 
Burroughs,  Miss  N.  H.  (28a) 
Burtt,  Rev.  Edwin  P.  (164) 
Butler,  Miss  Clementina  (179) 
Butler,  Miss  Esther  H.  (58) 
Butterfield,  Mrs.  Nellie  (pSa) 

Cadwallader,  Mrs.  Rawlins  (io6b) 

Cady,  Rev.  George  L.,  D.D.  (46) 

Calder,  Miss  Helen  B.  (45a) 

Camden,  Horace  P.  (106,  107) 

Cameron,  Allen  N.  (iS7) 

Camp,  N.  H.  (177) 

Campbell,  Mrs.  G.  W.  (io6b) 

Campbell,  Mrs.  Glen  H.  (la) 

Campbell,  Mrs.  H.  C.  (iiia) 

Campbell.  Rev.  J.  W.  (5) 

Carlisle,  Rosalind,  Countess  of  (140) 

Carmichael,  M,  J.  (79) 

Carpenter,  Miss  Adella  P.  (90,  90a) 

Carr,  Mrs.  Wilbur  J.  (172) 

Carson,  William  G.  (109) 

Carter,  Russell  (106,  145) 

Carty,  Miss  (19) 

Case,  Miss  Esther  (89,  89a) 

Chadsey,  Mrs.  Maude  M.  (24) 

Chamberlain,  Rev.  Lewis  B.  (125) 

Chamberlain,  Rev.  William  I.,  Ph.D.  (114, 

114a,  131a,  I3ia2,  131b,  144a,  148) 
Chamberlin.  Mrs.  E.  E.  (162) 
Channel,  Mrs.  S.  J.  (87a) 
Chappell,  Mrs.  E.  B.  (89.  89a) 
Chesnut,  Rev,  R.  W.,  Ph.D.  (no) 
Chester,  Rev.  S.  H.,  D.D.  (105) 
Chown,  Rev.  S.  Dwight.  D.D.  (8) 
Chrestensen,  Rev.  Evald  (62) 
Christiansen,  Rev,  G.  B.  (63) 
Christie,  Rev.  G.  A.  (s) 
Clark,    Rev.    Francis    E..    D.D.,    LL.D. 

(127) 
Clark,  Rev.  Franklin  J.  (50,  176) 
Clark,  Mrs.  George  M.  (4Sb) 
Claudon,  D.  N.  (81) 
Clay,  Mrs.  Johnie  Massey  (104) 
Cleland,  Rev.  C.  S..  D.D.  (in) 
Clinton,  J.  M.  (141) 
Clowes,  Walter  F.  (150) 
Cobb.  Miss  Eliza  P.  (114b) 
Cobb.  Rev.  Henry  E..  D.D.  (114) 
Coleman,  Mrs.  Mary  L.  (90a) 
Colgate.  Mrs.  Gilbert  (187) 
Collins.  Mrs.  William  H.  (ss) 
Colton.  E.  T.  (141) 
Cook.  Mrs.  Frank  Gaylord  (45a) 
Copp.  Miss  (19) 
Coppock,  Benjamin  S.  (57) 
Corbe.  Rev.  Zenan  M.  (70) 
Corey,    Rev.    Stephen    J..    LL.D.     (48. 

I3ias) 


Cory,  Rev.  A.  E.,  D.D.  (48) 

Crafts,  Rev.  Wilbur  F.,  Ph.D.  (171) 

Craig,  W.  S.  (lOia) 

Crane,  Hon.  Charles  R.  (191) 

Crane,  Miss  Helen  B.  (138) 

Crawford,  Mrs.  Walter  (104) 

Crear,  David  (40) 

Crosley,  Mrs.  G.  E.  (33a) 

Crouch,  S.  J.  L.  (i32aia) 

Cummings,     Mrs.     Willoughby,     D.C.L. 

(2,  2a) 
Cunningham,  Mrs.  Efiie  L.  (48,  49) 
Curry,  Rev.  J.  Q.  A.,  D.D.  (53) 
Cutting,  Churchill  Hunter  (125) 

Damon,  Col.  Alexander  M.  (116) 

Daniells,  Rev.  A.  G.  (25) 

Daniels,  Mrs.  C.  H.  (4Sa) 

Danner,  W.  M.  (135) 

Darling,  Samuel  C.  (191) 

Dauchy,  Mrs.  S.  T.  (188) 

Davis,  Rev.  Joseph  A.  (168) 

Davis,  S.  H.  (33) 

Davison,  Miss  Alice  M.  (io6a,  130) 

Dawson,  Judge  (13) 

Day.  Dwight  H.  (106) 

Dean,  Rev.  I.  R.  (14) 

Dearing,  Rev.  W.  P.  (26) 

DeForrest,  Robert  W.  (19s) 

Delano,  Eugene  (187) 

Demarest,  William  T,  (114,  114c) 

Denison,  Rev.  W.  H.  (41) 

Dennett,  Mrs.  Lena  S.  (29b) 

Denovan.  Mrs.  Alan  (19) 

de  Schweinitz,  Rev.  Paul,  D.D.  (97.  131a, 

I3ia6) 
Devore,  Elder  D.  S.  (59) 
Dietrich,  E.  G.  (95) 
Diffendorfer,  Ralph  E.  (i32a2) 
Dimock,  Mrs.  George  E.  (175) 
Divan,  Mrs.  Emma  F.  (S3a) 
Divine,  Rev.  F.  H.  (30) 
Doan.  R.  A.  (48) 
Dobbins,  G.  S.  (34.  3S) 
Dodd,  Allison  (173) 
Dodd.  R.  M.  (77) 
Dodge,  Bayard  (196) 
Dodge.  Cleveland  H.  (19s) 
Dodge,  Rev.  D.  Stuart,  D.D.  (196) 
Dolfin.  Rev.  John  (113) 
Donaldson,  Mrs.  (2a) 
Dorman.  Mrs.  Richard  A.  (187) 
Dowkontt.  Rev.  George  H.,  M.D.  (169 
Downs.  Mrs.  J.  W.  (89) 
Drach.  Rev.  George  (69) 
Drew.  Edward  (182) 
Drew.  Miss  Florence  (182) 
Dwight.  Rev.  Franklin  B.  (149) 
Dwight.  Frederick  (192) 
Dunkelberger.  Miss  S.  C.  (183) 
Dye,  Mrs.  A.  M.  (59) 

East.  Mrs.  Lida  K.  (93) 
Eddy.  Rev.  D.  Brewer  (45) 

Note.— The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  society  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies,  and  not  to  the  page  number. 


DIRECTORY  OF  MISSION  SOCIETY  OFFICERS        295 


Eddy,  G.  Sherwood  (141) 

Eddy,  Mrs.  Katherine  Willard  (142) 

Edgren,  Rev.  John  (32) 

Edwards,  Mrs.  B.  F.  (io6d) 

Eleazer,  Robert  B.  (89,  89a) 

EUett,  Mrs.  Louise  Urton  (56a) 

Elliot,  Mrs.  Henry  R.  (io6a,  io6b,  io6c, 

io6d,  io6e,  io6f) 
Endicott,  Rev.  James.  D.D.  (8) 
Epp,  Rev.  George  E.  (52) 
Erdman,  Rev.  Paul  (i32aia) 
Eugle,  Elder  S,  G.  (38) 

Fahs,  Charles  H.  (i3ia4) 
Faithfull,  Mrs.  Edgar  (181) 
Fancher,  Bertram  H.  (141) 
Farmer,  Rev.  Harry  (i32aia) 
Farrar,  Rev.  James  M.,  D.D.  (114c) 
Fellows,  Mrs.  N.  E.  (24) 
Felton,  Mrs.  Amelia  J.  (27a) 
Ferguson,  Rev.  T.  P.  (100) 
Ferrier,  Mrs.  W.  W.  (45c) 
Finkbeiner,  Mrs.  J.  G.  (S3a) 
Finks,  Miss  Theodora  (108) 
Fitzwater,  Rev.  P.  B.,  D.D.  (159) 
Fletcher,  Rev.  Oliver  M.  (150) 
Folger,  Mrs.  Anna  K.  (9Sa) 
Forbes,  Mrs.  G.  Ernest  (9a) 
Forsyth,  Rev.  D.  D.,  D.D.  (85) 
Foster,  Rev.  F.  M.,  Ph.D.  (109) 
Fouke,  Rev.  W.  H.,  D.D.  (53) 
Foulke,  William  (125) 
Fowle,  Luther  R.  (195) 
Fowles,  Rev.  George  M.,  D.D.  (84) 
Foxcroft,  Frederick  O.  (193) 
Franklin,  Rev.  James  H.,  D.D.  (29) 
Franklin,  Lewis  B.  (50) 
Fries,  Mrs.  W.  O.  (122a) 
Friesen,  Rev.  John  L.  (83) 
Frost,  Rev.  Henry  W.  (15,  160) 
Frost,  Lloyd  A.  (99) 
Fry,  T.  Ashton  (164) 
Fuerbringer,  Prof.  L.  (68) 
Fuessle,  Rev.  Eugene  E.  (i32aia) 
Fullerton,  Rev.  Baxter  P.,  D.D.  (107) 
Funk,  J.  A.,  M.D.  (i32aia) 
Furnas,  Elizabeth  C.  (s6a) 

Gailey,  Rev.  Robert  R.,  M.A.  (141a) 

Gamertsfelder,  Mrs.  S.  J.  (52) 

Gandier,    Rev.    Principal    Alfred,    M.A., 

D.D.,  LL.D.  (9.  131a) 
Garabrant,  D.  G.  (30) 
Gardiner,  David  (14,  159) 
Gardner,  Rev.  John  S.,  D.D.  (114c) 
Gamsey,  E.  D.  (181) 
Gates,  Rev.  Caleb  F.,  D.D.,  LL.D.  (195) 
Gaylord,  A.  F.  (177) 
Gaylord,  Irving  C.  (46) 
Gearhart,  William  A.  (37) 
Geddes,  Mrs.  Ross  J.  (44a) 
Gilbert.  Mrs.  Levi  (86) 
Glendinning,  R.  (177) 
Glenn,  Lewis  E.  (loia) 

Note. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  society  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies,  and  not  to  the  page  number. 


Glover,  Rev.  R.  H.,  M.D.  (40) 

Goddard,  Rev,  O.  E.,  D.D.  (89) 

Good,  Rev.  James  I.,  D.D.,  LL.D.  (115) 

Goodwin,  Deaconess  Henrietta  R.  (50a) 

Gordon,  Miss  Anna  Adams  (140) 

Goss,  Mrs.  John  W.  (io6e) 

Goucher,  Rev.  John  F.,  D.D.  (i3ia9) 

Goudie,  Rev.  Samuel  (6) 

Gould,  Rev.  Canon  S.,  M.D.  (2) 

Graebner,  Prof.  Theo.  (68) 

Graeflf,  Miss  Lillian  C.  (53a) 

Graf,  Mrs.  Mary  M.  (104) 

Graham,  A.  A..  D.D.  (27) 

Grant,  W.  Henry  (131,  iQo) 

Grantham,  James  (i32aib) 

Gravett,  Pastor  Joshua  (157) 

Gray,  Rev.  Arthur  R.,  D.D.  (50) 

Gray,  Rev.  B.  D..  D.D.  (3S) 

Griggs,  Miss  Katharine  C.  (190) 

Grose,  Rev.  Howard  B.,  D.D.  (29,  29a, 

30,  31) 
Grubb,  Rev.  S.  M.  (82) 
Gruhler,  Mrs.  W.  J.  (S3a) 
Gynild,  Rev.  E.  E.  (64) 

Hadley,  Ross  A.  (56) 

Haeffner,  Rev.  J.  (67) 

Haggard,  Rev.  Fred.  P.,  D.D.  (132a) 

Haines,  Miss  Mary  M.  (S5) 

Haines,  Robert  B.,  Jr.  (174) 

Halford,  Col.  E.  W.  (134) 

Hall,  Mrs.  P.  P.  (2a) 

Hall,  William  Phillips  (126,  181) 

Halleen,  Rev.  E.  A.  (120) 

Halliday,  Miss  Vernon  (130,  138) 

Halsey,   Rev.   A.   Woodruff,    D.D.    (106, 

I3iaii,  19s) 
Hamilton,  J.  D.  (89) 
Hamilton,  Dr.  L.  S.  M.  (12) 
Hamilton,  Mrs.  W.  (19) 
Hancock,  Miss  Emma  R.  (142) 
Handy,  Mrs.  Mary  F.  (87b) 
Hanley,  Mrs.  C.  S.  (189) 
Hanley,  Rev.  C.  S.  (189) 
Hannum,  Rev.  William  H.  (i32aia) 
Hansen,  Rev.  I.  M.  (63) 
Hapgood,  Powers  (166) 
Harder,  Rev.  D.  E.  (83) 
Harder,  Rev.  Gustav  (82) 
Harford,  Mrs.  L.  R.  (122a) 
Harlan,  Rolvix,  D.D.  (30) 
Harris,  Mrs.  W.  R.  (iisa) 
Harrison,  Mrs.  Ida  W.  (49) 
Hartzler,  Rev.  H.  B.,  D.D.  (53) 
Harvey,  Mrs.  E.  L.  (96) 
Harvey,  Miss  Harriet  (17s) 
Haskins,  Miss  Sara  Estelle  (89.  89a) 
Haven,  Rev.  William  I.,  D.D.  (125,  136) 
Haviland,  Walter  W.  {SS) 
Hawley,  J.  W.  (i32aic) 
Hay.  Rev.  John  (168) 
Hay,  Mrs.  Margaret  (17) 
Heebner,  Rev.  H.  K.  (119) 
Heebner,  William  K.  (119) 


296        DIRECTORY  OF  MISSION  SOCIETY  OFFICERS 


Heisey.  Elder  J.  L.  (38) 

Helfenstein,  Mrs.  Lulu  C.  (41a) 

Helliwell,  Mrs.  Grant  (12) 

Helmer,  Frederic  F.  (15,  160) 

Hendel,  William  H.  (53) 

Hendrickson,  Rev.  William  H.  (181) 

Henley.  Mrs.  J.  C.  (130) 

Hering.  Miss  Hollis  W.,  M.A.  (i3ia4a) 

Hiatt.  Edgar  F.  (56) 

Hiebert,  Rev.  N.  N.  (74) 

Hill,  Mrs.  Edward  Yates  (175) 

Hill.  Mrs.  J.  B.  (ma) 

Hill.  Rev.  John  B..  D.D.  (i32ai) 

Hill.  Mrs.  Thomas  (4) 

Hitchcock.  Rev.  A.  N..  D.D,  (45) 

Hjerpe,  Rev.  H.  G.  (121) 

Hobbs,  Mrs.  Leonora  N.  (s6a) 

Hofer.  D.  M,  (83) 

Holdren.  W.  E.  (141) 

Hoist,  Rev.  M.  (62) 

Hooper,  Miss  Florence  (84a) 

Horn,  Miss  E.  L.  (S2a) 

Hosmer.  John  G.  (45) 

Houghton.  Mrs.  Louise  Seymour  (l7S) 

Hounshell,  Rev.  C.  G.  (89) 

Hovey,  Rev.  George  Rice.  D.D.  (30) 

Howard,  Bishop  A.  T.,  D.D.  (122) 

Howe.  Rev.  J.  (123) 

Howell.  Miss  Mabel  K.  (89,  89a) 

Huggins.  G.  E.  (166) 

Hughes.  Rev.  J.  H.,  D.D.  (27) 

Hult.  Rev.  Adolph  (71) 

Hume.  Miss  M.  E.  (ic) 

Hunter,  Rev.  John  H.  (156) 

Huntington,  George  B.  (29) 

Hupfield.  Mrs.  Henry  (93) 

Hurlbut,  Mrs.  S.  E.  (4Sb) 

Hurst,  Mrs.  B.  K.  (87b) 

Hutchison,  Mrs.  David  (ic) 

Iley.  Rev.  James  (91) 

Inman.  Rev.  Samuel  G.  (i32aia.  133) 

Innes,  George  (143) 

Isaac,  Alfred  E.  (30) 

Jaderquist,  Rev.  J.  E.  (40) 
Jeffers.  C.  A.  (164) 
Jenkins,  Edward  C.  (141) 
Jenningi,  Mrs.  H.  C.  (86) 
Jennings,  Mrs.  S.  C.  (31) 
Jensen,  Mrs.  F.  E.  (69a) 
Jensen,  Howard  E.  (i32aia) 
Jensen,  Mrs.  Lillian  C.  (90a) 
Jesup,  Charles  M.,  Esq.  (149) 
Johnson,  Arthur  S.  (166) 
Johnson,  Mrs.  Frank  L.  (49) 
Johnson,  Rev.  George  (52) 
Johnson,  Bishop  J.  Albert,  D.D.  (87) 
Johnson,  Rev.  J.  S.  (189) 
Johnson,  Rev.  O.  J..  D.D.  (71) 
Johnson,  Rev.  Weston  T.  (106) 
Jones.  E.  C.,  Ph.D.  (144a) 
Jones,  Rev.  E.  J..  D.D.  (112) 
Jones.  Ernest  (22) 

Note. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies,  and  not 


Jones,  Sylvester  (56) 

Jones,  Thomas  J.  (158) 

Jordan,  Rev.  L.  G.,  D.D.  (28,  28a) 

Kalbfleisch,  P.  J.  (79) 

Kanage,  Mrs.  Efiie  (123a) 

KaufTman,  Mrs.  Alva  (122a) 

Kaufifman,  Bishop  Daniel  (73) 

Keiter,  Rev.  W.  D.  C.,  D.D.  (70) 

Kelewer,  Rev.  J.  W.  (82) 

Kelley,  Mrs.  Frank  B.  (17s) 

Kelsey,  Clarence  H.  (197) 

Kelsey,  Rev.  H.  H.,  D.D.  (45) 

Kelso,  Miss  Leonora  (187) 

Kennedy,  Mrs.  G.  A.  (io6b) 

Kent,  Mrs.  B.  (19) 

Kerr,  J.  H.  S.  (20) 

King,  Rev.  Charles  F.,  D.D.  (23) 

King,  Henry  C,  LL.D.  (46) 

King,  Rev.  William  R.,  D.D.  (107) 

Kingsley,  William  M.  (196) 

Kirrmann,  Rev.  E.  C,  Ph.D.  (i32aia) 

Klein,  Rev.  Fred  C.  (92) 

Knoflf,  Mrs.  M.  W.  (60) 

Knox,  Rev.  W.  T.  (25) 

Kofoid,  Mrs.  C.  A.  (450) 

Kouwenhoven,  W.  W.  (181) 

Krammes,  Mrs.  B.  B.  (115a) 

Krechting,  Mrs.  J.  P.  (69a) 

Kreider,  Rev.  Charles  D.  (97) 

Kretzschmar,  Rev.  Richard  (68) 

Kulp,  Rev.  George  B.  (60) 

Kumm.  Dr.  H.  K.  W.  (184) 

Kyle,  Miss  Alice  M.  (45a) 

Kyle.  Rev.  M.  G.,  D.D.,  LL.D.  (iii) 

Lafiamme,  H.  F.  (173) 

Lambert,  G.  A.  (122) 

Lambert,  Rev.  William  (78) 

Lambuth,  Bishop  W.  R.  (89) 

Lamson,  Miss  Kate  C.  (45a) 

Lansing,  Hon.  Robert  (132) 

Lathern,  Miss  L.  B.  (8a) 

Latimer,  Rev.  James  V.  (i32aia) 

Latimer,  Robert  L.  (iii) 

Laycock,  Mrs.  Washington  (31) 

Layton,  Mrs.  S.  W.  (28a) 

Lee,  Mrs.  John  Harvey  (io6c) 

Lee,  Mrs.  Lucius  O.  (4Sb) 

Lehman,  Rev.  L.  J.  (75) 

Lehmann,  Rev.  T.  (54) 

Lemberger,  Joseph  L.,  Phar.D.  (115) 

Lentz,  Mrs.  E.  W.  (115a) 

Lerrigo,  Rev.  P.  H.  J.,  M.D.  (29) 

Lewis,  Miss  Amy  G.  (84a) 

Lewis,  Rev.  Henry,  Ph.D.  (126) 

Lindenmeyer,  Rev.  Samuel  (54) 

Lindley.  Miss  M.  G.  (soa) 

Linn,  Edgar  C.  (179) 

Lipphard,  William  B.  (29) 

Llewellyn.  J.  S.  (42) 

Lloyd.  Rt.  Rev.  Arthur  S..  D.D.  (50.  soa. 

I3iai2) 
Lobdell.  Mrs.  Marian  W.  (124a) 

the  number  of  the  society  as  found  in  the 
to  the  page  number. 


DIRECTORY  OF  MISSION  SOCIETY  OFFICERS        297 


Matheson,  The  Most  Rev.  S.  P.,  D.D.' 

Primate  (2) 
Matthews,  Mrs.  Albert  (la) 
Mattson,  Rev.  Johan  (64) 
Mattson,  Mrs.  Johan  (64a) 
Mayer,  Rev.  Otto  (i32aib) 
Meckel,  Rev.  T.  C.  (52) 
Menzel,  Rev.  Paul  A.  (54) 
Merrill,  Miss  Effie  A.  (84a) 
Messinger,  Miss  Emma  D.  (53.  S3a) 
Metheny,  S.  A.  S.,  M.D.  (109) 
Miatt,  Miss  L.  M.  (4) 
Middlemiss,  Mrs.  James  (181) 
Millar,  William  B.  (134) 
Miller,  Mrs.  George  H.  (93) 
Miller,  Rev.  J.  Allen,  D.D.  (37) 
Miller,  L.  O.  (122) 
Millikin,  B.  C.  (106) 
Mills,  Rev.  Samuel  J.  (i32aia) 
Minton.  Rev.  W.  P.  (41) 
Mitchell,  Rev.  R.  Bland  (so) 
Moench,  Bishop  C.  L.,  D.D.  (97) 
Moffett,  Mrs.  Susanne  (49) 
Montgomery,  Mrs.  Helen  Barrett  (29a) 
Moody,  Mrs.  Margaret  L.  (163) 
Moore,  Prof.  E.  C,  D.D.  (45) 
Moore,  Mrs.  Frank  Gardner  (187) 
Moore,  Mrs.  George  (ma) 
Moore,  George  A.  (3) 
Moore,  George  H.  (56) 
Morehead,  Mrs.  W.  F.  (69a) 
Morgan,  Rev.  George,  D.D.  (136) 
Morrill,  Mrs.  M.  T.  (41a) 
Moses,  Rev.  Jasper  T.  (i32aia) 
Motley,  Mrs.  P.  B.  (ib) 
Mott,  John  R.,  LL.D.  (128,  128a,  I3ia8, 

132,  138,  141) 
Murray,  Rev,  J.  Lovell  (138) 
Murray,  William  D.  (141) 
Musser,  Rev.  E.  W.  (38) 

Nelson,  Rev.  S.  S.  (60) 

Newcomer,  Mrs.  Mary  B.  (162) 

Nichols,  E.  B.  (123b) 

Nichols,  F.  J.  (141) 

Niebel,  Rev.  B.  H.,  D.D.  (53) 

Nimmo,  Mrs.  W.  P..  (34a) 

Norris,  J.  A.,  Esq.  (13) 

Norris,  Mrs.  J.  A.  (13) 

North,  Rev.  Eric  M.,  Ph.D.  (i32aib.  146) 

North,  Rev.  Frank  Mason,  D.D.  (84,  129) 

Northam,  Mrs.  W.  L.  (95a) 

Nuveen,  Mrs.  John  (31) 

Olcott,  E.  E.  (134.  143) 
Olmstead,  Miss  Susan  H.  (191) 
Olmstead,  Rev.  William  B.  (90) 
Olsen,  O.  C.  (62) 
Osborne,  Charles  W.  (114c) 

Palmer,  Garner  (161) 
Palmer,  Rev.  Orson  R.  (150) 
Parkhurst.  Rev.  Charles  H.,  D.D.,  LL.D. 
(190) 

Note.— The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  society  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies,  and  not  to  the  page  number. 


Locher,  Rev.  C.  W.  (54) 
Loew,  Mrs.  F.  A.  (123,  123a) 
Logan,  Rev.  J.  T.  (90) 
Lohre,  Rev.  N.  J.,  M.A.  (72) 
Longstreth,  Miss  S.  M.  (55) 
Loomis,  Rev.  Samuel  Lane,  D.D.  (46) 
Love,  Rev.  J.  F.,  D.D.  (34) 
Loveland,  Miss  Elizabeth  S.  (149) 
Lowndes,  Mrs.  W.  C.  (34a) 
Lyman,  Miss  Mary  I.  (45b) 

McAU,  Robert  L.  (i32aia) 
McBride,  Rev.  George  M.  (i32aia) 
McBrier,  E.  M.  (146) 
McCartee,  Miss  Elsie  E.  (188) 
McCarty,  Rev.  E.  F.  (95) 
McCausland,  Norman  S.  (51) 
McClain,  Rev.  Alva  J.  (37) 
McClurkin,  Rev.  J.  K.,  D.D.  (143) 
McCord,  Rev.  E.  K.  (41) 
McCoy,  Mrs.  James  H.  (89) 
McCulloch,  Mrs.  J.  F.  (93) 
McCulloch,  William  P.  (138) 
Macdonald,  Mrs.  J.  A.  (9b) 
McDougall,  Miss  Eleanor  (144) 
McDowell,  Rev.  John,  D.D.  (107) 
McDowell,  Mrs.  William  Eraser  (84a) 
Macfarland,    Rev.     Charles     S.,      D.D. 

(129) 
McFeeters,  Rev.  J,  C,  D.D.  (109) 
MacGillivray,  Mrs.  John  (9b) 
McGuffin,  Miss  E.  J.  H.  (8a) 
Mackay,  Rev.  R.  P.,  D.D.  (9) 
Mackensen,  Rev.  H.  (72) 
Mackenzie,  Rev.  Kenneth  (168) 
Mackenzie,  Rev.  T.  H.,  D.D.  (114) 
Mackenzie,  W.  Douglas,  D.D.  (131b) 
MacLachlan,  R.  J.  (30) 
MacLaren,  Rev.  D.  C,  D.D.  (194) 
McLean,  Rev.  A.,  D.D.  (47,  48,  145) 
MacLeish,  Mrs.  Andrew  (29a) 
McMillan,  A.  B.  (no) 
McMuUan,  Miss  Janet  (io6c) 
MacMurchy,  Miss  Bessie  (9b) 
MacMurray,  John  (i32aib) 
Macnab,  Mrs.  William  (9a) 
MacNaughtan,  David  (159) 
Malcolm,  A.  G.  (17) 
Malcolm,  Rev.  A.  M.  (103) 
Mallory,  Miss  Kathleen  (34a) 
Manierre,  Charles  E.  (173) 
Manley,  J.  E.  (141) 
Mann,  Frank  H.  (125) 
Manning,  Rev.  Charles  E.  (8,  8a) 
Manning,  Mrs.  J.  W.  (ic) 
Marcelius,  Rev.  D.  (121) 
Mare,  Miss  Eleanor  (29a) 
Markham,  Rev.  Reuben  H.  (i32aia) 
Marling,  Alfred  E.  (131,  131a) 
Marquis,  Rev.  John  A.,  D.D.  (107) 
Marshall,  Raymond  E.  (i32aia) 
Mason,  Rev.  D.  J.  (103) 
Mason,  Rev.  Walter  C.  (i32aia) 
Masters,  Miss  Clara  E.  (188) 


298 


DIRECTORY  OF  MISSION  SOCIETY  OFFICERS 


Parkhurst,  Mrs.  Charles  H.  (i7S) 

Parkinson,  Rev.  G.  G.,  D.D.  (102) 

Parks.  Rev.  John  (no) 

Parrish,  Mrs.  M.  V.  (28a) 

Parsons,  Herbert  (190) 

Partridge.  Miss  Jennie  (lo6b) 

Patterson,  Graham  (16) 

Patterson,  J.  M.  (106) 

Patterson,  Dr.  Margaret  (12) 

Patton,  C.  E.  (i32aia) 

Patton.   Rev.    Cornelius   H.,    D.D.    (45, 

I3ia3) 
Paxton,  Mrs.  G.  M.  (44a) 
Payne,  Mrs.  EUie  K.  (49) 
Payne,  N.  H.  (79) 
Peabody,  Mrs.  H.  W.  (29a) 
Peach,  Rev.  Preston  L.  (i32aia) 
Pearce,  Mrs.  Lida  B.  (49) 
Pearce,  Rev.  McLeod  MiUigan  (109) 
Pearce,  Mrs.  Richard  M.  (io6c) 
Pearce,  Bishop  William  (90) 
Pegues,  Rev.  A.  W.  (27) 
Pepper,  John  R.  (89) 
Perkins,  Mrs.  Abraham  R.  (175) 
Perrine,  Mrs.  Mabel  (9Sa) 
Perry,  Arthur  (146) 
Perry,  Delbert  K.  (165) 
Phelps,  J.  W.  (43) 
Phillips,  Mrs.  A.  M.  (8a) 
Phraner,  Francis  S.  (190) 
Pierson,  D.  L.  (130,  147) 
Pim,  Miss  Rachel  (58) 
Pinson,  Rev.  W.  W.,  D.D.  (89,  i3iaio) 
Plopper,  C.  W.  (48) 
Pollock,  Rev.  A.  P.  (3) 
Poorman,  Rev.  John  H.  (115) 
Potter,  F.  M.  (114) 
Powell,  Mrs.  Ambrose  V.  (io6f) 
Powell,  Mrs.  N.  A.  (8a) 
Pratt.  Rev.  Charles  H.  (105) 
Prescott.  Miss  Nellie  G.  (29a) 
Prescott,  Rev.  W.  W..  M.A.  (25) 
Pressly,  Rev.  F.  Y.,  D.D.  (102) 
Proehl,  Rev.  C.  (67) 

Ralph.  Martin  (193) 
Ralston,  Mrs.  B.  W.  (ic) 
Ramabai,  Pundita  (179) 
Randolph,  Mrs.  A.  B.  (27a) 
Randolph.  Miss  Emma  G.  (56a) 
Rankin,  Rev.  James  W.,  D.D.  (87) 
Rausch.  Rev.  E.  (67) 
Rawlings.  Rev.  E.  H.,  D.D.  (89) 
Ray,  Mrs.  S.  B.  (51a) 
Ray.  Rev.  T.  B..  D.D.  (34) 
Read,  Rev.  G.  E.,  D.D.  (27) 
Reed,  Miss  Carrie  M.  (ma) 
Reed.  Rev.  Orville.  Ph.D.  (106) 
Rees,  Luther  (158) 
Reeves.  A.  L.  (29) 
Reist.  Rev.  Theo.  (7) 
Revell.  Fleming  H.  (135) 
Reynolds.  Rev.  H.  F..  D.D.  (98) 
Rhoads.  Miss  Lydia  W.  (55) 


Richert.  Rev.  P.  H.  (82) 
Richter,  Rev.  P.,  D.D.  (67) 
Risberg,  Prof.  Fridolf,  D.D.  (117) 
Robbins.  Rev.  Joseph  C,  D.D.  (29) 
Roberts,  Rev.  Edward  (112) 
Roberts.  Philip  I.  (132) 
Robinson.  Rev.  A.  R..  D.D.  (28) 
Roffe,  Rev.  A.  W.  (14.  17,  20) 
Rogers.  Miss  Martha  (la) 
Romig.  Rev.  John  S..  D.D.  (97) 
Rosenberger.  Mrs.  S.  W.  (93) 
Ross,  Mrs.  F.  H.  E.  (89,  89a) 
Ross.  Mrs.  W.  E,  (8a) 
Rowell,  Miss  Mary  A.  (41a) 
Rudolph.  Bishop  Robert  L..  D.D.  (51) 
Rudolph.  Mrs.  Robert  S.  (51a) 
Rupp.  Ben  (81) 
Russell.  Miss  F.  M.  (ib) 
Russell,  Miss  Mary  (9b) 
Russell,  Rev.  R.  L.,  D.D.  (89) 

Saeterlie,  Rev.  M.  (66) 

Sailer,  T.  H.  P..  Ph.D.  (106) 

St.  John,  Rev.  Burton  (i3ia9a,  138) 

Sanders,  Rev.  Frank  K.,  Ph.D.  (131b) 

Sanders,  George  N.  (34) 

Sanderson,  Mrs.  Mary  E.  (140) 

Sandison,  George  H.  (161) 

Sands,  Mrs.  J.  D.  (ma) 

Sandt,  George  W.,  D.D.  (69) 

Sandven,  Rev.  J.  N.  (66) 

Saul,  Rev.  John  S.  (99) 

Saunders,  Rev.  George  W.  (90) 

Saunders,  Miss  Una  (11) 

Savage,  Mrs.  Mary  M.  (4) 

Schaffer.  Rev.  J.  R.  (168) 

Schell.  Rev.  William  P.  (106) 

Schellenberg,  Rev.  A.  L.  (74) 

Schneider,  Rev.  J.  H.  (65) 

Schultz,  John  H.  (119) 

Schuurman,  Miss  Gertrude  (i32aia) 

Scott,  D.  H.  (158) 

Scott,  Rev.  E.,  D.D.  (9) 

Scott.  Rev.  George  T.  (106) 

Scudder,  Rev.  Walter  T..  D.D.  (132a) 

Seebach.  Mrs.  Julius  F.  (69a) 

Sellers,  Mrs.  Ida  (123a) 

Seneker.  Rev.  James  S.  (i32aib) 

Sharp.  Thomas  S.  (138) 

Shaw.  E.  J.  (13) 

Shaw.  Rev.  Edwin  (33,  33b) 

Shaw,  Rev.  J.  L..  M.A.  (25) 

Shaw.  William.  LL.D.  (127) 

Sheibley,  Miss  Mabel  M.  (108) 

Shellabear,     Rev.     William     G.,     D.D. 

(i32aia) 
Shcnstone.  J.  N.  (i) 
Sherk.  B.  A.  (77) 
Shoemaker.  Bishop  J.  S.  (73) 
Shultz,  Mrs.  H.  D.  (53a) 
vSilcox.  Rev.  E.  D.  (3) 
Silcox.  Miss  L.  M.  (4) 
Simmons,  Mrs.  S.  G.  (87a) 
Simpson,  Rev.  A.  B.,  D.D.  (40) 


Note.— The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  society  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies,  and  not  to  the  page  number. 


DIRECTORY  OP  MISSION  SOCIETY  OFFICERS        299 


Sinnamon,  H.  H.  (si) 

Slater,  Miss  A.  L.  (2a) 

Smissen,  Rev.  C.v.d.  (82) 

Smith,  Rev.  A.  Lloyd.  M.A.  (8) 

Smith.  Rev.  Edward  Lincoln,  D.D.  (45, 

4Sd) 
Smith,  Rev.  Egbert  W.,  D.D.  (105,  I3ia7) 
Smith,  P.  G.  (43) 
Smith.  Rev.  George  (16) 
Smith,  Ida  V.  (88a) 
Smith.  Mrs.  Mary  (ic) 
Smith,  Wade  C.  (105,  losa) 
Smucker,  Vernon  (73) 
Snyder,  Rev.  J.  G.  (181) 
Somerville,  Rev.  John,  D.D.  (9) 
Speer,  Robert  E.,  D.D.  (106,  131c,  133, 

14s) 
Speers,  James  M.  (131,  134,  138.  173) 
Spencer,  Rev.  David  S.  (i32aia) 
Spencer,  Rev.  P.  M.  (155) 
Sperry,  Rev.  Paul  (99) 
Spicer,  Rev.  W.  A.  (25) 
Spreng,  Mrs.  E.  M.  (S2a) 
Spreng,  Miss  L.  Ethel  (52a) 
Springer,  Rev.  J.  M.  (i32aia) 
Stamm,  Mrs.  J.  S.  (52a) 
Standley,  Rev.  M.  G.  (60) 
Standley,  Mrs.  M.  G.  (60) 
Stark,  Mrs.  C.  T.  (19) 

Stark,  Mrs.  Harry  L.  (19) 

Staub,  Albert  W.  (196) 

Stearns,  Mrs.  J.  McDaniel  (49) 

Steckley,  Miss  A.  E.  (21) 

Stedman,  Miss  Alice  E.  (29a) 

Steele.  Mrs.  Hume  R.  (89.  130) 

Steele,  Mrs.  J.  J.  (9b) 

Steele,  Joseph  M.  (109) 

Stemen.  S.  A.  (123) 

Stephenson,  Rev.  Frederick  C,  M.D.  (8) 

Stevenson,  Pres.  J.  Ross,  D.D.  (138) 

Stillwell,  Rev.  Harry  E.,  B.A.  (i) 

Stilwell,  H.  P.,  D.D.  (30) 

Stolee,  Prof.  M.  J.  (66) 

Stone,  Rev.  Henry  (23) 

Stone,  Rev.  J.  Sumner,  M.D.  (170) 

Stoner,  Mrs.  George  W.  (44a) 

Strachan,  Mrs.  E.  S.  (8a) 

Strong,  Rev.  William  E..  D.D.  (45) 

Strong,  William  M.  (155) 

Stump,  V.  L.  (38) 

Sturgis,  William  C.,  Ph.D.  (50) 

Swengel,  Rev.  U.  P.,  D.D.  (53) 

Swift,  Rev.  Judson,  D.D.  (126) 

Tag,  Louis  (126) 
Taubert,  Rev.  C.  (67) 
Taugjerd,  Rev.  Peter  (66) 
Taylor,  Miss  Harriet  (142) 
Taylor,  Rev.  James  M.,  D.D.  (186) 
Taylor,  L.  H.  (165) 
Taylor,  Rev.  Mills  J.  (iii) 
Taylor,  S.  Earl,  LL.D.  (84,  132) 
Taylor,  Mrs.  Sarah  K.  (154) 
Taylor,  Rev.  W.  E.,  M.A.,  Ph.D.  (2) 


Tebbetts.  Charles  E.  (56) 
Telleen,  S.  P.  (70) 
Tewksbury,  M.  G.  (i32aia) 
Thaxter,  Mrs.  B.  A.  (io6e) 
Thirkield,  Mrs.  Wilbur  P.  (86) 
Thomas,  Rev.  O.  S.  (41) 
Thompson,  Mrs.  D.  D.  (86) 
Thurber,  S.  W.  (152) 
Tillotson,  Miss  Emily  C.  (50a) 
Tinckom-Fernandez,  William  G.  (132) 
Titus,  Mrs.  M.  M.  (123a) 
Tomlinson,  A.  J.  (42) 
Tompkins,  Charles  A.  (so) 
Traver,  Mrs.  J.  G.  (69a) 
Trotter,  Mrs..T.  (la) 
Trout,  Miss  Daisy  June  (49) 
Truedson,  Rev.  N.  P.  (32) 
Trull,  Rev.  George  H.  (106) 
Trumbull,  Charles  G.  (139) 
Turnbull,  Rev.  W.  M.,  D.D.  (40) 
Turner.  Pennell  P.  (131a,  131b) 

Updegraph,  Rev.  J.  L.  (44) 

Vance,  Rev.  James  L..  D.D.  (los) 
Vanderbilt,     Rev.     William     E.,     D.D. 

(i32aia) 
Vander  Werf,  Rev.  Seth  (114c) 
Van  Nest,  Miss  Katharine  (114b) 
Varney,  Rev.  P.  W.,  D.D.  (92) 
Vedantachan,  C.  R.  (154) 
Vickers,  Mrs.  C.  E.  (s6a) 
Villers,  Rev.  Thomas  J.,  D.D.  (29) 
Vincent,  Rev.  Howell  S.,  D.D.  (i32aia) 

Walker,  Mrs.  J.  A.  (151) 

Wallace,  Rev.  Robert  (15) 

Wallis,  Miss  Bessie  (9a) 

Wanamaker,  John  (139) 

Warner,  Frank  H.  (4Sd) 

Warren,  W.  R.  (48,  49) 

Watson,    Rev.    Charles   R.,    D.D,    (iii, 

I3ia4,  143) 
Watson,  W.  G.  (8) 
Watt,  Miss  Lila,  B.A.  (10) 
Watts,  Rev.  Orlando  S.  (94) 
Wayland.  Mrs.  H.  L.  (17s) 
Webb,  Mrs.  James  A.,  Jr.  (io6a,  142) 
Wee,  Prof.  M.  O.  (72) 
Weier,  Mrs.  Nettie  C.  (69a) 
Weld,  Rev.  William  E.,  Ph.D.  (i32aib) 
Wells,    Prof.    Amos   R.,    LL.D.,    Litt.D. 

(127) 
Westfall.  Mrs.  Katherine  S.  (31) 
Westgate,  Rev.  T.  B.  R..  D.D.  (2) 
Wheeler,  Miss  Emily  Crosby  (iS3) 
Whipple,  Rev.  J.  S.  (96) 
White,  Rev.  Charles  L.,  D.D.  (30) 
White,  Rev.  Francis  S.  (so) 
White,  J.  Campbell  (i32a3) 
White,  Miss  M.  K.  (io6a) 
White,  Rev.  Stanley,  D.D.  (106,  I32aia) 
Whittemore,  L.  A.  (iss) 
Whittlesey,  Roger  B.  (160) 


Note. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  society  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies,  and  not  to  the  page  number. 


300        DIRECTORY  OP  MISSION  SOCIETY  OFFICERS 


Wickson,  Mrs.  John  H.  (4) 

Wiener,  Rev.  B.  R.  (52) 

Wiest.  Rev.  S.  L.  (53) 

Wiggin,  Frank  H.  (45) 

Wilbur,  Prof.  W.  A.  (29) 

WUcox,  B.  B.  (141) 

Wilcox,  Rev.  Francis  M.  (25) 

Wilder,  Amos  P.,  Ph.D.  (197) 

Wilder,  Robert  P.  (138) 

Wildman,  Dr.  J.  Gray  (12) 

Wilkins,  Mrs.  Marietta  B.  (124a) 

Willett,  J.  S.  (95) 

Williams,  Mrs.  Alice  M.  (170) 

Williams,  Mrs.  E.  (184) 

Williams.  E.  A.,  Esq.  (2) 

Williams,  Prof.  F.  WeUs  (197) 

Williams,  Rev.  H.  F.,  D.D,  (105) 

Williams,  Rev.  J.  H.  B.  (36) 

Williamson,  Mrs.  Oliver  R.  (io6f) 

Willis,  Edwin  F.  (105) 

Wilson,  Rev.  Bert  (48) 

Wilson,  Mrs.  Clara  (9Sa) 

Wilson,  Rev.  Findley  M.,  D.D.  (109) 

Wilson,  Bishop  Luther  B.,  D.D.,  LL.D. 

(84,  146) 
WUson,  R.  B.  (189) 
WUson,  Mrs.  W.  R.  (ma) 
Wing,  Asa  S.  (174) 


Winsborough,  Mrs.  W.  C.  (lOSa) 
Winton.  Rev.  George  B.,  D.D.  (133) 
Withers,  Miss  Frances  H.  (soa) 
Wolf,  Rev.  L.  B.,  D.D.  (69) 
Wood.  Rev.  C.  L.,  D.D.  (123) 
Wood.  Edward  C.  (178) 
Wood,  Rev.  J.  W.,  D.D.  (88) 
Wood,  James  (125) 
Wood,  John  W..  D.C.L.  (50) 
Woodman,  Charles  M.  (56) 
Woodruff,  Rev.  Henry  C.  (139a) 
Woodruff,  Mrs.  May  Leonard  (86) 
Woodward,  Walter  C.  (56) 
Wootan,  James  B.  (106,  107) 
Worcester,  Elder  L.  B.  (59) 
Worrell,  J.  A.,  K.C.,  D.C.L.  (2) 
Wright,  Rev.  Archibald  R.  (159) 
Wylie,  J.  O.  (193) 

Yahn,  Dr.  S.  G.  (44,  44a) 
Yahn,  Mrs.  S.  G.  (44a) 
Yocum,  Rev.  C.  M.  (48) 
Yoder,  Rev.  A.  B.  (76) 
Yoder,  Rev.  C.  Z.  (73) 

Zimmermann,  J.  F.  (i32ai) 
Zook,  Elder  J.  M.  (59) 
Zook,  Bishop  J.  R.    38) 


Note.— The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  society  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies,  and  not  to  the  page  number. 


INTERNATIONAL  SYSTEM  OF  INITIALS  FOR 
PROTESTANT  MISSIONARY  SOCIETIES 

The  complete  "International  System"  of  initials  for  Protestant 
foreign  missionary  societies  is  appended.  This  has  been  adopted  as 
official  by  the  editors  of  the  Christian  Movement  in  the  Japanese 
Empire,  the  Foreign  Sui'vey  Department  of  the  Interchurch  World 
Movement  and  the'  Bureau  of  Statistics  and  Research  of  the  Foreign 
Missions  Conference  of  North  America.  With  a  few  exceptions,  it 
is  identical  with  the  list  used  in  the  Directory  of  Protestant  Missions 
in  China,  1919. 

The  reader  will  note  that  the  initials  are  largely  those  employed 
in  the  World  Statistics  of  Christian  Missions,  1916,  but  various  changes 
have  been  made  to  bring  them  into  conformity,  as  nearly  as  might 
be,  with  the  lists  already  in  use  in  various  parts  of  the  world.  Other 
alterations  have  been  made  where  it  was  felt  that  there  was  liability 
toward  confusion,  or  that  the  initials  previously  in  use  violated  the 
established  usage  of  the  society.  Where  the  initials  of  a  foreign  so- 
ciety had  been  made  from  an  English  translation  of  its  name  rather 
than  from  the  original,  a  change  has  been  made,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
"Missionsgesellschaft  der  deutschen  Baptisten,"  whose  initials,  MGB, 
were  changed  to  MDB. 

Considerable  confusion  has  arisen  in  the  past  from  the  use  of  the 
letter  '*A"  for  both  American  and  Australian,  which  has  been  avoided 
by  substituting  "Au"  in  the  case  the  Australian  societies.  Similarly, 
"As"  for  "Asia"  or  "Asian."  Canada  and  China  have  been  distin- 
guished in'some'cases  by  the  use  of  "Ch"  for  China. 


301 


INTERNATIONAL  SYSTEM  OF  INITIALS  FOR 
MISSIONARY  SOCIETIES 


AACM 


U.  S.  A. 


AAM 
ABCFM 

U.  S.  A. 
U.  S.  A. 

ABF 

ABGM 

ABH 

ABHW 

ABS 

ACGC 

U.  S.  A. 
China 
U.  S.  A. 
U.  S.  A. 
U.  S.  A. 
U.  S. A. 

AEM 
AEPM 

England 
Germany 

AFCU 
AFFM 
AFIA 

U.  S.  A. 
U.  S.  A. 
U.  S.  A. 

AFM 
AFO 

U.  S.  A. 

AFP 

U.  S.  A. 

AG 
AGE 

U.  S.  A. 
U.  S.  A. 

AH 
AHC 

Japan 
U.  S.  A. 

AIM 

AIMA 

ALU 

International 
Australia 
U.  S.  A. 

AMA 
AMB 
AME 

U.  S.  A. 
Algeria 
U.  S.  A. 

AMEZ 

U.  S.  A. 

ANL 

U.  S.  A. 

APC 
ARP 

U.  S.  A. 
U.  S.  A. 

ASTS 

ATS 

AuBM 

AUC 

AuM 

AuP 

U.  S.  A. 
U.  S.  A. 
Australia 
U.  S.  A. 
Australia 
Australia 

AWAS 

B 

BB&TD 

BBM 

BBU 

U.  S.  A. 
Switzerland 
China 
U.  S.  A. 
Bahamas 

Woman's  Home  and  Foreign  Mission  Society  of  the 
Advent  Christian  Denomination 

American  Advent  Mission  Society 

American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign 
Missions 

American  Baptist  Foreign  Mission  Society 

Gospel  Baptist  Mission 

American  Baptist  Home  Mission  Society 

Woman's  American  Baptist  Home  Mission  Society 

American  Bible  Society 

Trustees  of  the  American  College  for  Girls  at  Con- 
stantinople 

Angola  Evangelical  Mission 

Allgemeiner  evangelisch-protestantischer  Missions- 
verein 

American  and  Foreign  Christian  Union 

American  Friends  Board  of  Foreign  Missions 

Associated  Executive  Committee  of  Friends  (Or- 
thodox) on  Indian  Affairs 

Apostolic  P'aith  Missionaries 

Friends'  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  Ohio 
Yearly  Meeting 

Foreign  Missionary  Association  of  Friends  of 
Philadelphia 

General  Council  of  the  Assemblies  of  God 

Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  General  Asso- 
ciation of  General  Baptists  in  the  United  States 

Akasaka  Hospital 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  International 
Apostolic  Holiness  Church 

Africa  Inland  Mission 

Aboriginal  Inland  Mission 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  United  Lutheran 
Church  in  America 

American  Missionary  Association 

Algiers  Mission  Band 

Home  and  Foreign  Missionary  Department  of  the 
African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  African  Methodist 
Episcopal  Zion  Church,  Inc. 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Norwegian  Lu- 
theran ChurcJi  of  America 

Associate  Presbyterian  Church 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Associate  Re- 
formed Presbyterian  Churt;h 

American  Sabbath  Tract  Society 

American  Tract  Society 

Australian  Board  of  Baptist  Foreign  Mission 

American  University  at  Cairo 

Australian  Board  of  Missions 

Board  of  Missions  of  the  General  Assembly  of  tin; 
Prcsbytf-rian  Cluirch  of  Auslralia 

American  Waldfiisi.'in  Aid  Society 

Evangolisflie  Mi.ssionsgfsellHcliaft  zu  Basel 

Bible,  Book  and  Tract  Depot 

Burning  Busli  Mission 

Bahamas  Baptist  Union 

302 


INTERNATIONAL  INITIALS 


303 


BC 


U.  S.  A. 


BCHM 

India 

BCT 

Trinidad 

BES 

Bulgaria 

BF 

U.  S.  A. 

BFBS 

England 

BFM 

Germany 

BIMS 

Scotland 

BIOLA 

U.  S.  A. 

BM 

Bolivia 

BMA 

England 

BMIVI 

England 

BMS 

England 

Bn 

Germany- 

BOQH 

Canada 

BPM 

Belgium 

Br 

Germany 

BSJ 

England 

BSM 

England 

BTCL 

India 

BTP 

U.  S.  A. 

CAM 

U.  S.  A. 

CAPM 

England 

CAsM 

England 

CBM 

Canada 

CBP 

China 

CC 

U.  S.  A. 

CCACZ 

China 

CCAu 

Australia 

CCC 

U.  S.  A. 

CCEA 

China 

CCFMS 

Canada 

CCLA 

U.  S.  A. 

CCS 

Scotland 

ccw 

Canada 

CEAT 

Japan 

CEC 

China 

CEI 

India 

CEJ 

Japan 

CEZMS 

England 

CFM 

China 

CFMJ 

Japan 

CGFM 

U.  S.  A. 

CGGE 

U.  S.  A. 

CGI 

India 

CGM 

U.  S.  A. 

ChCC 

China 

CHK 

U.  S.  A. 

CHM 

Canada 

CHMF 

U.  S.  A. 

CGW 

U.  S.  A. 

ChMMS 

U.  S.  A. 

CI 

China 

CIGM 

England 

CIM 

International 

CLSC 

China 

Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Brethren  in  Christ 

of  the  United  States  of  America  and  Canada 
"Boys'  Christian  Home"  Mission  of  India 
Baptist  Church  in  Trinidad  and  Tobago 
Bulgarian  Evangelical  Society 
Bible  Faith  Mission 
British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society 
Berliner  Frauen-Missionsverein  fiir  China 
Baptist  Industrial  Mission  of  Scotland 
Hunan  Colportage  Work  of  the  Bible  Institute  of 

Los  Angeles 
Bolivian  Indian  Mission 
Baptist  Missionary  Association 
Baakleen  Medical  Mission  to  the  Druses 
Baptist  Missionary  Society 
Berliner  Missionsgesellschaft 
Home  Mission  Board  of  the  Baptist  Convention  of 

Ontario  and  Quebec 
Soci6t6  Beige  des  Missions  Protestantes  au  Congo 
Schleswig-holsteinische  evangelisch-lutherische  Mis- 
sionsgesellschaft zu  Breklum 
British  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel 

among  the  Jews 
British  Syrian  Mission 
Board  for  Tamil  Christian  Literature 
Broad  Cast  Tract  Press  and  Faith  Orphanage 
Central  American  Mission 
Central  Asian  Pioneer  Mission 
Central  Asian  Mission 
Canadian  Baptist  Foreign  Mission  Board 
China  Baptist  Publication  Society- 
Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Christian  Church 
Christian  Catholic  Apostolic  Church  in  Zion 
Federal  Foreign   Mission   Committee   of  Churches 

of  Christ  in  Australia 
Trustees  of  the  Canton  Christian  College 
China  Christian  Educational  Association 
Canada  Congregational  Foreign  Missionary  Society 
American  Section  of  the  Committee  on  Cooperation 

in  Latin  America 
Foreign  Mission  Committee  of  Churches  of  Christ 
Canada   Congregational    Woman's   Board   of   Mis- 
sions 
Christian  Educational  Association  of  Tokyo 
United  Society  of  Christian  Endeavor  for  China 
India  Christian  Endeavor  Union 
Japan  Union  of  Christian  Endeavor 
Church  of  England  Zenana  Missionary  Society 
Christian  Faith  Mission 
Conference  of  Federated  Missions  in  Japan 
Church  of  God  Foreign  Missionary  Board 
Mission    Board   of   the   General    Eldership    of    the 

Churches  of  God 
Church  of  God 

Missionary  Board  of  the  Church  of  God 
China    Continuation    Committee    of    the    National 

Missionary  Conference,  Shanghai,  1913 
American  Hospital  at  Konia 

Missions  Board  of  the  Holiness  Movement  Church 
Christian  Herald  Missionary  Fund 
Women's     General     Missionary     Society     of     the 

Churches  of  God,  Inc. 
China  Mennonite  Mission  Society 
Chefoo  Industrial  Mission 
Ceylon  and  India  General  Mission 
China  Inland  Mission 
Christiana  Literature  Society  for  China 


304 


INTERNATIONAL  INITIALS 


CLSI 
CM 
CMA 
CMC 

England 
China 
U.  S.  A. 
U.  S.  A. 

CIVIM 

CMMA 

CMML 

CMMS 

CMS 

CNTM 

ConIM 

CPW 

Scotland 
China 
England 
China 
England 
U.  S.  A. 
U.  S.  A. 
U.  S.  A. 

CR 
CRC 

China 
U.  S.  A. 

CSB 

Netherlands 

CSCB 
CSFM 
CSFMW 

China 

Scotland 

Scotland 

CSJ 

Scotland 

CSSM 

CSSU 

CTS 

CUBG 

CUJ 

CUSA 

CWBM 
CZST 

England 

China 

China 

British  Guiana 

Jamaica 

Cape  of  Good  Hope 

Province 
U.  S.  A. 
Netherlands 

DEL 

DFMB 

DHL 

U.  S.  A. 

Germany 

Germany 

DHM 

DK3IA 

DMO 

DMS 

DOA 

China 

Deimiark 

Denmark 

Denmark 

Germany 

DOM 

DPMS 

DBCSA 

DU 
DVNB 

Germany 
England 
Cape  of  Good  Hope 

Province 
Japan 
Netherlands 

EA 

U.  S.  A. 

EbM 
ECMH 

U.  S.  A. 
Austria-Hungary 

ECS 

Scotland 

EFS 

EGM 

ELAug 

Sweden 
England 
U.  S.  A. 

Christian  Literature  Society  for  India 

Christians'  Mission 

Christian  and  Missionary  Alliance 

Missionary    Society    of    the    Calvinistic    Methodist 

Church  in  the  United  States  of  America 
Central  Morocco  Mission 
China  Medical  Missionary  Association 
Christian  Missions  in  Many  Lands 
Canton  Medical  Missionary  Society 
Church  Missionary  Society  for  Africa  and  the  East 
Grace  Baptist  Church,  Los  Angeles,  California 
Congo  Inland  IMission 
Woman's   Board   of    Missions   of   the   Cumberland 

Presbyterian  Church 
The  Chinese  Recorder 

Board  of  Heathen  Missions  of  the  Christian  Re- 
formed Church 
Centraal-Comit6  voor  de  Oprichting  on  de  Instand- 

houding  van  een  Seminarie  nabij  Batavia 
Refuge  for  Chinese  Slave  Children 
Church  of  Scotland  Foreign  Mission  Committee 
Church  of  Scotland  Women's  Association  for  For- 
eign Missions 
Church  of  Scotland  Committee  for  the  Conversion 

of  the  Jews 
Children's  Special  Service  Mission 
China  Sunday  School  Union 
Chinese  Tract  Society 
Congregational  Union  of  British  Guiana 
Congregational  Union  of  Jamaica 
Congregational  Union  Church  Aid  and  Missionary 

Society  of  South  Africa 
Christian  Woman's  Board  of  Missions 
Comit6  tot  Voorziening  in  de  Godsdienstige  Behoef- 

ten  van  de  Gevestigde  Inlandsche  Protestantsche 

Christengemeenten    op    de    Sangir-    en    Talaut- 

Eilanden 
Danish  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  in  America 
Deutscher  Frauen  Missionsbund 
Deutscher  Hiilfsbund  fiir  christliches  Liebeswerk  im 

Orient 
"Door  of  Hope"  Mission 
Dansk  Kirke-Mission  i  Arabien 
Oesterlands-Missionen 
Danske  Missionsselskab 
Evangelische     MissionsgescUschaft     fiir     Deutsch- 

Ostafrika 
Deutsche  Orient  Mission 
DutTerin  and  Procter  Memorial  Schools 
General  Mission  Committee  of  the  Dutch  Reformed 

Church  of  South  Africa 
Doshisha  University 
Doopsgezinde     Vereeniging     tot     Bevordcring     der 

Evangelieverbreiding    in    de    Nederlandsch-Over- 

zecsche  Bezittingen 
Missionary  Society  of  the  Evangelical  Association 

of  North  America 
Ebcnezer  Missions 
Ungarische  allgemeino  evangelisch-kirchliche  Hilfs- 

Anstalt 
Board   of  Foreign   Missions  of  the  Representative 

Council  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  Scotland 
Evangeliska  Fosterlands-Stiftelscn 
Egypt  General  Mission 
China  Missionary  Society  of  the  Augustana  Synod 

of   the   Evangelical    Lutheran   Church   of    North 

America 


INTERNATIONAL  INITIALS 


305 


ELGC 

ELGCL 

ELGS 

ELJSO 
ELMo 

ELO 
ELSI 
ELSo 


U.  S.  A. 


U.  S.  A. 


U.  S.  A. 


U.  S.  A. 
U.  S. A. 


U.  S.  A. 
U.  S.  A. 


U.  S.  A. 


EM 

Syria 

EMJ 

England 

EMM 

Scotland 

EMMS 

Scotland 

EP 

China 

EPM 

England 

ESNA 

U.  S.  A. 

EUPI 

Philippine 

EUSA 

England 

EvM 

U.  S.  A. 

FaM 

China 

FAMC 

England 

FAS 

England 

FBC 

U.  S.  A. 

FBM 

Algeria 

FBS 

Sweden 

FCC 

U.  S.  A. 

FCCA 

U.  S.  A. 

FCMS 

U.  S.  A. 

FCS 

Scotland 

ECU 

U.  S.  A. 

FDM 

Germany 

FFC 

Finland 

FFMA 

England 

FKCA 

Hawaii 

FMA 

U.  S.  A. 

FMCNA 

U.  S.  A. 

FMS 

Finland 

FNE 

U.  S.  A. 

FSSA 

U.  S.  A. 

FWBNA 

U.  S.  A. 

GBB 

U.  S.  A. 

GC 

China 

GCAM 

Germany 

GEM 

U.  S.  A. 

GHIS 

U.  S.  A. 

GM 

Germany 

GMC 

China 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  General  Council 
of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  in  North 
America 

Board  of  Missions  for  Porto  Rico  and  Latin  America 
of  the  General  Council  of  the  Evangelical  Lu- 
theran Church  in  North  America 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  General  Synod 
of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  in  the  United 
States  of  America 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  Evangelical  Lutheran 
Joint  Synod  of  Ohio  and  Other  States 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Evangelical 
Lutheran  Synod  of  Missouri,  Ohio  and  Other 
States 

Inter-Synodical  Evangelical  Lutheran  Orient-Mis- 
sion Society 

Evangelical  Lutheran  Synod  of  Iowa  and  Other 
States 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  United  Synod  of 
the  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  in  the  South 

English  Mission,  Lydda,  Palestine 

Evangelical  Mission  to  Israel 

Emmanuel  Medical  Mission 

Edinburgh  Medical  Missionary  Society 

Evangel  Press 

Foreign  Missions  Committee  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  of  England 

Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Evangelical  Synod  of 
North  America 

Evangelical  Union  of  the  Philippine  Islands 

Evangelical  Union  of  South  America 

Evangel  Mission 

Faith  Mission 

Friends'  Armenian  Mission  Committee 

Friends'  Anti-Slavery  Committee 

Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  Brethren  Church 

Mission  des  EgUses  baptistes  de  Langue  frangaise 

Fri  Baptister 

Board  of  Missions  of  the  Friends  Church  of  Cal- 
ifornia 

Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America 

Foreign  Christian  Missionary  Society 

Free  Church  of  Scotland  Foreign  Mission 

Board  of  Trustees  of  Fukien  Christian  University 

Friedenshort  Deaconess  Mission 

Fria  Missionen  i  Finland 

Friends'  Foreign  Mission  Association 

Free  Kindergarten  and  Children's  Aid  Association 
of  the  Territory  of  Hawaii 

General  Missionary  Board  of  the  Free  Methodist 
Church  of  North  America 

Foreign  Missions  Conference  of  North  America 

Finska  Missionssallskapet 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Yearly  Meeting 
of  Friends  for  New  England 

Foreign  Sunday  School  Association  of  the  United 

States  of  America 
'Federation   of    Woman's   Boards   of   Foreign    Mis- 
sions of  North  America 

General  Mission  Board  of  the  Church  of  the  Brethren 

Ginling  College 

Deutsche  China-Allianz-Mission  in  Barmen 

Grace  Evangelical  Mission 

Gould  Memorial  Home  and  Industrial  Schools, 
Rome,  Italy 

Gossnersche  Missionsgesellschaft 

Grace  Mission 


3o6 


INTERNATIONAL  INITIALS 


GMS 

U.  S.  A. 

GPMI 

Canada 

H 

U.  S.  A. 

H/m 

EnglaDd 

HCC 

China 

HEA 

Hawaii 

Heb 

U.  S.  A. 

HF 

Sweden 

HFMA 

U.  S.  A. 

HGAT 

Austria-Hungary 

Hijr 

Germany 

HM 

Germany 

HMSI 

India 

HS 

Japan 

HTM 

Denmark 

HVBC 

Germany 

HVM 

India 

IBC 

China 

IC 

U.  S.  A. 

ICAM 

India 

ICGS 

U.  S.  A. 

ICM 

England 

ICPA 

Japan 

IGLA 

Australia 

II 

China 

IL 

Natal 

n.nr 

China 

IMMS 

U.  S.  A. 

IMST 

India 

IMU 

U.  S.  A. 

Ind 
IP 

Ireland 

IPTCA 

England 

IRB 

U.  S.  A. 

ISAM 

International 

ISSU 

India 

IWM 

U.  S.  A. 

JBMS 

Japan 

JBTS 

Japan 

JBU 

Jamaica 

JC 

Netherlands 

JCC 

Japan 

JCM 

China 

JEB 

Japan 

JEM 

England. 

JS 

Syria 

JSL 

I'^ngland 

JTM 

Ireland 

JTMS 

Scotland 

JTSI 

India 

JV 

i-ennauy 

K 

Jiipan 

KCIIIM 

England 

KCM 

(ierriiany 

Kill 

China 

KIM 

Chosen 

KIS 

India 

Gospel  Missionary  Society 

Board  of  Management  of  the  Gwalior  Presbyterian 

Mission 
Harvard  Mission 
Heart  of  Africa  Mission 
Hangchow  Christian  College 
Board  of  the  Hawaiian  Evangelical  Association 
Hebron  Mission 
Helgelse-Forbundet 

Hephzibah  Faith  Missionary  Association 
Hermannstadt    evangelische    Verein    der    Gustav- 

Adolf  fiir  Transylvania,  Hungary 
Aussatzigen-Asyl  "Jesushilfe"  in  Jerusalem 
Evangelisch-lutherische     Missionsanstalt     zu     Iler- 

mannsburg 
Home  Missionary  Society  of  India 
Hakuaikai  Seryoin 
Teltmissionen 
Hildesheimer    Verein    fur    die    deutsche    Blinden- 

mission  in  China 
Henaratgoda  Village  Mission 
Institution  for  the  Chinese  Blind 
Board  of  Directors  of  the  Iconium  College 
Indian  Christian  Association,  Madras 
Indian  Commission  of  the  General  Synod    of  Wis- 
consin, Minnesota,  Michigan,  and  Other  States 
Indian  Christian  Mission 
International  Christian  Police  Association 
Missionary  Committee   of  the   Immanuel  German 

Evangelical  Lutheran  Synod  of  Australia 
International   Institute   of   China    (Mission  among 

the  Higher  Classes  in  China) 
Ikwezi  Lamaci  Mission 
Independent  Lutheran  Mission 
International  Medical  Missionary  Society 
Indian  Missionary  Society  of  Tinnevelly 
International  Missionary  Union 
Independent 
Foreign    Mission    of    the    Presbyterian    Church    in 

Ireland 
International  Postal  Telegraph  Christian  Association 
International  Reform  Bureau 
Inland-South-America  Missionary  Union 
India  Sunday  School  Union 

Interchurch  World  Movement  of  North  America 
Japanese  Baptist  Missionary  Society 
Japan  Book  and  Tract  Society 
Jamaica  Baptist  Union 

Vereeniging  liet  Java-Comit6  te  Amsterdam 
Japan  Continuation  Committee 
Japanese  Christian  Mission 
Japan  Evangelistic  Band 
Jerusalem  and  the  East  Mission 
Jebail  Settlement 

Work  among  Jai)anese  Seamen  in  the  Port  of  London 
Jungle  Tribes  Mission  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 

in  Ireland 
Association  for  the   Support  of   the   Jessie  Taylor 

Memorial  School  for  Moslem  and  Druse  Girls 
Jungle  Tribes  Mission,  Coonoor,  South  India 
Jerusalems-Vercin 
Kumiai  Kyokwai 

Kurku  and  Central  Indian  Hill  Mission 
Kieler  China  Mission 
John  G.  Kerr  Hospital  for  the  Insane 
Korean  Itinerant  Mission 
Kandy  Industrial  School 


INTERNATIONAL  INITIALS 


307 


KM 

KMAS 

KRBTS 

KS 

L 

LB 

France 

Sweden 

Chosen 

China 

Germany 

U.  S.  A. 

LBM 

U.  S.  A. 

LCBC 

U.  S.  A. 

LEF 
LHI 
LJS 

Finland 
England 
England 

LMB 
LMM 

India 
U.  S.  A. 

LMS 

England 
Germany 
Denmark 

LFM 

MA 

MBC 

England 
U.  S.  A. 
U.  S.  A. 

MBCNW 

Canada 

MBCO 

Canada 

MBCo 
MBIO 

China 
U.  S.  A. 

MBM 

U.  S.  A. 

MBN 

U.  S.  A. 

MBP 

U.  S.  A. 

MBPac 

U.  S.  A. 

MC 
MCB 

U.  S.  A. 

Scotland 

MCC 
MCM 
McM 
MDB 
MEFB 

Canada 
Wales 
France 
Germany 
U.  S.  A. 

MEH 

U.  S.  A. 

MEHW 

U.  S.  A. 

MelM 
MEM 

New  Zealand 
U.  S.  A. 

MES 

U.  S.  A. 

MGC 

U.  S.  A. 

MHLF 

Germany 

Miss  Home  China 
ML                  Ireland 
MM                 India 
MMA             U.  S.  A. 

Mission  Protestante  Francaise  en  Kabylie 

Kvinnliga  Missions  Arbetare 

Korean  Religious  Book  and  Tract  Society 

Kuling  School 

Liebenzeller  Mission 

Board  of  Missions  of  the  Church  of  the  Lutheran 

Brethren 
Lutheran  Board  of  Missions  (Lutheran  Free  Church 

of  U.  S.  A.) 
Lott    Carey    Baptist   Home    and   Foreign    Mission 

Convention  in  the  United  States 
Lutherska  Evangeliforeningen  i  Finland 
Lebanon  Hospital  for  the  Insane 
London  Society  for  Promoting  Christianity  amongst 

the  Jews 
Lee  Memorial  Bengali  Mission 
Laymen's    Missionary    Movement    of    the    United 

States  and  Canada 
London  Missionary  Society 
Evangelisch-lutherische  Mission  zu  Leipzig 
Udvalget  for  L.  P.  Larsens  Missionsarbejde  blandt 

indiske  Studenter 
Lakher  Pioneer  Mission 
Mandingo  Association,  Inc. 
Foreign  Missions  of  the  Conference  of  the   Men- 

nonite  Brethren  Church  of  North  Arnerica 
Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Mennonite  Brethren 

in  Christ,  Canadian  Northwest  Conference 
Meimonite  Brethren  in  Christ  Missionary  Society, 

Ontario  Conference 
Mission  Book  Company 
Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Indiana   and  Ohio 

Conference,  Mennonite  Brethren  in  Christ 
Michigan  Mennonite  Brethren  in  Christ,   Foreign 

Mission  Board 
Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Nebraska  Conference, 

Mennonite  Brethren  in  Christ  Church 
Board    of    Foreign    Missions    of   the    Pennsylvania 

Conference  of  the  Mennonite  Brethren  in  Christ 
Foreign  Missions  Board  of  the  Pacific  Conference, 

Mennonite  Brethren  in  Christ 
Trustees  of  Mackenzie  College,  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil 
Hill-Murray  Mission  to  Chinese  Blind  and  Illiterate 

Sighted  in  North  China 
Missionary  Society  of  the  Methodist  Church 
Maranham  Christian  Mission 
Mission  Populaire  Evang61ique  de  France 
Missionsgesellschaft  der  deutschen  Baptisten 
Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church 
Board  of  Home  Missions  and  Church  Extension  of 

the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
Woman's  Home  Missionary  Society  of  the  Method- 
ist Episcopal  Church 
Melanesian  Mission 
Missionary    Education    Movement    of    the    United 

States  and  Canada 
Board    of    Missions    of    the    Methodist    Episcopal 

Church,  South 
Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  General  Confer- 
ence of  the  Mennonites  of  North  America 
Mission  der  hannoverschen  evangelisch-lutherischen 

Freikirche 
Missionary  Home  and  Agency 
Mission  to  Lepers 
Mukti  Mission 
Metlakahtla  Christian  Mission 


308 


INTERNATIONAL  INITIALS 


MMAu 

Australia 

MMC 

U.  S.  A. 

MMJ 

Enjxland 

MMSI 

India 

Mor 

International 

Mor-ns 

U.  S.  A. 

MP 

U.  S.  A. 

MPh 

Smtzerland 

MPHC 

U.  S.  A. 

MPM 

China 

MPW 

U.  S.  A. 

^m 

Switzerland 

Msec 

Canada 

MSUW 

England 

MTS 

India 

NAIR 

U.  S.  A. 

NAM 

England 

NBC 

U.  S.  A. 

NBSS 

Scotland 

NCAS 

China 

NCM 

Norway 

NCULS 

China 

ND 

Germany 

NEC 

England 

NFKM 

Norway 

NFS 

China 

NFTS 

China 

NHM 

U.  S.  A. 

NIA 

U.  S.  A. 

NTHB 

England 

NfM 

England 

NIZ 

Dutch  East  Indies 

Nil 

U.  S.  A. 

NK 

Germany 

NKK 

Japan  | 

NKM 

China 

NLF 

Norway 

pr-   «^ 

NLG 

Netherlands 

NI.K 

Norway 

NT.MM 

England 

NT.S 

China 

NM 

India 

NMC 

Norway 

NMCI 

India 

NMF 

Norway 

NMG 

Gormany 

NMK 

Japan 

NMP 

England 

NMS 

Norway 

NMSI 

India 

NSK 

Japan 

NTLJ 

Japan 

Methodist  Missionary  Society  of  Australasia 

Mennonite  Board  of  Missions  and  Charities 

Mildmay  Mission  to  the  Jews 

Medical  ATissionary  Association  of  India 

Mission  der  Tlriidergemeine 

Society  of  the  Ignited  Brethren  for  Propagating  the 
Gospel  Among  the  Heathen 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Methodist  Prot- 
estant Church 

Mission  philafricaine 

Directors  of  the  Methodist  Publishing  House  in 
China 

Metropolitan  Presbvterian  Mission 

Woman's  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  Method- 
ist Protestant  Church 

Mission  Suisse  Pomande 

Missionary  Society  of  the  Church  of  England  in 
Canada 

Missionary  Settlement  for  University  Women 

Malabar  Mar  Thoma  Syrian  Christian  Evangelistic 
Association 

National  Armenia  and  India  Relief  Association  for 
Industrial  Orphan  Homes 

North  Africa  Mission 

Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  National  Baptist 
Convention 

National  Bible  Society  of  Scotland 

North  China  American  School 

Ts.iilimissionen 

North  China  Union  Language  School 

Gespllschaft  fiir  innere  und  ilussere  Mission  im 
Sinne  der  lutherischen  Kirche 

Company  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in 
New  England  and  the  Parts  Adjacent  in  America 

Norges  Frie  Evangeliske  Missionsforbund 

Nanking  Foreign  School 

North  Fukien  Tract  Society 

Bureau  of  Missions  of  the  National  Association  for 
the  Promotion  of  Holiness 

National  Indian  Association 

North  India  Industrial  Home  for  Christian  Blind 

Nyassa  Industrial  Mission 

Nederlandsch  Indische  Zendingsbond 

Board  of  Home  and  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Gen- 
eral Convention  of  the  New  Jerusalem  in  the 
I'nited  States  of  America 

Ncukirchcner  ATissionsnnstalt 

Nihon  Kirisuto  Kyokwai 

North-West  Kiangsi  Mission 

Norske  Evangel  isk  Lutherske  Frikirkes  Kinamis- 
sion 

Nederlandsch  T.utlicrsch  Genootschap  voor  in-  en 
Uitwendige  Zending 

Norsk  Ivuthcrske  Kinamissionsforbund 

National  Laymen's  Missionary  Movement 

Nanking  Language  School 

Nepaul  Mission 

Norske  Mission  i  Kina 

National  Missionary  Council  of  India 

Norske  Missionsforbund 

Norddeutsohe  Missionsgesellschaft 

Nilion  Motliodist  Kyokwai 

Nile  Mission  Press 

Norske  Missionssolskab 

National  Missionary  Society  of  India 

Nippon  Sei  Kokwai 

National  Temperance  League  of  Japan 


INTERNATIONAL  INITIALS 


309 


NTSC 
NZBMS 
NZG 
NZMH 

China 

New  Zealand 
Netherlands 
New  Zealand 

NZV 
OHH 
OMJ 
OMC 
OMS 
OOA 
OOB 
P 

Netherlands 

Austria-Hungary 

Japan 

England 

Japan 

Japan 

Turkey  in  Asia 

France 

PB 

PBIM 

PBS 

U.  S.  A. 
U.  S.  A. 
U.  S. A. 

PBW 
PCBA 

U.  S.  A. 
Japan 

PCC 

Canada 

PCCH 

Canada 

PCIC 

Ireland 

PCIJ 

Ireland 

PCJ 
PCN 

Jamaica 
U.  S.  A. 

PCNZ 

New  Zealand 

PCNZM 

New  Zealand 

PCSA 
PE 

Cape  of  Good  Hope 

Province 
U.  S.  A. 

PFM 

PIVM 

PLLA 

PM 

PMMS 

PMP 

PMS 

PMU 

U.  S.  A. 
India 
U.  S.  A. 

England 
England 
China 
U.  S.  A. 
England 

PN 

U.  S.  A. 

PNH 

U.  S.  A. 

PNHW 

U.  S.  A. 

PS 

U.  S.  A. 

PSH 

U.  S.  A. 

PU 

PVM 

QIM 

KBMU 

BC 

ECA 

U.  S.  A. 
England 
Ireland 
England 
U.  S.  A. 
U.  S.  A. 

National  Tract  Society  for  China 

New  Zealand  Baptist  Missionary  Society 

Nederlandsch  Zendelinggenootschap 

New  Zealand  Methodist  Home  Mission  and  Church 

Extension  Society 
Nederlandsche  Zendingsvereeniging 
Oesterreichischer  Hauptverein  fiir  Heidenmission 
Omi  Kirisutokyo  Dendo  Dan  (Omi  Mission) 
Oxford  Mission  to  Calcutta 

Toyo  Senkyokwai  (Oriental  Missionary  Society) 
Okayama  Kojiin 
Oriental  Orphanage,  Brousa 
Societe  des  Missions  Evang^liques  chez  les  Peuples 

non  Chr6tiens 
Brethren  IVIissionaries  (Plymouth  Brethren) 
Pittsburgh  Bible  Institute  Mission 
Arthur  T.  Pierson  Memorial  Bible  School  of  Seoul, 

Korea 
Pentecost  Bands  of  the  World 

Presbyterian  and  Reformed  Church  Building  Asso- 
ciation 
Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  Presbyterian  Church  in 

Canada 
Board  of  Home  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 

in  Canada 
Continental  Mission  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 

Ireland 
Jewish    Mission    of    the    Presbyterian    Church    in 

Ireland 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Jamaica 
General  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  Church  of  the 

Nazarene 
Foreign   Missions   Committee   of   the  Presbyterian 

Church  of  New  Zealand 
Maori    Mission    Committee    of    the    Presbyterian 

Church  of  New  Zealand 
Native    Missions   Committee    of    the   Presbyterian 

Church  of  South  Africa 
Domestic  and  Foreign   Missionary   Society  of  the 

Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the  United  States 

of  America 
Pentecost  Faith  Mission 
Poona  and  Indian  Village  Mission 
Pan-Lutheran  Missionary  Society  for  Latin  America 
Pioneer  Mission  (British  and  Continental) 
Primitive  Methodist  Missionary  Society 
American  Presbyterian  Mission  Press 
Peniel  Missionary  Society 
Pentecostal  Missionary  Union  for  Great  Britain  and 

Ireland 
Board   of    Foreign    Missions    of   the    Presbyterian 

Church  in  the  United  States  of  America 
Board  of  Home  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 

in  the  United  States  of  America 
Woman's  Board  of  Home  Missions  of  the  Presby- 
terian Church  in  the  United  States  of  America 
Executive  Committee  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  United  States  (South) 
Executive    Committee    of    Home    Missions    of    the 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  United  States  (South) 
Trustees  of  Peking  University 
Palestine  Village  Mission 
Qua  Iboe  Mission 
Regions  Beyond  Missionary  Union 
Trustees  of  Robert  College 
Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Reformed  Church 

in  America 


3IO 


INTERNATIONAL  INITIALS 


ECAH 

U.  S.  A. 

RCDW 

U.  S.  A. 

RCSC 

U.  S.  A. 

RCUS 

U.  S.  A. 

RCUSH 

U.  S.  A. 

RDV 
RE 

Germany 
U.  S.  A. 

RHMS 

RM 

RFC 

India 
Germany 
U.  S.  A. 

RPCB 

U.  S.  A. 

RFGS 

U.  S.  A. 

BPI 

Ireland 

RPS 

Scotland 

RTS 

S 

England 
U.  S.  A. 

SA 
SABMS 

SACIM 

SAf 

SAGM 
SAM 

SAMS 
SAS 
SB 
SBC 

England 

Cape  of  Good  Hope 

Province 
Transvaal 
Cape  of  Good  Hope 

Province 
International 
U.  S.  A. 
England 
China 
England 
U.  S.  A. 

SBCH 

U.  S.  A. 

SBM 

Sweden 

SCAF 

SCBC 

SCBM 

SCCBC 

Sch 

SCHM 

SCM 

SCTS 

SDA 

U.  S.  A. 
U.  S.  A. 
China 
Norway 
China 
China 
China 
U.  S.  A. 

SDB 
SEFC 

U.  S.  A. 
U.  S.  A. 

SEMC 

SFTS 

SIB 

SIBS 

SIM 

SIMA 

U.  S.  A. 

China 

U.  S.  A. 

India 

Canada 

India 

Board  of  Domestic  Missions  of  the  Reformed 
Church  in  America 

Women's  Board  of  Domestic  Missions  of  the  Re- 
formed Church  in  America 

Sheboygan  Classis  of  the  Reformed  Church  in  the 
United  States,  Board  for  Missions  among  the 
Indians 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Reformed  Church 
in  the  United  States 

Board  of  Home  Missions  of  the  Reformed  Church 
in  the  United  States 

Rheinisch-westfalischer  Diakonissenverein 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Reformed  Episco- 
pal Church 

Rangoon  Karen  Home  Mission  Society 

Rheinische  Missionsgesellschaft 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Synod  of  the  Re- 
formed Presbyterian  Church  in  North  America 
(Covenanter) 

Central  Board  of  Missions  of  the  Reformed  Presby- 
terian Church 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Reformed  Presby- 
terian Church  in  North  America 

Foreign  Mission  of  the  Reformed  Presbyterian 
Synod  of  Ireland 

Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Reformed  Pres- 
byterian Church  of  Scotland 

Religious  Tract  Society 

Home  and  Foreign  Board  of  Missions  of  The 
Schwenkfelder  Church  in  the  United  States  of 
America 

Salvation  Army 

South  African  Baptist  Missionary  Society 

South  African  Compounds  and  Interior  Mission 
South  African  Missionary  Society 

South  Africa  General  Mission 

Scandinavian  Alliance  Mission  of  North  America 

South  American  Missionary  Society 

Shanghai  American  School 

Strict  Baptist  Mission 

Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Southern  Baptist 
Convention 

Home  Mission  Board  of  the  Southern  Baptist  Con- 
vention 

Svenska  Baptisternas  Kommittens  for  Missionen 
Utom  Landet 

South  China  Alliance  Press 

Rev.  D.  M.  Stearns'  Church  and  Bible  Classes 

South  China  Boat  Mission 

South  China  Christian  Book  Company 

Norske  Kirkes  Mission  ved  Schreuder 

South  China  Holiness  Mission 

South  Chili-ii  Mission 

South  China  Religious  Tract  Society 

General  Conference  of  the  Seventh-Day  Adventist 
Denomination 

Seventh  Day  Baptist  Missionary  Society 

Swedish  lOvangelical  Free  Church  of  the  United 
States  of  North  America 

Swedish  Eyangelical  Mission  Covenant  of  America 

South  Fukien  Religious  Tract  Society 

Scandinavian  Independent  Baptist  Denomination 

South  India  Blind  School 

Sudan  Inferior  Minsion 

South  Indian  Missionary  Association 


INTERNATIONAL  INITIALS 


311 


SISB 

England 

SJM 

Sweden 

SKM 

Sweden 

SLM 

England 

SM 

Sweden 

SMC 

Sweden 

SMF 

Sweden 

SMM 

Scotland 

SMNC 

India 

SPC 

U.  S.  A. 

SPCK 

England 

SPG 

England 

SPI 

Canada 

SPM 

Germany 

SBM 

China 

SSEM 

Australia 

SSJ 

Syria 

SSJE 

England 

SUJ 

Japan 

SUM 

International 

SvAM 

Sweden 

SVM 

U.  S.  A. 

SVMM 

China 

SW 

Germany 

SYM 

China 

SZJ 

Dutch  East  Indies 

TAIB 

India 

TBMS 

India 

TBPS 

India 

TBVM 

India 

TIM 

U.  S.  A. 

TM 

Scotland 

TMS 

Scotland 

TPM 

Wales 

TSM 

China 

TSNC 

China 

TTBSj 

India 

UB 

U.  S.  A. 

UBC 

U.  S.  A. 

UCMS 

U.  S.  A. 

UDEL 

U.  S.  A. 

UE 

U.  S.  A. 

UEAC 

France 

UFS 

Scotland 

UFSJ 

Scotland 

UGC 

U.  S.  A. 

UHC 

U.  S.  A. 

UMC 

England 

UMCA 

England 

UME 

U.  S.  A. 

UMSI 

U.  S.  A. 

UN 

U.  S. A. 

South  India  Strict  Baptist  Missionary  Society 

Foreningen  for  Israelsmission 

Svenska  Kyrkans  Missionsstryrelse 

Sierra  Leone  Mission 

Svenska  Mongolmissionen  / 

Svenska  Missionen  i  Kina 

Svenska  Missionsforbundet 

Southern  Morocco  Mission 

Santal  Mission  of  the  Northern  Churches 

Trustees  of  Syrian  Protestant  College,  Beirut,  Syria 

Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge 

Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in  For- 
eign Parts 

San  Pedro  Mission  to  the  Indians 

Sudan  Pionier  Mission 

Shanghai  Mission  to  Ricksha  Men  and  Coolie  Class 

South  Sea  Evangelical  Mission 

Swedish  Society  of  Jerusalem 

Cowley,  Wantage  &  All  Saints  Missionary  Asso- 
ciation 

Seisho  No  Tomo 

Sudan  United  Mission 

Svenska  Alliansmissionen 

Student  Volunteer  Movement  for  Foreign  Mis- 
sions 

Chinese  Student  Volunteer  Movement  for  The  Min- 
istry 

Verein  fiir  das  Syrische  Waisenhaus  in  Jerusalem 

South  Yunnan  Mission 

Salatiga-Zending  op  Java 

Tehri  Anjvunan-I-Basharat 

Telugu  Baptist  Mission  Society 

Telugu  Baptist  Publication  Society 

Tehri  Border  Village  Mission 

James  M.  Taylor  Interdenominational  Missionary 
Work 

Tibetan  Mission 

Walker-Arnott  Tabeetha  Mission 

Thado-Kookie  Pioneer  Mission 

Tsehchowfu  Mission 

Religious  Tract  Society  of  North  and  Central  China 

Tranquebar  Tamil  Bible  Society 

Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  United  Brethren 
in  Christ 

Domestic,  Frontier  and  Foreign  Missionary  Society 
of  the  United  Brethren  in  Christ 

United  Christian  Missionary  Society 

Mission  Board  of  the  United  Danish  Evangelical 
Lutheran  Church  in  America 

Home  and  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  United 
Evangelical  Church 

Vereinigte  Gemeinden  der  deutschen  Kirchen  A.  C. 
in  Paris 

Foreign  Missions  Committee  of  the  United  Free 
Church  of  Scotland 

L^nited  Free  Church  of  Scotland,  Jewish  Mission 

Universalist  General  Convention 

United  Holy  Church  of  America,  Missionary  De- 
partment 

United  Methodist  Church  Missionary  Society 

Universities'  Mission  to  Central  Africa 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Union  American 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  the  United  States 
and  Canada 

Union  Missionary  Medical  School  for  Women, 
South  India 

Trustees  of  the  University  of  Nanking 


312 


INTERNATIONAL  INITIALS 


Union  

Un  Med  Coll  China 
Un  Worn  Coll  China 
UOM  U.  S.  A. 

UOS  Scotland 


UP 

UPCA 

UZV 

VGAS 

VHC 


VM 

VUEE 

WCC 

WCCM 

WCEU 

WCMC 

WCMM 

WCTS 

WCTU 

WCTUI 

WCTUJ 

WFMA 

WI 

WMCA 

WMMS 
WMMSW 

WSSA 

wu 

YM 
YIWCAA 

YMCAAu 

YMCACh 

YMCAE 

YMCAI 

YMCAJ 

YMCAS 


YMJ 
YWCAAu 


YWCAB 
YWCAC 


U.  S.  A. 

U.  S.  A. 

Netherlands 

Austria-Hungary 

Netherlands 


U.  S.  A. 
Netherlands 

U.  S.  A. 

India 

U.  S.  A. 

India 

England 

China 

International 

India 

Japan 

U.  S.  A. 

U.  S.  A. 

U.  S.  A. 

England 
England 

International 
U.  S.  A. 
U.  S.  A. 
U.  S.  A. 

Australia 

China 

England 

India 

Japan 

Scotland 


Japan 
Australia 

England 

Canada 


YWCACh      China 
YWCAI  India 


Employed  for  all  unions  of   Independent   Sending 

Societies 
Union  Medical  College  and  Hospital 
Union  Women's  College,  Peking 

United  Orphanage  and  Mission  Society 

United  Original  Secession  Church  of  Scotland, 
Foreign  Mission  Committee 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  United  Presby- 
terian Church  of  North  America 

Christian  Association  of  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania (Foreign  Department) 

Utrechtsche  Zendingsvereeniging 

Vienna  Gustav  Adolph  Verein 

Vereeniging  tot  Oprichting  en  Instanhouding  van 
Hospitalen  in  China  ten  Dienste  der  Medische 
Z  ending 

Vanguard  Faith  Mission 

Vereeniging  tot  Uitbreiding  van  het  Evangelic  in 
Egypte 

Continuation  Committee  of  the  World  Missionary 
Conference,  Edinburgh 

Women's  Christian  College,  Madras 

World's  Christian  Endeavor  Union 

Women's  Christian  Medical  College 

Welsh  Calvinistic  Alethodists'  Foreign  Missions 

West  China  Religious  Tract  Society 

World's  Woman's  Cliristian  Temperance  Union 

Women's  Christian  Temperance  Union  of  India 

Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  of  Japan 

World's  Faith  Missionary  Association 

West  Indies  Mission  Board  of  the  United  Lutheran 
Church  in  America 

Missionary  Society  of  the  Wesleyan  Methodist  Con- 
nection of  America 

Wesleyan  Methodist  Missionary  Society 

Wonien's  Auxiliary  of  the  Wesleyan  Methodist 
Missionary  Society 

World's  Sunday  School  Association 

Woman's  Union  Missionary  Society  of  America 

Yale  Foreign  Missionary  Society 

International  Committee  of  the  Young  Men's  Chris- 
tian Associations,  Foreign  Department 

National  Committee  of  Young  Men's  Christian 
Associations  of  Australia  and  New  Zealand 

National  Committee  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian 
Associations  of  China 

Foreign  Department  of  the  English  National  Coun- 
cil of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Associations 

National  Council,  Young  Men's  Christian  Associa- 
tions, India  and  Ceylon 

Japanese  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  Na- 
tional Union 

I'^oreign  Mission 
tional  Council 
Associations 

Yotsuya  Mission 

Foreign  Department  of  the  National  Young  Women's 
Christian  Associations  of  Australasia 

Foreign  Department  of  the  National  Young  Women's 
Christian  Association  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 

Foreign  Department  of  tlie  Dominion  Council  of 
the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association  of 
Canada 

National  Committee  of  the  Young  Women's  Chris- 
tian Associations  of  China 

National  Young  Women's  Christian  Association  of 
India,  Burma  and  Coylon 


Department  of  the  Scottish  Na- 
of   the   Young   Men's   Christian 


INTERNATIONAL  INITIALS 


313 


YWCAJ         Japan 
YWCASAf    Transvaal 
YWCAUS      U.  S.  A. 


ZBMM  England 

ZGK  Netherlands 

ZIM  England 

ZTH  India 


National  Committee  of  the  Yoimg  Women's  Chris- 
tian Associations  of  Japan 

South  African  National  Council  of  the  Young 
Women's  Christian  Association 

Foreign  Department  of  the  National  Board  of  the 
Young  Women's  Christian  Associations  of  the 
United  States  of  America 

Zenana  Bible  and  Medical  Mission 

Zending  van  de  Gereformeerde  Kerken  in  Neder- 
land  onder  Heidenen  en  Mohammedanen 

Zambesi  Industrial  Mission 

Zenana  Training  Home,  Poona 


INDEX 


Aboriginal  Inland  Mission,  233 
Aborigines,  Australia,  work  among,  20 
Administration,  Chosen,  change,  40 
Advance,  Canada,  10-12;  United  States, 

5h-I2 

Advance  in  Arabia,  68;  in  Australasia, 
20;  in  India,  48;  in  Meshed,  69-70;  in 
Mesopotamia,  68;  in  Siam,  60 

Advanced  program  for  Mexico,  An, 
(Bib!.).  135 

Advent  Christian,  170 

Adventist,  Seventh-Day,  1 70-1 71 

Adventures  in  faith  in  foreign  lands, 
(Bibl,).  113 

Afghanistan,  political  opposition  relaxed, 
70 

Africa,  Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan,  73-74; 
Bibliography,  114-117;  Catholic  mis- 
sions, 100;  Egypt,  71-73;  Negro  Africa, 
74-88;  reconstruction  after  the  war, 
(Bibl.),  117 

Africa  Inland  Mission,  232;  German  mis- 
sions in  German  East  Africa  taken 
over  by,  84;  staff  increase,  84;  Home 
Council  for  Australia,  233;  Home 
Council  for  North  America,  (150)  223; 
Home  Council  for  the  British  Isles,  237 

African  autobiography.  An,  (Bibl.),  117 

African  Methodist  Episcopal,  197 

Akasaka  Hospital,  257 

Algiers  Mission  Band,  251;  American, 
dSi)  223 

Allahabad,  Kumbh  Mela  at,  (Bibl.),  119 

Allen.  B.  J.,  (Bibl.).  11 1 

Allgemeiner  evangel  isch  —  protestant- 
ischer  Missionsverein.  244 

American  Advent  Christian  Mission. 
China,  (23)  170 

American  Advent  Christian  Mission. 
India.  (24)  170 

American  Advent  Mission  Society,  (23) 
170 

American  and  Foreign  Christian  Union, 
(152)  223 

American  Auxiliary  of  the  Primitive 
Methodist  Foreign  Missionary  Society, 
(91)  199 

American  Baptist  Foreign  Mission  So- 
ciety. (29)  172-173 

American  Baptist  Home  Mission  Society. 
(30)  173-174 

American  Baptist,  North,  (29)  172-173 

American  Baptist,  South,  (34)  175 


American  Bible  Society,  (125)  213-214; 
Africa,  78 

American  Board  of  Commissioners  for 
Foreign  Missions,  (45)  179;  South 
African  compound  work,  86 

American  Catholic  missionaries.  103;  in 
China,  103 

American  Church  Mission,  (50)  182-183 

American  College  for  Girls  at  Constanti- 
nople, (191)  230 

American  College,  Madura,  (4Sd)  180 

American  Committee  for  the  Lebanon 
Hospital  for  Mental  Diseases,  (174) 
227 

American  Committee,  Mission  to  Lepers. 
(13s)  219 

American  Committee  of  the  Nyasaland 
Mission  of  Central  Africa  of  the  Dutch 
Reformed  Church  of  South  Africa, 
(177)  228 

American  Committee  of  the  Santal  Mis- 
sion, (180)  228-229 

American  Committee  of  the  Women's 
Christian  Medical  College,  Ludhiana, 
Punjab,  India,  (149)  223 

American  Council,  (Z^eylon  and  India 
General  Mission,  (159)  224 

American  Council  of  the  Sudan  United 
Mission,  (184)  229 

American  door  to  Central  Asia,  An, 
(Bibl.)  133 

American  Episcopal,  (50)  182-183 

American  Free  Methodist  Mission,  (90) 
199 

American  Friends  Board  of  Foreign  Mis- 
sions, (56)  186 

American  Friends'  Mission  (Ohio),  (58) 
189 

American  Home  Council  of  the  South 
Africa  General  Mission,  (181)  228-229 

American  Hospital  at  Konia,  (173)  227 

American  Lutheran  Brethren  Mission, 
(61)  188 

American  McAlI  Association,  (175)  227 

American  Mcnnonite  Mission,  (73)  193 

American  Missionary  Association,  (46) 
181 

American  negro,  (Bibl.),  Edwards,  W.  J., 
139 

American  Presbyterian  Mission,  North, 
(106)  204-205 

American  Presbyterian  Mission  Press, 
__^ 252 

Note.— The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies. 


314 


INDEX 


315 


Asia,  The  new  map  of.  (Bibl.),  112 
Assam,  (Bibl.),  Carvell,  A.  M.,  117 
Associate     Presbyterian     Church,    (103) 

203 

Associate  Synod,  Presbyterian,  (103)  203 

Association  for  the  Support  of  the  Jessie 

Taylor   Memorial   School  for   Moslem 

and  Druse  Girls,  241 

Astronomical   instruments,    Germany   to 

return,  153 
Augustana  Synod  Mission,  (71)  192 
Aussatzigen-Asyl  "Jesushilfe"  in  Jerusa- 
lem, 244 
Austin,  Harold,  (Bibl.),  118 
Australasia,     20;    aborigines,     Australia, 
work  among,  20;  advance,  20;  Bolivian 
India  Mission  begun  in  New  Zealand, 
20;  income,  decreased  in  1919,  20;  in- 
come, increased  until  1919.   20;  inde- 
pendent work  of  missionary  societies 
of    Australia   and    New   Zealand,    20; 
Polynesia,   work  in,   20;  work  of  mis- 
sionary societies  of  Australia  and  New 
Zealand,  20 
Australia,    20;  aborigines,   work  among, 
20;    independent    work   of   missionary 
societies  of,  20;  international  relations, 
(Bibl.),  136;  Queensland,  (Bibl.).  135- 
136;  societies,  233-234 
Australian  and  New  Zealand  Council  of 

the  Sudan  United  Mission,  234 
Australian  Board  of  Baptist  Foreign  Mis- 
sion, 233 
Australian  Board  of  Missions,  233 
Awakening  of  Asia,  The,  (Bibl.),  113 
Azerbaijan,  70 

Baakleen  Medical  Mission  to  the  Druses, 

235 
Bahai    propaganda    in    America,     The. 

(Bibl.),  138 
Bahamas  Baptist  Union,  251 
Bandy,  C.  H.,  (Bibl.),  118-119 
Bangkok  Christian  College,  61;  Chinese 
department,  61;  Chinese  liberality,  61; 
increased  enrollment,  61 
Bantu,  (Bibl.),  Werner,  Alice,  140 
Baptist  Church,  Canada,  162-163 
Baptist  Chtu-ch  in  Trinidad  and  Tobago, 

251 
Baptist  Industrial  Mission  of  Scotland,  240 
Baptist  Missionary  Association,  235 
Baptist   Missionary  Society,   235;  depu- 
tation to  Belgian  Congo,  84 
Baptist,  National  Convention,  1 71-172 
Baptist,  Northern  Convention,  172-174 
Baptist,  Scandinavian,  (32),  174 
Baptist,  Seventh  Day,  (33)  I74-I7S 
Baptist,  Southern  Convention,  175-176 
Baptists,  General,  (26)  171 
Barton,  James  L.,  Turkey  in  Europe,  Ar- 
menia and  Anatolia,  61-63;  (Bibl.),  136 
Basel     Mission,     249;    aid    from    Great 
Britain  to,  16;  condition  of,  19 

Note.— The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies- 


American  Presbyterian  Mission,  South, 
(los)  203-204 

American  Ramabai  Association,  (i79) 
228 

American  Reformed  Presbyterian  Mis- 
sion, (109)  207 

American  Sabbath  Tract  Society 
(Seventh  Day  Baptist),  (33b)  I7S  . 

American  Section,  Emergency  Committee 
of  Cooperating  Missions,  (128a)  215 

American  Secti9n  of  the  Committee  on 
Cooperation  in  Latin  America,  (133) 
218 

'American  S9lidarity,"  desire  for  in 
Latin  America,  30 

American  Tract  Society,  (126)  214 

American  United  Presbyterian  Mission, 
(ill)  208 

American  University  at  Cairo,  (143)  221; 
opening,  73 

American  Waldensian  Aid  Society.  (187) 
229 

American  Welsh  Presbyterian  Mission, 
(112)  208 

American  Wesleyan  Methodist  Mission, 
(95)  200-201 

Andrews,  R.  C,  and  Andrews,  Y.  B., 
(Bibl.),  123. 

Anglican  mission,  Sarawak,  55 

Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan,  73-741  material 
progress,  74;  missionary  cooperation 
and  expansion,  74;  railways  extended, 
74;  restrictions  on  missions  among  Mos- 
lems, 74;  trade,  foreign,  increase  in,  74; 
war,  unaffected  by,  74 

Angola  Evangelical  Mission,  237 

Animism;  or  Thought  currents  of  primi- 
tive peoples,  (Bibl.),  136 

Annett,  E.  A.,  (Bibl.),  118 

Anti-Brahmin  movements,  India,  46-47 

Anti-Tuberculosis  Association,  report  for 
Bombay,  46 

Apologetics,  (Bibl.),  MacLean,  J.  H.,  142 

Appeal  of  the  missionary  enterprise  to 
the  man  of  1919.  (Bibl.),  143-144 

Arabian  Mission,  (114a)  209;  founding 
of,  67 

Arabic  languages,  Mesopotamia,  (Bibl.). 
Van  Ess,  John,  140 

Archer,  John  Clark,  India,  42-50 

Armenia,  (Bibl.),  Buxton,  Harold,  132; 
(Bibl.),  Trowbridge,  Stephen,  133; 
Kurds  friendly  toward,  63;  reconstruc- 
tion, 65 

Armenia  and  India  Relief,  (i53)  223 

Armenia     and     the     peace     settlement, 

(Bibl.),  132 
Arms  traffic,  prohibition  of,  151 
Arnold,  Julean,  (Bibl.),  125 
Arthur  T.  Pierson  Memorial  Bible  School 

of  Seoul,  Korea,  (147)  222 
Asia,  The  awakening  of,  (Bibl.),  113 
Asia,     The     democratic    movement    in, 
(Bibl.),  112 


3i6 


INDEX 


Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Inter- 
national Apostolic  Holiness  Church, 
(60)  187-188 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Meth- 
odist Fpiscopal  Church,  (84)  I05-i0<^ 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Meth- 
odist Protestant  Church,  (93)  T09-200 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Nor- 
wegian Lutheran  Church  of  America, 
(66)  189 

Boardof  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Conference  of  the  Mennonite 
Brethren  in  Christ.  (80)  194 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  Presbyterian 
Church  in  Canada,  (9)  166 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Presby- 
terian Church  in  the  United  States  of 
America,  (106)  204-205 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Re- 
formed Church  in  America,  (114) 
209 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Re- 
formed Church  in  the  United  States, 
(115)  210 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Re- 
formed Episcopal  Church,  (51)  183 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Re- 
formed Presbyterian  Church  in  North 
America,  (no)  207 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Repre- 
sentative Council  of  the  Episcopal 
Church  in  Scotland,  241 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Synod 
of  the  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church 
in  North  America,  (109)  207 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Union 
American  Methodist  Church  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  (94)  200 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  United 
Lutheran  Church  in  America,  (69) 
190-191 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Untied 
Presbyterian  Church  of  North  America, 
(in)  208 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  United 
Synod  of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran 
Church  in  the  South,  192 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Yearly 
Meeting  of  Friends  for  New  England, 
187 

Board  of  Heathen  Missions  of  the  Chris- 
tian Reformed  Church,  (113)  208 

Board  of  Home  and  Foreign  Missions  of 
the  General  Convention  of  the  New 
Jerusalem  in  the  United  States  of 
America.  (99)  202 

Board  of  Home  Missions  and  Church 
Extension  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  (85)  196 

Board  of  Home  Missions  of  the  Presby- 
terian Church  in  the  United  States  of 
America,  (107)  206-207 

Board  of  Management  of  the  Gwalior 
Presbyterian'Mission,  169 

Nolr. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission|[^Societie8. 


Beach,  H.  P..  (Bibl.),  129 

Belgian  Congo,  83-84;  conference,  83; 
deputation  from  Baptist  Missionary 
Society  (English),  84;  deputation  from 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  84;  Ka- 
tanga mineral  fields,  76;  occupation 
inadequate,  83;  survey,  (Bibl.),  Stone- 
lalce,  Alfred.  116 

Belgian  Congo  and  the  Berlin  act.  The, 
(Bibl.),  114 

Berlin  Missionary  Society,  244 

Berlin  I,  244 

Berlin  II,  24s 

Berlin  Women's  Missionary  Society  for 
China.  244 

Berliner  Frauen-Missionsverein  fur  China, 
244 

Berliner  Missionsgesellschaft,  244 

Best  use  of  missionary  furlough.  The, 
(Bibl.),  141-142 

Bible,  circulation,  Arabia  and  Mesopo- 
tamia, 67;  Mandarin  union  version  of, 
38;  revised  in  Zulu,  78;  translation, 
French  Indo-China,  42;  translation  in 
Nyasaland,  79;  translation  in  Yoruba, 
78;  union  version  in  China,  38;  Wenli 
union  version,  38 

Bible.  Book  and  Tract  Depot,  252 

Bible  Faith  Mission,  (154)  223 

Bible  societies,  Negro  Africa,  78-79 

Bible  study  in  Chosen,  40 

Bibliography  of  Recent  Literature  Re- 
lating to  Foreign  Mission  Work,  iii- 
145 

Bismarck  Archipelago,  disposition  of,  153; 
present  status  of,  153. 

Board  for  Tamil  Christian  Literature,  254 

Board  of  Directors  of  the  Iconium  Col- 
lege. (19,3)  231 

Board  of  Domestic  Missions  of  the  Re- 
formed Church  in  America,  (114c),  209 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  Dutch  Re- 
formed Church.  (114)  209 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  Evangelical 
Lutheran  Joint  Synod  of  Ohio  and 
Other  States,  (65)  189 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  New  England 
Friends  Yearly  Meeting,  187 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Asso- 
ciate Reformed  Presbyterian  Church, 
(102)  203 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Evan- 
gelical Lutheran  Synod  of  Missouri, 
Ohio  and  Other  States,  (68)  190 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  General 
Conference  of  the  Mennonites  of  North 
America,  (82)  lo.S 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  General 
Council  of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran 
Church  in  North  America.  192 

Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  General 
Synod  'of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran 
Church''in  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica. 192 


INDEX 


1317 


bureau,  15;  Conference,  recommenda- 
tions to  Peace  Conference,  16;  Con- 
ference, work  of  committees,  16;  90- 
operation  in,  13;  cooperation  with 
Interchurch  World  Movement,  16; 
deputations  to  foreign  fields,  17;  edu- 
cational commission'  to  India,  17; 
Emergency  Committee,  part  at  Peace 
Conference,  16;  home  staff,  changes 
in,  14;  increased  expenditure,  12-13; 
increased  income,  12;  lessened  staff, 
13;  loss  on  exchange,  12-13;  missionary 
literature,  16;  Missionary  Passport 
Committee,  13;  passport  problem,  13- 
14;  Peace  Conference,  safeguarding  of 
religious  liberties  at,  16;  reforms  in 
India,  committee  to  consider,  17; 
situation  among  the  societies,  12; 
union  among  societies,  14;  United 
Medical  Missions  Exhibit,  14 
British-Persian  treaty,  70 
British  regulations  governing  missions,  10 
British   Society  for  the   Propagation  of 

the  Gospel  among  the  Jews,  237 
British  Syrian  Mission,  237 
Broad  Cast  Tract  Press  and  Faith  Or- 
phanage, (iS7)  224 
Brooks,  C.  A.,  (BiblO.  I44 
Broomhall,  Marshall,  (Bibl.).  123 
Brough,  J,  S.  B..  (Bibl.),  140 
Brown,  A.  J.,  (Bibl.),  112 
Brown,  W.  A.,  (Bibl.),  144 
Buck,  T.  L.,  (Bibl.),  125-126 
Buddhism,    Chosen,    (Bibl.),    137;  Siam, 
adopting  Christian  features,  60;  Siam, 
revival,  5^60 
Buddhist   educational   commission  from 

India  to  Philippines,  90 
Building   of   the   church   among   village 
communities,    II    The    North    Indian 
Presbyterian  mass  movement,  118-119 
Bulgarian  Evangelical  Society,  243 
Bureau  of  Missions  of  the  National  As- 
sociation for  the  Promotion  of  Holiness, 
(167)  226 
Bureau     of     Statistics     and     Research, 

(i3ia9a)  216 
Burgess,  J.  S.,  (Bibl.),  126 
Burnet,  Amos,  South  African  Home  Base, 

i9-;-20;  (Bibl.),  114 
Burning  Bush  Mission,  (96)  201 
Buxton,  Harold,  (Bibl.),  132 

Cairo,  American  University  at,  (143)  221; 
opening,  73 

Cambridge  University's  Mission  to  Delhi, 
(Bibl.),  121 

Cameroun,  82-83;  disposition  of,  152; 
French  substituted  for  German,  82-83; 
German  missions  taken  over  by  Amer- 
icans and  French,  83;  payment  for 
damages  in,  152;  present  administra- 
tion of,  151-152 

Camps  and  trails  in  China,  (Bibl.),  123 

Note. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies. 


Board  of  Missionary  Preparation,  (131b) 

216 
Board  of   Missions  for  Porto  Rico    and 
Latin  America  of  the  General    Council 
of  the  Evangehcal  Lutheran  Church  in 
North  America,  192 
Board  of  Missions  of  the  Church  of  the 

Lutheran  Brethren,  (61)    188 
Board    of    Missions    of    the    Evangelical 

Association,  (52)  184 
Board  of  Missions  of  the  Friends  Church 

of  California,  (57)  186 
Board   of    Missions  of  the   General  As- 
sembly of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of 
Australia,  233 
Board  of  Missions  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church,  South,  (89)  198 
Board  of  the  Hawaiian  Evangelical  As- 
sociation, 233 
Board  of  Trustees  of  Fukien   Christian 

University,  (144a)  222 
Board  of  Trustees  of  St.  Paul's  Institute, 

(4Sh)  181 
Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Gould  Memo- 
rial   Home    and    Industrial    Schools, 
Rome,  Italy,  (192)  230-231 
Boat  Mission,  (182)  229 
Boat  work  on  Nile,  73 
Boggs,  S.  W.,  Geography  and  Missions, 

104-110 
Bolivian  Indian  Mission,  251;  begun  in 
New  Zealand,  20;  Dunedui  Council, 
234;  London  Council,  237;  New  York 
Council,  (iSS)  224;  Pacific  Coast 
Council,  (156)  224 
Bombay,    Anti- Tuberculosis    Association 

report  for,  46 
Books,  mission,  see  BibUography 
Boxer    indemnity,    Germany    renoimces, 

153 
Boycott  of  Japanese  goods  m  China,  34 
"Boys'     Christian    Home"     Mission    of 

India,  254 
Breklum  Society,  246 
Brethren,  Church  of  the  (Dunker),  (36) 

176 
Brethren  Church  (Progressive),  (37)  176 
Brethren    in    Christ    Mission,    Tunkers, 

(38)  177 
Brethren  Missionaries,  (39)  177 
British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  237; 

Negro  Africa,  78-79 
British    Council    of    the    Sudan    United 

Mission,  239 
British  East  Africa,  84;  influenza  in,  84; 

smallpox  in,  84 
British  Home  Base,  The,  12-17;  aid  to 
Basel  Mission,  16;  Conference  of  Mis- 
sionary Societies  in  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  14-15;  Conference,  coopera- 
tion with  Interchurch  World  Move- 
ment, 16;  Conference,  financial  state- 
ment, 15;  Conference,  missionary 
magazine,     15-16;    Conference,    press 


318 


INDEX 


Canada,  9-12;  advance  and  cooperation, 
10;  increased  income,  12;  Interchurch 
World  Movement,  10;  postal  rates 
from,  157;  societies,  162-170 

Canada  Congregational  Foreign  Mission- 
ary Society,  (3)  164 

Canada  Congregational  Woman's  Board 
of  Missions,  (4)  165 

Canadian  Baptist  Foreign  Mission  Board, 
(i)  162 

Canadian  Church  Mission,  (2)  163-164 

Canadian  Committee,  Mission  to  Lepers, 
(10)  167 

Canadian  Committee  of  the  Nyasaland 
Mission  of  the  Dutch  Reformed 
Church  of  South  Africa,  (20)  169 

Canadian  Committee  of  the  San  Pedro 
Mission  to  the  Indians  of  South  Amer- 
ica, (21)  169 

Canadian  Council,  Ceylon  and  India 
General  Mission,  (14)  168 

Canadian  Council,  Inland-South-America 
Missionary  Union,  (17)  169 

Canadian  Holiness  Movement  Mission, 
(5)  16s 

Canadian  McAll  Association,  (19)  169 

Canadian  Methodist  Mission,  (8)  165-166 

Canadian  Northwest  Conference,  Foreign 
Mission  Board  of  the  Mennonite  Breth- 
ren in  Christ,  (7)  165 

Canadian  Presbyterian  Mission,  (9)  166 

Canary  Islands  and  Germany,  clauses 
affecting,  154 

Canton,  (Bibl.).  Noyes,  H.  N.,  124 

Canton  Christian  College,  (190)  230 

Canton  Medical  Missionary  Society, 
252 

Captain  Bickel  of  the  Inland  Sea,  (Bibl.). 
130 

Caroline  Islands,  disposition  of,  153; 
present  status  of,  153 

Carvell.  A.  M.,  (Bibl.),  117 

Case  of  real  self-support,  A,  China, 
(Bibl.),  126 

Caste  system,  breakdown  of,  47 

Cathedral,  Uganda,  (Bibl.),  Rowling,  F., 
116 

Catholic  Church,  missionaries,  98;  Amer- 
ican, 103;  in  China,  103;  missionaries' 
training,  98-99;  missions  of,  97-103; 
in  Africa,  100;  in  China,  100;  in  French 
Indo-China,  100;  in  India,  100;  in 
Japan,  100;  in  Oceania,  100;  native 
workers,  98;  seminaries,  102;  support, 
loo-ioi;  support,  from  U.  S.,  101-102 

Caucasus,  Russian,  permanent  work 
asked  in,  63;  relief  work  in,  63 

Centenary,  Methodist,  9;  expansion.  East 
Indies,  59:  Malaysia,  56 

Central  America,  regional  conference  in, 
32 

Central  American  Mission,  (158)  224 

Central  Asian  Mission,  237 

Central  Asian  Pioneer  Mission,  237 


Central  Board  of  Missions  of  the  Chtorch 
of  England,  236 

Central-Comite  voor  de  Oprichting  en  de 
Instandhouding  van  een  Seminarie 
nabij  Batavia,  246 

Central  institutional  church,  Nanchang, 
(Bibl.),  129 

Central  Morocco  Mission,  241 

Central  Turkey  College,  Aintab,  (4Se) 
180 

Ceylon  and  India  General  Mission,  237; 
American  Council,  (159)  224;  Cana- 
dian Council,  (14)  168 

Chamberlain,  William  I.,  Arabia  and 
Mesopotamia,  67-69 

Chao,  K.  C,  (Bibl.),  126 

Chapman,  J.  W.,  (Bibl.),  144 

Chefoo  Industrial  Mission,  252 

Cheng,  C.  Y.,  (Bibl.),  126 

Children,  books  for,  138-139;  conserving 
the,  Syria  and  Palestine,  65-66 

Children's  Special  Service  Mission,  237 

China,  33-38;  Bibliography,  123-130; 
boycott  of  Japanese  goods,  34;  Cath- 
olic missions  in,  100;  Chinese  home 
mission  in  Yunnan,  38;  church  union, 
36-37;.  city  work,  36;  Continuation 
Committee  survey,  37;  Demnark  in- 
creasing work,  36;  disbandment  of 
military,  34;  education,  government, 
35;  education,  mission,  36;  foreign 
trade,  35;  Fukien  Christian  University, 
36;  future  field  for  German  missions, 
19;  Germany,  clauses  affecting,  Treaty 
of  Peace,  153;  industrial  progress,  34; 
international  consortium  for  financing 
of,  34;  Japan,  relations  with,  33-34.  Si; 
Mandarin  union  version  of  Bible,  38; 
inilitary  governors,  awakening  of  pub- 
lic opinion  against,  33;  military  pur- 
poses, large  expenditures  for,  34; 
Missions  Building  at  Shanghai,  38; 
Moslems,  committee  on  work  among, 
37;  national  spirit,  awakening  of,  34; 
Norway  increasing  work  in,  35-36; 
opium  refonn,  35;  outlook,  38;  Peace 
Conference,  33-34;  Peking  Medical 
School,  36;  Peking  University,  36; 
phonetic  script,  35;  proposed  Union 
Lutheran  College,  37;  Shanghai  Peace 
Conference,  33;  Shantung  question, 
33-34;  social  application  of  Gospel,  37; 
social  progress,  35;  strike,  34;  survey 
of  Chnstian  education,  36;  Sweden  in- 
creasirig  work,  36;  Tibet,  opening  of 
work  in,  36;  Treaty,  refusal  to  sign, 
34;  union  version  of  Bible,  38;  Wenli 
union  version  of  Bible,  38;  Yunnan 
mission,  38 

China    and    the     world     war,     (Bibl.), 

124 

China  at  the  cross  roads — a  review  of 
the  year  1918  and  the  outlook  for 
1919,  (Bibl.),  129 


Note. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies. 


INDEX 


319 


China  Baptist  Publication  Society,  252 
China  Christian  Educational  Association, 


Christian  education  in  S.  India,  (Bibl.), 

118 
Christian     Educational     Association     of 

Tokyo,  257 
Christian  Endeavor  Union,  World's,  (127) 

214 
Christian  Faith  Mission,  252 
Christian  Herald  Missionary  Fund,  (161) 


252 

China  Continuation  Committee  of  the 
National  Missionary  Conference, 
Shanghai,  252;  (Bibl.),  128 

China  Inland  Mission,  232;  China  Coun- 
cil, 252;  Council  for  Australasia,  233; 
Council  for  North  America,  (Phila- 
delphia Office)  (160)  224-225;  Coun- 
cil for  North  America,  (Toronto  Office) 
(15)  168;  London  Council,  237 

China  Medical  Missionary  Association, 
252 

China  Mennonite  Mission  Society,  (83) 
195 

China  Missionary  Society  of  the  Augus- 
tana  Synod  of  the  Evangelical  Luth- 
eran Church  of  North  America,  (71) 
192 

China  of  the  Chinese,  (Bibl.),  124-125 

China  Sunday  School  Union,  254  _ 

China  world  democracy  and  missions, 
(Bibl.),  130 

China's  economic  problems  and  Chris- 
tian missionary  effort,  (Bibl.),  125 

Chinese,  Malaysia,  immigration,  55; 
work  for,  56 

Chinese  Christian  church  and  national 
movements,  (Bibl.),  126 

Chinese  home  mission  in  Yunnan,  38 

Chinese  liberality,  Bangkok  Christian 
College,  61 

Chinese  Mohammedanism,  (Bibl.),  138 

Chinese  Student  Volunteer  Movement 
for  the  Ministry,  252;  (Bibl.),  128 

Chinese  Tract  Society,  252 

Chosen,  38-41;  Bible  study  in,  40;  Bud- 
dhism, (Bibl.),  137;  burning  of  churches, 
39;  change  in  administration,  40; 
Japanese  in  Chosen,  work  among,  41; 
moral  deterioration  under  Japan's 
military  system,  39;  native  church  in 
Chosen,  attitude  of  Japan  toward,  39- 
40;  passive  resistance,  40;  poUtical 
disturbances,  38-39;  proclamation  of 
independence,  39;  progress,  material, 
under  Japanese  rule,  39;  protests 
against  Japan  at  home  and  abroad, 
40;  revolt,  38-40;  revolt,  eflfect  on  mis- 
sion work,  40;  revolt,  suppression,  39; 
self-support  and  expansion,  40-41; 
Sunday-schools,  40 

Christian  and  Missionary  Alliance,  (40) 
177-178;  occupation  of  French  Indo- 
China,  41 

Christian  approach  to  Islam,  The,  (Bibl.), 

136 
Christian  Association  of  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  (Foreign  Department) 
(178)  228 
Christian  Catholic  Apostolic  Church  in 

Zion,  252 
Christian  Church,  (41)  178 

Note. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies. 


225 

Christian   Literature    Council   in   China, 

Plans  of  the.  (Bibl.),  128 
Christian  Literature  Society  for  China, 

252 
Christian   Literature   Society   for   India, 

238 
Christian  Missions  in  Many  Lands,  235 
Christian  Reformed  Church,  (113)  208 
Christian  Service  League,  Philippines,  92 
Christian  University  at  Cairo,  73 
Christian  Woman's  Board  of    Missions, 

(49)  182 
Christians.  (Disciples  of  Christ)  181-182 
Christians'  Mission,  252 
Christianization   of   life   in    China,    The, 

(Bibl.),  126 
Chung,  Henry,  (Bibl.),  112 
Church  and  the  industrial  situation.  The, 

(Bibl.),  144 
Church  Missionary  Society  for  Africa  and 

the  East,  235 
Church  of  all  nations.  A,  (Bibl.),  145 
Church  of  Christ  in  Japan,  258 
Church  of   England,   missions  in   South 

Africa,   19 
Church  of  England  in  Canada,  (2)  163- 

164 
Church  of  England  Zenana   Missionary 

Society,  236 
Church  of  God,  178-179 
Church  of  God,  (India)  25S 
Church  of  God  Foreign  Missionary  Board, 

(42)  178 
Church  of  Scotland  Committee  for  the 

Conversion  of  the  Jews,  241 
Church    of    Scotland    Foreign     Mission 

Committee,  241 
Church  of  Scotland  Women's  Association 

for  Foreign  Missions,  241 
Church  of  Sweden  Mission  Board,  249 
Church  of  the  Brethren,   (Dunker)   (36) 

176 
Church  of  the  Brethren  Mission,  (36)  176 
Church     union,     China,     36-37;     India, 

(Bibl.),  119;  Syria  and  Palestine,  65 
Churches,  Chosen,  burning  of,  39 
Churches    of    God,    General    Eldership, 

(44)   179 
City  work,  China,  36 
Coan,  F.  G.,  (Bibl.),  133 
Cochran,  J.  C,  (Bibl.),  123 
Cock,  A.  A.,  (Bibl.),  139 
Coffin.  H.  S.,  (Bibl.),  141 
Colombia,  (Bibl.),  Williams,  M.  N.,  134 
Colonies,  industrial,  Malaysia,  56 


320 


INDEX 


Coming    Chinese    Christian    leadership, 

(Bibl.).  129 
Comite  tot  Voorziening  in  de  Godsdien- 
stige    Behoeften    van    de    Gevestigde 
Inlandsche  Protestantsche  Christenge- 
meenten    op    de    Sangir-     en    Talaut- 
Eilanden,  246 
Committee  of  Reference  and  Counsel  of 
the    Foreign    Missions    Conference    of 
North  America,  Inc.,  (131a)  215 
Committee    on    Cooperation    in    Latin 
America,  American  Section,  (133)  218; 
cooperation    with    Interchurch    World 
Movement,  32 
Committee  on  Work  among  Moslems  in 

China,  37 
Communal  representation,  India,  43 
"Comparative  areas,"  study  of,  105-106 
Compound  work,  Johannesburg,  86 
Conference,  Belgian  Congo,  83 
Conference    of    Federated    Missions    in 

Japan,  257 
Conference    of    Missionary    Societies    in 
Great    Britain    and     Ireland,     14-15: 
cooperation    with    Interchurch    World 
Movement,  16;  financial  statement,  15; 
missionary     magazine,     15-16;     press 
bureau,  15;  recommendations  to  Peace 
Conference,  16;  work  of  committees,  16 
Conference  of  Protestant  Missionary  So- 
cieties in  the  Congo,  83 
Conference  of  South  Africa,  General  Mis- 
sion, 87 
Conference,  Student,  Philippines,  01-92 
Conference,  Syria  and  Palestine, '64-65 ; 

recommendations,  64-65 
Conferences,  regional,  Negro  Africa,  77 
Congo,     The    missionary    situation    in, 

(Bibl.).  116 
Congo  Inland  Mission,  (81)  195 
Congregational  Churches,  Canada,   164- 

165;  United  States,  179-18 1 
Congregational   Union   Church   Aid   and 
Missionary    Society   of    South    Africa, 
250 
Congregational  Union  of  British  Guiana, 

^251 

Congregational  Union  of  Jamaica.  251 
Conscience,  freedom  of,  under  mandatary. 

Conserving  the  children,  Syria  and  Pales- 
tine. 65-66 
Constantinople  Girls'  College,  (191)  230 
Continental  Home  Base,  17-19;  Basel 
Mission.  19;  distrust  of  leaders  in 
other  countries.  18;  France,  increased 
interest.  18;  German  missions,  future 
fields.  China.  Netherlands  East  Indies, 
South  America.  19;  Germany,  depres- 
sion and  lessened  interest,  18;  informa- 
tion unreliable,  17;  neutral  countries, 
increased  income,  18;  "Supemational- 
ity  of  Missions,"  17-18;  Switzerland, 
depression,  19 


Continental  Mission  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  in  Ireland,  240 

Continuation  Committee  of  the  World 
Missionary  Conference,  (128)  215 

Continuation  Committee  Survey,  China, 
37. 

Continuation  Committee,  Syria  and 
Palestine,  64 

Convention,  Student  Volunteer  Move- 
ment. II 

Convention.  World's  Sunday  School. 
Tokyo,  1920,  52 

Cooperation.  Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan,  74; 
Canadian,  10;  Committee  on  Coopera- 
tion in  Latin  America  with  Interchurch 
World  Movement,  32;  government, 
Philippines.  91;  Great  Britain.  13; 
Great  Britain  with  Interchurch  World 
Movement.  16;  Conference  of  Mis- 
sionary Societies  in  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland  with  Interchurch  World  Move- 
ment, 16;  need  of.  Johannesburg.  86; 
South  Africa.  87 

Cooperation,  its  necessity  and  cost, 
(Bibl.),  142-143 

Cooperative  program  for  Mexico.  32 

Coptic  Church,  73;  (Bibl.),  Leeder,  S.  H., 
114 

Corea,  see  Chosen 

Council  in  Canada  for  the  Inland-South- 
America  Missionary  Union,  (17)  169 

Council  in  the  United  States  of  the  Inland- 
South-America  Missionary  Union,  (168) 
226 

Countess  of  Huntingdon's  Connection, 
236 

Cowley,  Wantage  &  All  Saints  Mission- 
ary Association,  235 

Crusade  of  compassion  for  the  healing  of 
the  nations,  A.  (Bibl.).  iii 

Cumberland  Presbyterian.  (104)  203 

Cyprus,  present  status  of.  15S 

Dale.  (Godfrey.  (Bibl.).  114-115 
Danish  Board  for  the  Santal  Mission,  243 
Danish  Church  Mission  in  Arabia.  243 
Danish    Council    of    the    Sudan    United 

Mission.  243 
Danish  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  in 

America.  (62)  188 
Danish  Lutheran.  (62)  188 
Danish  Missionary  Society,  243 
Danish  Tent  Mission,  243 
Danish  United  Lutheran,  (63)  188 
Dansk  Kirke- Mission  i  Arabien,  243 
Danske  Missionsselskab,  243 
Davis.  J.  M..  (Bibl.).  131 
Day  Missions  Library,  (163)  225 
Day  of  opportunity  at  Delhi.  (Bibl.),  121 
"Defence  of  India  Act,"  rigorous  applica- 
tion of.  44 
Delhi.  India,  (Bibl.),  Marsh.  Noel.  121 
Democracy    and    the    Eastern    question, 
China,  (Bibl.),  123-124 


Note. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies. 


INDEX 


321 


Democratic  movement  in  Asia,  The, 
(Bibl.),  112 

Denmark,  increasing  work  in  China,  36; 
societies,  243 

Dennett,  Tyler,  (Bibl.),  112 

Denyes,  John  R.,  Malaysia,  54-59 

Dei)artmentalized  government,  Philip- 
pines, 90 

Depression  in  Germany,  18;  Switzerland, 
19 

Deputation,  Federation  of  Woman's 
Boards,  11 

Deputations,  Baptist  Missionary  Society 
(English)  to  Belgian  Congo,  84;  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church  to  Belgian 
Congo,  84;  to  foreign  fields,  11;  to 
foreign  fields  from  Great  Britain, 
^7 

Des  Moines  Convention,  11 

Deutsche  China- Allianz- Mission  in  Bar- 
men, 244 

Deutsche  Orient  Mission,  244 

Deutscher  Frauen  Missionsbund,  244 

Deutscher  Hulfsbund  fur  christliches 
Liebeswerk  im  Orient,  24s 

Developing  a  dominantly  missionary 
church,  (Bibl.),  141 

Development  of  a  mass  movement  church. 
The,  (Bibl.),  122 

Devil  worship,  Kurdistan,  (Bibl.),  137 

Dickson,  E.  J.  M.,  (Bibl.),  126 

Diffendorfer.  R.  E.,  (Bibl.),  141 

Directors  of  the  Methodist  Publishing 
House  in  China,  (136)  219 

Directory  for  Latin  America,  33 

Directory  of  Foreign  Mission  Societies, 
159-259 

Disciples  of  Christ,  181-182^ 

Distribution  of  medical  missions.  The, 
(Bibl.).  145 

Disturbances,  political,  Chosen,  38-39 

Domestic  and  Foreign  Missionary  Society 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in 
the  United  States  of  America,  (50) 
182-183 

Domestic,  Frontier  and  Foreign  Mission- 
ary Society  of  the  United  Brethren  in 
Christ,  (123)  212 

Donaldson,  D.  M.,  (Bibl.),  133 

Doopsgezinde  Vereeniging  tot  Bevorder- 
ing  der  Evangelieverbreiding  in  de 
Nederlandsch-Overzeesche  Bezittingen, 
247 

"  Door  of  Hope"  Mission,  253 

Doshisha  University,  257 

Dovey,  J.  W.,  (Bibl.),  127 

Dufferin  and  Procter  Memorial  Schools, 
238 

Dunlop,  D.  C.  L.,  (Bibl.),  119 

Du  Plessis,  J.,  (Bibl.),  144 

Dutch  Reformed  Church,  Board  of  For- 
eign Missions,  (114)  209 

Dutch  Reformed  Church  of  South  Africa, 
missions  of,  19 


East,  Social  problems  and  the,  (Bibl.) 
113 

East  Africa,  84;  British  East  Africa,  in- 
fluenza, 84;  British  East  Africa,  small- 
pox, 84;  Mohammedan  advance,  84; 
Nyasaland,  Bible  translation,  79 

"Echoes  of  Service"  Missionary  Society, 
235     .       . 

Economic  distress,  India,  45 

Eddy,  G.  S.,  (Bibl.),  119 

Edinburgh  Medical  Missionary  Society, 
242 

Education,  Africa,  government  control 
considered,  81;  Africa,  missionary  con- 
trol of  primary  schools,  80-81;  Africa, 
Nigerian  government  encourages,  82; 
Africa,  support  in  Natal,  87;  Africa, 
West,  interest,  81;  Arabia  and  Meso- 
potamia, 67;  China,  government,  35; 
China,  mission,  36;  East  Indies,  58-59; 
India,  government  report,  49;  India, 
missionary,  49;  India,  women's,  49- 
50;  Japan,  government  ordinances,  53; 
Latin  America,  northern  leadership, 
31;  Persia,  69;  Philippines,  91;  Siam, 
60-61;  Siam,  high  standard  of,  60; 
Turkey,  interruption  of,  62 

Educational  commission,  Buddhist,  from 
India  to  Philippines,  90;  to  India  from 
Great  Britain  and  U.  S.,  17 

Edwards,  W.  J.,  (Bibl.),  139 

Effects  of  the  war  on  Africa,  Some, 
(Bibl.),  117 

Egypt,  71-73;  boat  work  on  Nile,  73; 
Christian  University  at  _  Cairo,  73; 
Coptic  Church,  73;  itinerating  agencies, 
73;  Mohammedans  and  Christians 
fraternize,  72;  _  Native  Protestant 
Church,  73;  rioting,  71;  self-support, 
73;  strikes,  72;  survey,  73;  suspension 
of  mission  work,  71-72;  uprising,  71- 
72;  uprising,  causes,  71;  uprising,  effect 
of,  on  mission  work,  71-72;  uprising, 
significance,  71;  war,  labor  corps,  72- 
73;  war,  quiet  during,  71 

Egypt  General  Mission,  238 

Emergency  Committee  of  Cooperating 
Missions,  part  at  Peace  Conference, 
10-16;  Ajnerican  Section,  (128a)  215 

Emergency  in  Chosen,  The,  (Bibl.),  131 

Emmanuel  Medical  Mission,  242 

Encouraging  signs  in  Latin  America, 
(Bibl.),  13s 

English  Council  of  the  South  Africa 
General  Mission,  239 

English  Mission,  Lydda,  Palestine,  259 

Episcopal  Church,  182-183 

Episcopal,  Reformed,  183-184 

Eskimo  dog-sled  and  kayak.  By,  (Bibl.), 
138 

Eternal  source  of  missions.  The,  (Bibl.),  140 

Euphrates  College,  (45f)  180 

Europe,  Young  Men's  Christian  Associa- 
tion, extension  of  work  in,  11 


Note. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies. 


322 


INDEX 


Europeans,  religious  condition  of.  South 
Africa,  8s 

Evangel  Mission,  (164)  225 

Evangel  Press,  253 

Evangelical  Association,  184 

Evangelical  Lutheran  Free  Church  of 
Norway,  Mission  of  the,  248 

Evangelical  Lutheran  Synod  of  Iowa  and 
Other  States,  (67)  190 

Evangelical  Mission  to  Israel.  238 

Evangelical  National  Missionary  Society 
of  Stockholm,  248 

Evangelical  Synod,  (54)  185 

Evangelical  Union  of  South  America, 
238;  North  American  Branch,  (16) 
168 

Evangelical  Union  of  the  PhiUppine  Is- 
lands, 259 

Evangelical  United,  184-185 

Evangelisch-lutherische  Mission  zu  Leip- 
zig,  245 

Evangelisch-lutherische  Missionsanstalt 
zu  Hermannsburg,  245 

Evangelische  Missionsgesellschaft  fur 
Deutsch-Ostafrika,  245 

Evangelische  Missionsgesellschaft  zu 
Basel,  249 

EvangeHska  Fosterlands-Stiftelsen,  248 

Evangelistic  movement  in  the  Indian 
church.  The,  (Bibl.).  122 

Evangelization  of  provinces.  The, — Man- 
churia, (Bibl.).  127 

Everyday  difficulties  of  Indian  Christians, 
(Bibl.),  120-121 

Ewing.  J.  C.  R..  (Bibl.),  122 

Exchange,  loss  on,  Great  Britain,  12-13 

Executive  Committee  of  Foreign  Missions 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the 
United  States,  (105)  203-204 

Exhibit,  United  Medical  Missions,  Great 
Britain,  14 

Expansion  of  Christianity  in  the  modern 
world.  The,  (Bibl.),  140 

Expenditure  in  Great  Britain,  increased, 
12-13 

Exploitation  of  Latin  America  by  out- 
siders, 24 

Extraterritoriality,  Siam,  terminated,  153 

Eyes  of  Asia.  The,  (Bibl.).  118 

Faith  Mission,  253 

Famine,  India,  46 

Far  East.  The  mastery  of  the,  (Bibl.),  112 

Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ 
in  America,  (129)  215 

Federal  Council  of  Protestant  Evangelical 
Missions  in  Korea,  258 

Federal  Foreign  Mission  Committee  of 
Churches  of  Christ  in  Australia,  233 

Federation  of  Japanese  Churches,  dele- 
gation to  Chosen,  51 

Federation  of  Woman's  Boards  of  For- 
eign Missions  of  North  America,  (130) 
215;  deputations,  ii 


Field  Reviews,  21-93;  Anglo-Egyptian 
Sudan,  73-74;  China,  3,3-38;  Chosen, 
38-41;  Egypt,  71-73;  French  Indo- 
China,  41-42;  India,  42-50;  Japan, 
50-54;  Latin  America,  23-33;  Malay- 
sia, 54-59;  Negro  Africa,  74-88;  Philip- 
pines. S9-93',  Turkish  Empire,  61-70 

Fifty  years  in  China,  (Bibl.),  125 

Financial  staternent.  Conference  of  Mis- 
sionary Societies,  Great  Britain,  15 

Financing  of  China,  International  Con- 
sortium for,  34 

Finland,  societies,  243 

Finley,  J.  H.,  (Bibl.),  131 

Finnish  Missionary  Society,  243 

Finska  Missionssallskapet,  243 

Fisher,  F.  B.,  (Bibl.),  118 

Five  republics  of  Central  America,  (Bibl.), 
Munro,  D.  G.,  133-134 

Foreign  Christian  Missionary  Society, 
(48)  181-182 

Foreign  Department  of  the  Dominion 
Council  of  the  Young  Women's  Chris- 
tian Association  of  Canada,  (11)  167 

Foreign  Department  of  the  English  Na- 
tional Council  of  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Associations,  239 

Foreign  Department  of  the  National 
Board  of  the  Young  Women's  Christian 
Association  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  (142)  221 

Foreign  Department  of  _  the  National 
Young  Women's  Christian  Association 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  240 

Foreign  Department  of  the  National 
Young  Women's  Christian  Associations 
of  Australasia,  234 

Foreign  fields,  deputations  to,  11 

Foreign  financial  control  in  China,  (Bibl.), 
124 

Foreign  magic.  Tales  of  every-day  China, 
(Bibl.),  123 

Foreign  Mission  Board,  Friends  of  Phila- 
delphia. (55)  185 

Foreign  Mission  Board,  Michigan  Men- 
nonite  Brethren  in  Christ,  (77)   194 

Foreign  .Mission  Board  of  the  African 
Methodist  Episcopal  Zion  Church,  Inc., 
(88)  197-198 

Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Brethren  in 
Christ  of  the  United  States  of  America 
and  Canada,  (38)  177 

Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Christian 
Church,  (41)  178 

Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Evangelical 
Synod  of  North  America,  (54)  i8s 

Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Indiana 
and  Ohio  Conference.  Mcnnonite  Breth- 
ren in  Christ,  (75)  194 

Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Mcnnonite 
Brethren  in  Christ,  Canadian  North- 
west Conference,  (7)   i<^)5 

Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  National 
Baptist  Convention,  (28)  172 

Note. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies. 


INDEX 


323 


French  Indo-China,  41-42;  Bible  transla- 
tion, 42;  British  and  Foreign  Bible  So- 
ciety, 42;  Catholic  missions,  100;  oc- 
cupation. Christian  and  Missionary 
Alliance,  41;  outlook,  42;  Swiss  Ply- 
mouth Brethren,  41-42 
French  language  substituted  for  German, 

Cameroun,  82-83 
French   Protestant    Mission  in  Kabylie, 

244 
Fri  Baptister,  249 
Fria  Missionen  i  Finland,  243 
Friedenshort  Deaconess  Mission,  244 
Friends'  Anti-Slavery  Committee,  236 
Friends'  Armenian   Mission  Committee, 

236 
Friends  Church  of  California,  Board  of 

Missions,  (57)  186 
Friends'    Foreign     Mission     Association, 

236 
Friends'   Foreign   Missionary   Society   of 

the  Ohio  Yearly  Meeting,  (58)  187 
Friends  of  Philadelphia,  Foreign  Mission 

Board,  (ss)  185 
Friends,  (Orthodox)  185-187 
Fruit  from  the  jungle,  (Bibl.),  I39 
Fukien  University,  (144a)  222;  36 
Fullani  bin  Fullani,  (Bibl.),  IIS 
Funfpfennig-Verein,  24s 
Furlough,  missionary  preparation,  (Bibl.). 

141-142 
Future  place  of  education  in  China,  The, 
(Bibl.).  127 

Gale,  F.  C,  (Bibl.),  129 

Gambling,  East  Indies,  58 

Gamewell,  M.  N.,  (Bibl.),  123 

General  Articles,  97-14S 

General  Baptists,  Foreign  Mission  Board, 
(26)  171 

General  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  Church 
of  the  Nazarene,  (98)  202 

General  Conference  Mennonite  Mission, 
(82)  195 

General  Conference  of  the  Seventh-Day 
Adventist  Denomination,  (25)  170- 
171 

General  Eldership  of  the  Churches  of 
God,  (44)  179 

General  Mission  Board  of  the  Church  of 
the  Brethren,  (36)  176 

General  Mission  Committee  of  the  Dutch 
Reformed  Church  of  South  Africa,  250; 
American  Committee,  (177)  228;  Ca- 
nadian Committee,  (20)  169 

General  Mission  Conference  of  South 
Africa,  87 

General  Missionary  Board  of  the  Free 
Methodist  Church  of  North  America. 
(90)  199 

General  Synod  of  the  Evangelical  Luth- 
eran Church  in  the  United  States  of 
America,  Board  of  Foreign  Missions, 
192 

Note. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies. 


Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Nebraska 
Conference,  Mennonite  Brethren  in 
Christ  Church,  (78)  194 

Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Reformed 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Scotland,  241 

Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Southern 
Baptist  Convention,  (34)  175 

Foreign  Mission  Committee  of  Churches 
of  Christ,  241 

Foreign  Mission  Committee  of  the  United 
Free  Church  of  Scotland,  241 

Foreign  Mission  Department  of  the  Scot- 
tish National  Council  of  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Associations,  242 

Foreign  Mission  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  in  Ireland,  240 

Foreign  Mission  of  the  Reformed  Presby- 
terian Synod  of  Ireland,  240 

Foreign  Missionary  Association  of  Friends 
of  Philadelphia,  (55)  185. 

Foreign  missionary  cooperation  and  unity 
at  the  home  base  in  America,  (Bibl.),  144 

Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  Breth- 
ren Chvirch,  (37)  176 

Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  Gen- 
eral Association  of  General  Baptists  in 
the  United  States,  (26)  171 

Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  United 
Brethren  in  Christ,  (122)  212 

Foreign  Missionary  Society,  Ohio  Yearly 
Meeting  of  Friends',  (58)  187 

Foreign  Missions  Board  of  the  Pacific 
Conference,  Mennonite  Brethren  in 
Christ,  (79)  194 

Foreign  Missions  Committee  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Church  of  England,  237 

Foreign  Missions  Committee  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Church  of  New  Zealand,  234 

Foreign  Missions  Conference  of  North 
Arnerica,  (131)  215-216 

Foreign  Missions  of  the  Conference  of  the 
Mennonite  Brethren  Church  of  North 
America,  (74)  193 

Foreign  Sunday  School  Association  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  (139a)  220- 
229 

Foreningen  for  Israelsmission,  248 

Foreword,  3 

France,  German  missions  in  Cameroun 
taken  over  by,  83;  increase  of  mis- 
sionary interest,  18;  societies,  244 

Franklin,  J.  H..  (Bibl.).  112 

Eraser,  Donald,  (Bibl.),  117 

Free  Baptist  Woman's  Missionary  So- 
ciety, (29b)  173 

Free  Church  Mission  of  Finland,  243 

Free  Church  of  Scotland  Foreign  Mis- 
sion, 241 

Free  Methodist  Mission,  (90)  199 

Freedom,  religious,  Turkey,  63 

French  Baptist  Mission,  251 

French  Congo,  83;  government  opposi- 
tion, 83;  survey,  (Bibl.),  Stonelake, 
Alfred,  116 


324 


INDEX 


Geography,  104-110;  accuracy  essential, 
108;  application  to  missionary  prob- 
lems, 104;  comparability  of  mission 
maps,  105-106;  comparative  areas, 
study  of,  105-106;  continuity  of  geo- 
graphic problem,  107-108;  essentials 
of,  106-107;  Mercator's  Projection, 
misuse  of,  105-106;  non-missionary 
data  essential,  106;  "Problem  Areas," 
study  of,  106-107;  unoccupied  mission 
fields,  104 

German  Aid  Society  for  Christian  Char- 
ity in  the  East,  24s 

German  Baptists,  Missionary  Society  of 
the,  246 

German  China  Alliance  Mission  in  Bar- 
men, 244 

German  East  Africa,  disposition  of,  152 

"German"  East  Africa,  In,  (Bibl.),  114- 
115;  present  administration  of,  152 

German  missions  after  the  war,  (Bibl.), 

German  Orient  Mission,  244 

German  Southwest  Africa,  disposition  of, 

152;  present  condition  of,  152 
German  Women's  Missionary  Union,  244 
Germany,    depression,    lessened    interest 
and  distrust,  18;  future  field  for,  China, 
Netherlands  East  Indies,  South  Amer- 
ica, 19;  missions,  aided  from  U.  S.,  11; 
missions,   giving   up   of,    18;   missions, 
Kamerun,  taken  by  France  and  U.  S., 
8j;    missions,    G.    E.    A.,    taken    by 
Africa   Inland    Mission,    84;   missions, 
Netherlands  East  Indies,   57-58;  mis- 
sions, property  to  continue  in  mission 
hands  as  "trust  property,"  149;  socie- 
ties, 244-246 
Gesellschaft  fur  innere  und  aussere  Mis- 
sion im  Sinne  der  lutherischen  Kirche, 
245 
Gibbons,  H.  A.,  (Bibl.).  112 
Gibson,  J.  Paul  S.  R.,  1 19-120 
Gilmore,  G.  W.,  (Bibl.),  136 
Gollock,  Miss  G.  A.,  (Bibl.),  141;  British 

Home  Base,  12 
Gollock,  M.  C,  (Bibl.),  141-142 
Gospel  Baptist  Mission,  253 
Gospel  Missionary  Society,  (165)  225 
Gospel,  social  application  of,  China,  37 
Gossnersche  Missionsgesellschaft,  245 
Gould    Memorial    Home   and    Industrial 

Schools,  Rome,  Italy,  (192)  230-231 
Government  cooperation,  Philippines,  91 
Government  education  in  China,  35 
Government  opposition,   French   Congo, 

83;  Portuguese  East  Africa,  84 
Government    ordinances    on    education, 

Japan,  S3 
Government     restrictions     on     missions 
among     Mohammedans,    Anglo-Egyp- 
tian Sudan,  74 
Governors,  mihtary,  awakening  of  public 
opinion  in  China  against,  33 


Grace  Mission,  253 
Great  Britain,  see  British  Home  Base 
Greek  friendliness  toward  missions,  Tur- 
key, 62-63 
Growth  of  missionary  cooperation  since 

1910,  (Bibl.),  143 
Grubb,  W.  Barbrooke,  (Bibl.),  134-135 
Gwalior  Presbyterian  Mission,  169 

Haiti,  survey,  32 

Hakuaikai  Seryoin,    ("Loving  AH"   Dis- 
pensary) 257 
Hankow  Concession,  150 
Hannover    Free    Evangelical    Lutheran 

Church  Missionary  Society,  246 
Harding,  H.  G.,  (Bibl.),  132 
Harrington,  C.  K.,  (Bibl.),  130 
Harris,  J.  H.,  (Bibl.),  117 
Harvard  Mission,  (166)  226 
Have    conditions    improved    in    Mexico, 

(Bibl.),  135 
Hawaiian  Islands,  Societies,  233 
Heart  of  Africa  Mission,  238 
Hedjaz,  The,    68;    present    status,    154; 

significance  of  recognition,  68 
Helgelse-Forbundet,  248-249 
Helms,  E.  J.,  (Bibl.),  145 
Henaratgoda  Village  Mission,  255 
Hephzibah  Faith  Missionary  Association, 

(59)  187 
Hering,  Miss  HoUis  W.,  Bibliography  of 
Recent  Literature  Relating  to  Foreign 
Mission  Work,  111-145 
Ilermannsburg  Mission,  245 
Hershey,    A.    S.,    and    Hershey,    S.    W., 

(Bibl.),  130 
Hildesheimer    Verein    fur    die    deutsche 

Blindenmission  in  China,  245 
Hill-Murray  Mission  to  the  Chinese  Blind 
and  Illiterate  Sighted  in  North  China, 
242 
Hindu  religious  setting,  (Bibl,),  138 
Hinduism,  India,  (Bibl.),  Hogg,  Prof.  A. 

G.,  120 
History  of   religions.  The,  (Bibl.),    136- 

137 
Hodous,  Lewis,  (Bibl.),  129;  China,  33- 

38;  French  Indo-China,  41-42 
Hogg,  Prof.  A.  G.,  (Bibl.),  120 
Holiness  Church,  International,  (60)  187- 

188 
Holiness  Movement  Church,  (5)  165 
Holland  Committee  for  the  Lebanon  Hos- 
pital for  the  Insane,  247 
Holland,  W.  E.  S.,  (Bibl.),  120 
Home  and  Foreign  Board  of  Missions  of 
The     Schwenkfelder     Church     in    the 
United  States  of  America,  (119)  211 
Home  and   Foreign   Missionary    Depart- 
ment of  the  African  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church,  (87)  197 
Home  and  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of 
the    United   Evangelical   Church,    (53) 
184-185 

Note. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies. 


INDEX 


325 


Home  Base,  reviews,  9-20;  British,  12- 
17;  Continental,  17-19;  North  Amer- 
ican, 9-12;  South  African,  19-20 

Home  Mission  Board  of  the  Southern 
Baptist  Convention,  (35)  176 

Home  mission,  Chinese,  in  Yunnan,  38 

Home  Missionary  Society  of  India,  255 

Home  staff,  changes  in,  Great  Britain,  14 

Hopkins,  E.  W.,  rBibl.),  136-137 

How  missions  denationalize  Indians, 
(Bibl.),  121-122 

Hudson  Taylor  and  the  China  Inland 
Mission,  China,  (Bibl.).  128-129 

Hunt,  James  G.,  Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan, 
73-74;  Eg^^pt.  71-73 

Hutton,  S.  K.,  (Bibl.).  138 

Hj'ndman,  H.  M.,  (Bibl.),  113 

Iconium  College,  (193)  231 

Ideals  of  new  phina.  The,  (Bibl.),  126 

Ikwezi  Lamaci  Mission,  250 

Illiteracy,  India,  50;  Latin  America,  28 

Immigrants,  Chinese  and  Indians,  Malay- 
sia, 55;  Malaysia,  work  for,  56 

Income,  Australasia,  increased  until  1919. 
decreased  in  1919.  20;  Canada,  in- 
creased, 12;  Great  Britain,  increased, 
12;  Methodist  Episcopal,  increased,  12; 
neutral  countries,  increased,  18;  North 
America,  increased,  12;  statistics,  Can- 
ada,   12;  United  States,  12 

Indemnity,  Boxer,  Germany  renounces, 
Treaty  of  Peace,  153 

Independence,  Persia,  70;  proclamation 
of.  Chosen,  39 

Independent  Baptists,  Swedish,  249 

Independent  Lutheran  Mission,  253 

Indexes,  291 

India,  42-50;  anti-Brahmin  movements, 
46-47;  Anti-Tuberculosis  Association, 
report  for  Bombay,  46;  Bibliography, 
117-122;  breakdown  of  caste  system, 
47;  Buddhist  educational  commission 
to  Philippines,  90;  caste,  46-47;  Cath- 
olic missions,  100;  communal  represen- 
tation, 43;  "Defence  of  India  Act," 
rigorous  application  of,  44;  economic 
distress,  45;  education  for  women,  49- 
50;  education,  government  report,  ^9; 
mission,  49;  educational  commission 
from  Great  Britain  and  North  Amer- 
ica, 11,  17;  England  an  alien  adminis- 
tration, 44;  famine,  46;  illiteracy,  50; 
India  Reform  Bill,  native  attitude  to- 
ward, 43;  India  Reform  Bill,  responsi- 
bility to  Indian  people  under,  44; 
Indian  Syrian  Church,  47-48;  indus- 
trial progress,  45-46;  influenza,  46; 
inter-caste  dining,  fraternity,  marriage, 
47;  mission  advance  and  union,  48; 
non-Christian  religious  movements,  48- 
49;  outbreaks  in  Ptmjab,  43-44;  Patel 
Bill,  47;  Patel  Bill  allows  inter- caste 
marriage,  47; 'political  changes,  42-45; 

Note.— The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies. 


political    outbreaks,     43-44;     political 
union,  42-43;  prison  reform,  47;  pro- 
posed   Women's    University,    Madras, 
50;  Rabindranath  Tagore,  44;  Reform 
Bill,  42-43;  Reform  Bill,  responsibility 
to  Indian  people  under,   44;  reforms, 
committee   in    Great    Britain   to    con- 
sider, 17;  Rowlatt  Act,  native  opposi- 
tion to,  44;  Satyagraha  Sabha,  48-49; 
self-government,   42-43;   "Silent  revo- 
lution," 43-44;  temperance  movement, 
46;  war,  50 
India  Christian  Endeavor  Union,  255 
India  Sunday  School  Union,  256 
Indian    Christian    Association,    Madras, 

Indian  Christian  Mission,  238 

Indian  Missionary  Society  of  Tinnevelly, 

255 
Indian  Syrian  Church,  255;  revival,  47- 

4? 
Indiana  and  Ohio  Conference,  Mennonite 

Brethren  in  Christ,  (7S)  I94 
Indians,    Latin   America,    29;   condition, 

India's  national  and  Christian  progress, 

(Bibl.),  122 
India's  silent  revolution,  (Bibl.),  118 
Industrial  changes,  Negro  Africa,  74-75 
Industrial  colonies,  Malavsia,  56 
Industrial  development.  West  Africa,  81 
Industrial  progress,  China,  34;  India,  45- 

46 
Infant  mortality,  Negro  Africa,  79 
Influenza,  British  East  Africa,  84;  India, 
46;   Negro  Africa,    79;  witch  doctors, 
lessened  influence  because  of,  79 
Initials,  International  Svstem  of,  301 
Inland-South-America  Missionary  Union, 
232;    Council    in    Canada,    (17)     169; 
Council  in  Great  Britain,  242;  Council 
in  United  States,  (168)  226 
Inman,    S.    G.,    (Bibl.),    133-13S;    Latin 

America,  23-33 
Institution  for  the  Chinese  Blind,  253 
Institutional  church  in  China,  The,  (Bibl.) , 

130 
Interchurch  World  Movement  of  North 
America,  (132)  217-218;  Canadian,  10; 
Comrnittee    on    Cooperation   in   Latin 
America  cooperates  with,  32;  coopera- 
tion _  of    Great    Britain    with,    16;    in- 
itiating of,  9-10;  Missionary  Education 
Department  of  the,  (132b)  218;  serv- 
ices of,  10 
International    Christian    Police   Associa- 
tion, 257 
International  _  Committee  of  the  Young 
Men's   Christian   Association,   Foreign 
Department,  (141)  220-221 
International    Consortium   for   financing 

China,  34 
International  Holiness  Church,  (60)  187- 
188 


326 


INDEX 


International  Institute  of  China  (Mission 
among  the  Higher  Classes  in  China), 
253      . 

International  Medical  Missionary  So- 
ciety, (169)  226 

International  Missionary  Union,  (170) 
226 

International  Postal  Telegraph  Christian 
Association,  238 

International  Reform  Bureau,  (171)  226- 
227 

International  Societies,  232 

International  System  of  Initials  for  Mis- 
sionary Societies,  301 

Interpreting  America  to  the  Orient, 
Philippines,  89 

Inter-Synodical  Evangelical  Lutheran 
Orient  Mission  Society,  (72)  193 

Intervention  in  Mexico,  (Bibl.),  i33 

Introductory  sketch  of  the  Bantu  lan- 
guages, (Bibl.),  140 

Islam  Lands,  Bibliographical,  131-133 

Islam,  the  war,  and  missions,  (Bibl.). 
.132-133 

Itinerating  agencies,  Egypt,  73 

Jaffna  College,  (4Sg)  181 

Jamaica  Baptist  Union,  251 

James  M.  Taylor  Interdenominational 
Missionary  Work,  (186)  229 

Japan,  50-54;  allied  victory,  effect  on 
mission  work,  53;  America,  attitude 
toward,  51-52;  awakening  of  public 
opinion  in  China  against,  33;  Bibliog- 
raphy, 130-13 1 ;  boycott,  in  China  of 
Japanese  goods,  34;  Catholic  missions, 
100;  China,  relations  with,  51;  Chinese 
military  governors,  dealings  with,  33; 
Chosen,  attitude  of  Japanese  Chris- 
tians on,  51;  Chosen,  protests  against 
policy  in,  40;  Chosen,  delegation  sent 
by  Federation  of  Japanese  churches  to 
investigate,  51;  democracy,  52;  educa- 
tion, government  ordinances  on,  53; 
education,  mission,  52;  industrialism 
increased,  53;  interpreting  democracy, 
52;  Mr.  Kanamori's  evangelistic  cam- 
paigns, 53;  material  progress  in  Chosen 
under,  39;  militarism  in,  52;  moral 
deterioration  in  Chosen  under,  39; 
native  church  in  Chosen,  attitude  to- 
ward, 39-40;  native  church,  increase 
in,  53;  need  of  reenforcements,  54;  op- 

gosition  toward  Christianity,  53; 
eace  Conference,  position  at  the,  51; 
revolt  in  Chosen,  51;  Shantung  ques- 
tion, si;  social  service,  need  for,  53; 
World's  Sunday  School  Convention  in 
Tokyo,  1920,  52 

Japan  Book  and  Tract  Society,  257 

Japan  Continuation  Committee,  257 

Japan  Evangelistic  Band,  257 

Japan  Methodist  Church,  258 

Japan  Union  of  Christian  Endeavor,  257 

Note. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies, 


Japanese  Baptist  Missionary  Society, 
257 

Japanese,  Chosen,  work  among,  41 

Japanese  Christian  Mission,  253 

Japanese  Episcopal  Church,  258 

Japanese  Young  Men's  Christian  Associa- 
tion National  Union,  258 

Java  Committee  at  Amsterdam,  247 

Jebail  Settlement,  259;  American  Com- 
mittee, (172)  227 

Jerusalem  and  the  East  Mission,  236 

Jerusalems-Verein,  245 

Jesushilfe  Leper  Asylum  in  Jerusalem, 
244 

Jewish  Mission  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  in  Ireland,  240 

Johannesburg,  compound  work,  86;  co- 
operation, need  of,  86 

John  C.  Kerr  Hospital  for  the  Insane, 
253 

Johnston,  Sir  H.  H.,  (Bibl.).  117 

Joint  Council  of  North  Siam  and  South 
Siam  missions,  59 

Joint  Synod  of  Ohio,  Lutheran,  (65)  189 

Jones,  F.  M.,  (Bibl.),  115 

Joseph,  Isya,  (Bibl.),  137 

Jungle  depths.  In,  (Bibl.),  117 

Jungle  Tribes  Mission,  (ioonoor.  South 
India,  255 

Jungle  Tribes  Mission  of  the  Presby- 
terian Church  in  Ireland,  240 

Kaffir  Wars,  effect  on  missionary  enter- 
prise in  South  Africa,  19 

Kaiserwerth  Deaconesses,  246 

Kaiser  Wilhelm's  Land,  disposition,  152- 
153;  present  condition,  152-153 

Kalaw,  M.  M.,  (Bibl.),  135 

Kamerun,  82-83;  disposition,  152;  French 
substituted  for  German,  82-83;  Ger- 
man missions  taken  over  by  Amer- 
icans and  French,  83;  payment  for 
damages  in,  152;  present  administra- 
tion, 151-152 

Kanamori's,  Mr.,  evangelistic  campaigns, 
53 

Kandy  Industrial  School,  255 

Katanga,  Men  and  minerals  in,  (Bibl.), 
117 

Katanga  mineral  fields,  Belgian  Congo, 
76 

Keith,  A.  B.,  (Bibl.),  114 

Kerridge.  H.  S.,  (Bibl.),  138 

Kiau-Chau,  transfer  of,   150 

Kieler  China  Mission,  24s 

King,  G.  L.,  (Bibl.),  115-116 

Kipling,  Rudyard,  (Bibl.).  118 

Konia  Christian  Hospital,  (173)  227 

Korea,  see  Chosen 

Korean  Buddhism,  history — condition — ■ 
art,  (Bibl.).  137 

Korean  Itinerant  Mission,  258 

Korean  Religious  Book  and  Tract  So- 
ciety, 258 


INDEX 


327 


Krimmer   Bruedergemeinde,    Mennonite, 

(83)  195 
Kulp,  D.  H.,  (Bibl.),  127 
Kumbh  Mela  at  Allahabad,  The,  (Bibl.), 

Kumiai  Kyokwai,  (Congregational 
Churches)  257 

Kuo.  P.  W..  (Bibl.).  127 

Kurds,  eager  for  schools,  63;  friendly  to- 
ward Armenians  and  missionaries,  63 

Kurku  and  Central  Indian  Hill  Mission, 
238 

Kvinnliga  Missions  Arbetare,  249 

Labaree,  R.  M.,  (Bibl.),  138 

Labor,  Africa,  demand  for,  7S-76;  edu- 
cated native  labor,  75;  propaganda 
among  natives,  76 

Labrador,  (Bibl.),  Hutton,  S.  K.,  138 

Lakher  Pioneer  Mission,  238 

La  Motte,  E.  N.,  (Bibl.),  123 

Lampe,  William  E.,  Chosen,  38-41; 
Japan,  50-54 

Land  of  promise.  The,  (Bibl.),  132 

Language  and  literatvu-e  of  Latin  Amer- 
ica, 24-25 

Language  for  schools,  Syria  and  Palestine, 
64 

Languages,  Africa,  Bantu,  (Bibl.), 
Werner,  Alice,  140 

La  Nueva  Democracia,  32 

L.  P.  Larsen's  Missionary  Work  among 
students  in  India,  Committee  for,  243 

Latin  America,  23-33;  "American  Soli- 
darity," 30;  Bibliography,  I33-I35; 
Committee  on  Cooperation  in,  32;  Co- 
operation with  Interchurch  World 
Movement,  32;  cooperative  program 
for  Mexico,  32;  directory,  33;  evan- 
gelistic work  limited,  27-29;  exploited 
by  outsiders,  24;  extent,  23;  growing 
friendship  with  United  States,  30;  il- 
literacy, 28;  increased  interest  in,  23; 
Indians,  29;  Indians,  condition  of,  25; 
indifference  to  religion,  27;  language 
and  literature,  24-25;  La  Nueva 
Democracia,  32;  need  of  mission  work, 
23-24;  northern  leadership  in  educa- 
tion, 31;  occupation  inadequate,  27- 
29;  once  the  neglected  field,  31-32; 
Peons,  condition  of,  25;  people,  24; 
races  and  social  groups,  25-26;  regional 
conference  in  Central  America,  32;  re- 
ligious conditions,  26-27;  resources,  23; 
socialism,  anti-Christian,  growth  of,  27; 
spirit  of  enquiry,  30;  statistics,  272-279; 
strategic  centers  for  mission  work,  29; 
students  in  North  America,  30-31; 
survey  of  Haiti  and  Santo  Domingo, 
32;  Union  Book  Depository,  Santiago, 
33;  Union  Evangelical  Seminaries,  33; 
war,  effect  on  religious  thinking,  29-30 

Latin  America,  A  history  of,  (Bibl.), 
134 


Latin  America,  Pan-Lutheran  Missionary 

Society  for,  193 
Laymen's   Missionary   Movement  of  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  (134)  218- 
219 
Least  of  these — in  Colornbia,  The,  (Bibl.), 

134 
Lebanon  Hospital  for  Mental  Diseases, 
238;  American  Committee,   (174)   227; 
Holland  Committee,  247;  Swiss  Com- 
mittee, 249 
Leeder,  S.  H.,  (Bibl.),  114 
Lee  Memorial  Bengali  Mission,  255 
Leipzig  Mission,  245 
Lenwood,  Frank,  (Bibl.),  113 
Leper  Mission,  167 
Lerrigo,  P.  H.  J.,  Philippines,  89-93 
Levine,  I.  D.,  (Bibl.),  113 
Liberia,  82;  Germany,  clauses  affecting, 

154 
Liberties,    religious,    safeguarding    of    at 

Peace  Conference,  16 
Liebenzeller  Mission,  244-245 
Life  and  work  in  mission  houses,  (Bibl.), 

143 
Light  in  the  land  of  Sinim,  A,  (Bibl.),  124 
Liquor  traffic.  East  Indies,  58;  Nigeria, 
82;  prohibition  of  in  Treaty  of  Peace, 
151;  South  Africa,  85 
Literature,   Latin  America,   24-25;  mis- 
sionary, Great  Britain,  16 
Londoii  Association  in  aid  of  Moravian 

Missions,  236 
London  Missionary  Society,  238 
London    Society    for    Promoting    Chris- 
tianity amongst  the  Jews,  235 
Long,  G.  M.,  (Bibl.),  136 
Lott  Carey  Baptist  Home  and  Foreign 
Mission    Convention    in   .the    United 
States,  (27)  171-172 
Loyalty,  native.  South  Africa,  87 
Lutheran  Board  of  Missions,   (Lutheran 
Free  Church  of  U.  S.  A.)  (64)  188-189 
Lutheran  Brethren,  (61)  188 
Lutheran    College    in    China,    proposed 

union,  37 
Lutheran,  Danish,  (62)  188 
Lutheran,  Danish  United,  (63)  188 
Lutheran  Evangelical  Society  of  Finland, 

243 
Lutheran  Free  Church,  (64)  188-189 
Lutheran  Inter-Synodical,  (72)  193 
Lutheran,  Joint  Synod  of  Ohio,  (65)  189 
Lutheran,  Norwegian,  (66)  189 
Lutheran  Synod  of  Iowa,  (67)  190 
Lutheran  Synod  of  the  General  Council 
of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  in 
North  America,  Board  of  Foreign  Mis- 
sions of  the,  192 
Lutheran  Synodical  Conference,  (68)  190 
Lutheran,  United,  190-192 
Lutheran  United  Mission,  (66)  189 
Lutherska  Evangeliforeningen  i  Finland, 
243 

Note. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies. 


328 


INDEX 


McAll  Mission,  244 

McClelland,  A.  J.,  (Bibl.).  I3S 

MacDonald,  A.  J.,  (Bibl.).  116 

McGlinchey,  Fr.  Joseph  F.,  Missions  of 
the  Roman  CathoUc  Church,  97-103 

McKee,  Sidney,  (Bibl.),  129 

Mackenzie  College.  (194)  231 

MacLean,  J.  H.,  (Bibl.),  142 

McLeod,  R.  A.,  (Bibl.).  129 

MacNaughton,  W..  (Bibl.),  127 

Madden,  M.  W.,  (Bibl.),  130 

Madras,  proposed  Women's  University, 
SO 

Magazme,  missionary,  15-10 

Malabar  Mar  Thoma  Syrian  Christian 
Evangelistic  Association,  255;  revival, 
47-48  .    .        _ 

Malaysia,  54-59;  Anglican  mission,  Sara- 
wak, 55;  Centenary  expansion,  56: 
(Chinese,  work  for,  56;  extension  of 
railroad,  54-55;  immigrants,  work  for, 
56;  immigration,  Chinese  and  Indians, 
55;  industrial  colonies,  56;  Methodist 
University,  Singapore,  56;  Mohamme- 
dan Malays,  work  for,  55-56;  opium, 
55;  railroad,  country  opened  by,  55; 
three-fold  mission  problem,  55;  war, 
effect,  54;  war,  effect  on  commerce,  54 

Manchuria,  China,  (Bibl.),  MacNaugh- 
ton, W.,  127 

Mandarin  union  version  of  Bible,  38 

Mandataries,  151-152;  freedom  of  con- 
science under,  151  . 

Mandatary,  special  conditions  of  in  Ger- 
man Southwest  Africa  and  Oceania, 
152 

Mandingo  Association,  Inc.,  (176)  227- 
228  . 

Man-power -in  Christian  warfare,  China, 
(Bibl.),  129 

Maori  Mission  Committee  of  the  Presby- 
terian Church  of  New  Zealand,  234 

Map  of  Asia.  The  new,  (Bibl.),  112 

Maranliam  Christian  Mission,  242 

Marianne  Islands,  disposition  of,  153; 
present  status  of,  IS3 

Marris.  A.  J.,  (Bibl.),  120-121 

Marsh,  Noel,  (Bibl.),  121 

Marshall  Islands,  disposition  of,  IS3; 
present  status  of,  iS3 

Mason.  I..  (Bibl.),  138 

Mass  Movement  in  the  Yoruba  country. 
The,  (Bibl.).  115 

Mass  Movement  Methods,  (Bibl.),  Sin- 
clair, R.,  122 

Mass  movements.  East  Indies,  57 

Masses  and  the  classes  of  India,  The, 
(Bibl.),  122 

Mastery  of  the  Far  East,  The,   (Bibl.), 

112 
Mathews,  Basil,  (Bibl.),  139;  (Bibl.),  142 
Means,  P.  A.,  (Bibl.).  I39 
Medical  knowledge  needed,  Negro  Africa, 
7^80 


Medical  Missionary  Association  of  India, 
255 

Medical  Missions  Exhibit,  United,  Great 
Britain,  14 

Medical  missions  for  women  and  chil- 
dren. (Bibl.).  Allen,  B.  J.,  11 1 

Medical  missions,  scarcity  of,  Negro 
Africa,  79-80 

Medical  School,  Peking,  36 

Medical  work.  Arabia  and  Mesopotamia, 
67-68;  Meshed,  69-70;  Turkey,  62 

Melanesian  Mission,  234 

Men  and  minerals  in  Katanga,  (Bibl.), 
117 

Mennonite  and  Amish  Mennonite,  (73), 
193     . 

Mennonite  Board  of  Missions  and  Chari- 
ties, (73)  193 

Mennonite  Brethren,  (74)  193 

Mennonite  Brethren  Church,  165 

Mennonite  Brethren  in  Christ,  194 

Mennonite  Brethren  in  Christ  Missionary 
Society,  Ontario  Conference,  (6)   165 

Mennonite,  General  Conference,  (82)  195 

Mennonite,  Krimmer  Bruedergemeinde, 
(83)  195 

Mennonite  Union  for  the  Propagation  of 
the  Gospel  in  the  Ultramarine  Posses- 
sions of  the  Netherlands,  247 

Mennonites,  Central  Conference  and  De- 
fenseless, (81)  195 

Mercator's  Projection,  misuse  of,  105- 
106 

Meshed,  advance,  69-70;  medical  work, 
69-70 

Mesopotamia,  see  Arabia  and  Mesopo- 
tamia 

Methodist  Centenary,  9 

Methodist  Church  of  Canada,  (8)  165- 
166 

Methodist  Episcopal,  African,  197 

Methodist  Episcopal  African  Zion,  197- 
198 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  deputation 
from,  Belgian  Congo,  84;  increased 
income,  12 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  Home  Mis- 
sion Board,  (85)  196 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  (North) 
195-197 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  (South)  198 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  Woman's 
Home  Mission  Board,  (86)  196-197 

Methodist,  Free.  199 

Methodist  Missionary  Society  of  Aus- 
tralasia, 233 

Methodist,  Primitive,  199 

Methodist  Protestant  Mission,  (93)  199- 
200 

Methodist  Publishing  House  in  China, 
(136)  219 

Methodist,  Union  American,  (94)  200 

Methodist  University,  Sini^apore,  56 

Methodist,  Wesleyan,  200-201 


2Vo/tf. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies. 


INDEX 


329 


Metropolitan  Church  Association,  (96)  201 

Metropolitan  Presbyterian  Mission,  253 

Mexico,  cooperative  program  for,  32 

Mexico,  Intervention  in,  (Bibl.),  Inman, 
S.  G.,  133 

Michigan  Mennonite  Brethren  in  Christ, 
Foreign  Mission  Board,  (77)  194 

Mildmay  Mission  to  the  Jews,  238 

Militarism,  Japan,  52 

Military  governors,  China,  awakening  of 
public  opinion  against,  33;  Japan's 
dealings  with,  33 

Military  in  China,  disbandment  of,  34 

Military  training  of  natives,  prohibition 
of,  isi 

Millard,  T.  P.,  (Bibl.),  123-124 

Miller,  G;  A.,  (Bibl.),  I33 

Mills,  S.  J.,  (Bibl.),  128 

Ministers  of  Mercy,  (Bibl.),  112 

Miscellaneous  Information,  147-157 

Miscellaneous  subjects,  Books,  139-145 

Mission  Board  of  the  Evangelical  Luth- 
eran Norwegian  Brethren,  (61)  188 

Mission  Board  of  the  General  Eldership 
of  the  Churches  of  God,  (44)  179 

Mission  Board  of  the  United  Danish 
Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  in  Amer- 
ica, (63)  188 

Mission  Book  Company,  253 

Mission  Conference  at  Suk-el-Gharb,  64 

Mission  der  Brudergemeine,  232;  Eng- 
land, 236;  Germany,  245;  The  Neth- 
erlands, 247 

Mission  der  hannoverschen  evangelisch- 
lutherischen  Freikirche,  246 

Mission  des  Eglises  baptistes  de  Langue 
francaise,  251 

Mission  of  the  Canadian  Presbyterian 
Church,  (9)  166 

Mission  of  the  United  Brethren,  232 

Mission  philafricaine,  249 

Mission  Populaire  Evangelique  de  France, 
244;  American  McAU  Association,  (i7S) 
227;  Canadian  McAll  Association,  (19) 
169 

Mission  protestante  francaise  en  Kabylie, 
244 

Mission  Suisse  Romande,  249 

Mission  to  Lepers,  240;  American  Com- 
mittee, (135)  219;  Canadian  Commit- 
tee, (10)  167 

Missionaries,  Catholic,  number,  98;  Cath- 
olic, training  of,  98-99 

Missionary  apologetics,  (Bibl.),  142 

Missionary  balance  sheet  of  the  war,  A, 
(Bibl.),  145 

Missionary  Board  of  the  Church  of  God, 
(43)  178-179 

Missionary  Committee  of  the  Immanuel 
German  Evangelical  Lutheran  Synod 
of  Australia.  233 

Missionary  Education  Movement  of  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  (137)  218- 
219 


Missionary  Research  Library,  (i3ia4a) 
216;  Mr.  Fahs'  trip,  11 

Missionary  service  of  the  simple  and  the 
poor.  The,  (Bibl.),  141 

Missionary  Settlement  for  University 
Women,  238 

Missionary  situation  in  Bantu  Africa, 
The,  (Bibl.),  117 

Missionary  situation  in  Congo,  The, 
(Bibl.),  116 

Missionary  Society  of  the  Calvinistic 
Methodist  Church  in  the  United  States 
of  America,  (112)  208 

Missionary  Society  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land in  Canada,  (2)  163-164 

Missionary  Society  of  the  Evangelical 
Association  of  North  America,  (52) 
184 

Missionary  Society  of  the  Methodist 
Church,  (8)  165-166 

Missionary  Society  of  the  Wesleyan 
Methodist  Connection  of  America,  (95) 
200-201 

Missions  Board  of  the  Holiness  Move- 
ment Church,  (5)  165 

Missions  Building,  Shanghai,  38 

Missions  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church, 
97-103 

Missions,  school  and  the  child,  (Bibl.), 
139 

Missionsgesellschaft  der  deutschen  Bap- 
tisten,  246 

Missouri  Evangelical  Lutheran  Mission, 
(68)  190 

Modern  Japan,  social — ^industrial — politi- 
cal, (Bibl.),  130 

Modern  sons  of  the  Pharaohs,  The, 
(Bibl.),  114 

Mohammedan  advance,  East  Africa,  84; 
Nigeria,  82;  West  Africa,  81 

Mohammedan  countries,  bibliographical, 
131-133 

Mohammedan  movements.  East  Indies, 
58 

Mohammedanism,  effect  of  war,  Zwemer, 
S.  M.,  (Bibl.),  132-133 

Mohammedans,  Committee  on  Work 
among,  China,  37;  government  restric- 
tions on  missions  among,  Anglo-Egyp- 
tian Sudan,  74;  Malays,  work  for,  55- 
56 

Moore,  E.  C,  (Bibl.),  140 

Moore,  G.  F.,  (Bibl.),  137 

Moravian  Church,  (97)  201 

Morocco  and  Germany,  clauses  affecting, 
154;  Germany  recognizes  French  pro- 
tectorate, 154 

Mukti  Mission,  255;  American  Ramabai 
Association,  (179)  228 

Munro,  D.  G.,  (Bibl.),  I33-I34 

Nanking  University,  (145)  222 
Natal,  self-support,  88;  support  of,  edu- 
cation, 87 

Note. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
jj^  Directory  of^Mission^Societies. 


330 


INDEX 


Nederlandsch  Indische  Zendingsbond 
(Netherlands  East  Indies  Mission 
Union)   259 

Nederlandsch  Luthersch  Genootschap 
voor  in-  en  Uitwendige  Zending, 
247 

Nederlandsch  Zendelinggenootschap,  247 

Nederlandsche  Zendingsvereeniging,  247 

Need  for  Christ  in  Japan's  factories.  The, 
(BibU.  131 

Need  of  mission  work  in  Latin  America, 
23-24 

Negro  Africa,  74-88;  Africa  Inland  Mis- 
sion, staff  increase,  84;  American  Bible 
Society,  78;  American  Board,  com- 
pound work,  86;  Belgian  Congo,  con- 
ference, 83;  Belgian  Congo,  deputation 
from  Baptist  Missionary  Society  (Eng- 
lish) 84;  Belgian  Congo,  deputation 
from  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  84; 
Belgian  Congo,  occupation  inadequate, 
83;  Bible  Societies,  78-79;  Bible  trans- 
lation in  Nyasaland,  79;  Bible  transla- 
tion in  Yoruba,  78;  Bible,  Zulu,  revised, 
78;  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society, 
78-79;  British  East  Africa,  influenza  in, 
84;  Cameroun,  82-83;  Cameroun, 
French  substituted  for  German,  82- 
83;  Cameroun,  German  missions  taken 
over  by  Americans  and  French,  83; 
Conference  of  Protestant  Missionary 
Societies  in  the  Congo,  83;  demand  for 
native  labor,  75-76;  East  Africa,  84; 
educated  labor,  demand  for,  75;  educa- 
tion, government  control  considered, 
81;  education,  primary,  missionary  con- 
trol of,  80-81;  French  Congo,  83; 
French  Congo,  government  opposition, 
83;  General  Mission  Conference  of. 
South  Africa,  87;  German  East  Africa, 
German  missions  taken  over  by  Africa 
Inland  Mission,  84;  industrial  changes, 
74-75;  industrial  development,  West 
Africa,  81;  infant  mortality,  79;  influ- 
enza, 79;  influenza,  lessened  influence  of 
witch  doctors  because  of,  79;  interest  in 
education.  West  Africa,  81;  Johannes- 
burg, compound  work,  86;  Johannes- 
burg, need  of  cooperation,  86;  Katanga 
mineral  fields.  Belgian  Congo.  76;  labor 
propaganda  among  natives,  76;  Li- 
beria, 82;  medical  knowledge  needed, 
79-80;  medical  missions,  scarcity  of, 
79-80;  Mohammedan  advance.  East 
Africa,  84;  Mohammedan  advance,  Ni- 
geria, 81-82;  Mohammedan  advance, 
West  Africa.  81;  Natal,  self-support, 
88;  National  Bible  Society  of  Scotland, 
79;  native  church,  77-78;  native  loy- 
alty, 87;  Nigeria,  82;  Nigeria,  govern- 
ment encourages  education,  82;  occu- 
pation, 77;  occupation,  readjustment 
of,  77;  overlapping,  87;  passport  re- 
strictions,   77;    political    outlook,    77; 

Note. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies.. 


National  Armenia  and  India  Relief  Asso- 
ciation for  Industrial  Orphan  Homes, 

(153)  223 
National  Bible  Society  of  Scotland,  242; 

in  Negro  Africa,  79 
National    Committee    of    Young    Men's 

Christian  Association  of  Australia  and 

New  Zealand,  234 
National  Committee  of  the  Young  Men's 

Christian  Associations  of  China,  254 
National     Committee     of     the     Young 

Women's     Christian     Association     of 

China,  254 
National     Committee     of     the     Young 

Women's     Christian     Associations     of 

Japan,  258 
National  Convention.  Baptist,  1 71-17  2 
National  Council,  Young  Men's  Christian 

Associations,  India  and  Ceylon,  256 
National  Holiness  Mission,  (167)  226 
National    Missionary    Council    of   India, 

255  .    . 

National    Missionary    Society    of    India, 

255 
National  spirit  in  China,  awakening  of, 

34 

National  Sunday  School  Association  of 
Japan,  238 

National  Temperance  League  of  Japan, 
257 

National  Tract  Society  for  China,  253 

National  Young  Women's  Christian  As- 
sociation of  India,  Burma  and  Ceylon, 
257 

Nations,  The  resurrected,  (Bibl.),  113 

Native  attitude  toward  India  Reform 
Bill,  43 

Native  church.  Bibliography,  Paul,  Kana- 
karayan,  121-122;  China,  (Bibl.),  Bur- 
gess. J.  S..  126;  China.  (Bibl.).  Cheng, 
C.  Y.,  126;  China,  Dickson,  E.  J.  M., 
126;  India,  (Bibl.),  Popley,  H.  A.,  122; 
Japan,  increase  in,  53;  Negro  Africa, 
77-78 

Native  labor,  demand  for,  Negro  Africa, 
75-76 

Native  loyalty.  South  Africa,  87 

Native  Missions  Committee  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Church  of  South  Africa,  250 

Native  opposition  to  Rowlatt  Act,  India, 
44 

Native  pastors,  martyrdom  of,  Turkey, 
62 

Native  Protestant  Church,  Egypt,  73 

Native  question  in  South  Africa,  The, 
(Bibl.),  114 

Native  workers,  (Catholic),  number,  98 

Natives,  Negro  Africa,  labor  propaganda 
among,  76 

Natives,  prohibition  of  military  training 
of,  151 

Nazarene  Church,  (98)  202 

Nebraska  Conference,  Mennonite  Breth- 
ren in  Christ,  (78)  194 


INDEX 


331 


Portuguese  East  Africa,  opposition, 
government,  84;  prohibition  in  Nigeria, 
82;  race  consciousness,  76;  railroad 
construction,  80;  railroad  construction, 
conditions  of,  81;  regional  conferences, 
77;  smallpox,  79;  smallpox,  British  East 
Africa,  84;  South  Africa,  84-88;  South 
Africa,  attitude  toward  missions  chang- 
ing, 85-86;  South  Africa,  cooperation, 
87;  South  Africa,  education,  support 
from  Natal  government,  87;  South 
Africa,  liquor  traffic,  85;  South  Africa, 
race  problem,  85;  South  Africa,  reli- 
gious condition  of  Europeans,  85 ;  South 
Africa,  Native  College,  87;  South  Af- 
rica, temperance,  85;  South  Africa,  war, 
effect  on  native  character,  87;  war, 
staffs  depleted,  77;  war  duty,  mission- 
aries on,  77;  war,  effect  of,  74-76;  West 
Africa,  81-83;  West  Central  Africa, 
83-84 

Negro,  American,  (Bibl.),  Edwards,  W. 
Jm  139 

Nejd  and  Hasa,  present  status  of,  Treaty 
of  Peace,  15S 

Nepaul  Mission,  255 

Netherlands  East  Indies,  56-59;  Cen- 
tenary expansion,  59;  education,  58- 
59;  future  field  for  German  missions, 
19;  gambling,  58;  German  societies,  57- 
58;  increased  interest  in,  56-57;  liquor 
traffic,  58;  mass  movements,  57;  Mo- 
hammedan movements,  58;  people,  57; 
Sarikat  Islam,  58;  societies,  57;  trade 
expansion  with  United  States,  57 

Netherlands  East  Indies  Mission  Union, 
259 

Neuendettelsau  Mission,  245 

Neukirch^ner  Missionsanstalt,  246 

Neutral  countries,  increase  in  income,  18 

New  England  Friends  Yearly  Meeting, 
Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  187 

"New"  Japanese  national  cult,  The, 
(Bibl.),  131 

New  Jerusalem  Church,  (99)  202 

New  life  currents  in  China,  (Bibl.). 
123 

New  York  Council,  Bolivian  Indian  Mis- 
sion, (155)  224 

New  Zealand,  independent  work  of  mis- 
sionary societies  of,  20;  societies, 
234 

New  Zealand  Baptist  Missionary  Society, 


234 

New  Zealand  Methodist  Home  Mission 
and  Church  Extension  Society,  234 

Nigeria,  82 

Nihon  Kirisuto  Kyokwai,  (Church  of 
Christ  in  Japan)  258 

Nihon  Methodist  Kyokwai,  (Japan  Meth- 
odist Church)  258 

Nippon  Sei  Kokwai,  (Japanese  Episcopal 
Church)  258 

Norddeutsche  Missionsgesellschaft,  246 

Note. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies. 


Nordschleswigsche  Missionsverein,  24s 
Norges  Frie  Evangeliske  Missionsforbund, 

248 
Norsk    Lutherske    Kinamissionsforbund, 

248 
Norske  Evangelisk  Lutheriske  Frikirkes 

Kinamission,  248 
Norske    Kirkes    Mission   ved   Schreuder 

248 
Norske  Mission  i  Kina,  247 
Norske  Missionsforbund,  248 
Norske  Missionsselskab,  248 
North  Africa  Mission,  238 
North  American  Home  Base,  9-12;  Ad- 
vance and  cooperation,  Canadian,   10; 
British  regulations  governing  missions, 
10;  educational  commission   to  India, 
11;  German  missions,  aid  from  Amer- 
ica,    11;    increased    income,     Canada, 
United   States,    12;   increased  income, 
Methodist  Episcopal,  9-12;  Interchurch 
World  Movement  of  North  America, 
(132)  217-218,  9-10;  Interchurch  World 
Movement,    Canadian,    10;    Methodist 
Centenary,   9;   North   America,   Latin 
American   students    in,    30-31;    Peace 
Conference,      negotiations,      American 
delegation  at,  10;  safeguarding  religious 
liberties  at  Peace  Conference,  10;  Stu- 
dent Volunteer  Movement  Convention, 
11;  Young  Men's  Christian  Association, 
extension  of  work  in  Europe,  11 
Nigeria,   government  encourages   educa- 
tion,  82;   Mohammedan  advance,   82; 
prohibition  in,  82 
Nile,  boat  work  on,  73 
Nile  Mission  Press,  238 
Non- Christian      Religious      Movements, 

India,  48-49 
Non-Christian  World,  statistics,  278 
North    American    Branch,     Evangelical 

Union  of  South  America,  (16)  168 
North  Chihli  Mission,  248 
North  Fukien  Tract  Society,  253 
North  German  Missionary  Society,  246 
North   Siam,    joint   council   with    South 

Siam,  59 
Northern  Baptist  Convention,  (29)  172- 

173 
North- West  Kiangsi  Mission,  253 
Norway  increasing  work  in  China,    35- 

36      . 
Norwegian  Alliance  Mission,  248 
Norwegian  Board  for  the  Santal  Mission, 

248 
Norwegian  Lutheran,  (66)  189 
Norwegian  Mission  in  China,  247 
Norwegian  Missionary  Society,  248 
Noyes,  H.  N.,  124 
Nyasaland,  Bible  translation  in,  79 
Nyasaland   Mission,  American  Commit- 
tee,  (177)   228;  Canadian  Committee, 
(20)  169 
Nyassa  Industrial  Mission,  239 


332 


INDEX 


Occupation,  Arabia  and  Mesopotamia,  67 ; 
Belgian  Congo,  83;  Latin  America,  27- 
29;  Negro  Airica,  77;  Negro  Africa,  re- 
adjustment of,  77;  Syria  and  Palestine, 

64 
Oceania,  Bibliography,  135 
Oceania,  Catholic  missions  in,  100 
Ohio,    Lutheran    Joint    Synod   of      (6  s) 

189 
Ohio  Yearly  Meeting  of  Friends,  Foreign 

Missionary  Society,  (58)  187 
Okayama  Kojim,  (.Okayama  Orphan  Asy- 

Ivun)  258 
Oldham,  J.  H.,  (BibL).  142-143 
Omi  Kirisutokyo  Dendo  Dan,  258 
Omi  Mission,  258 
Ontario  Conference,  Mennonite  Brethren 

in  Christ  Missionary  Society,  (.6)  165 
Opening  of  Mesopotamia  by  British  army, 

68-69 
Opening  of  Tibet  to  Cliristianity,  The, 

(Bibl.),  129 
Opium,  Malaysia,  55 
Opium  Convention,  ratification  of,  149- 

150 
Opitim  Reform  in  China,  35 
Opium  trade,  ratification  of  Convention, 

Treaty  of  Peace,  149-150 
Opportunity   for   Christian   work,    Syria 

and  Palestine,  64 
Opposition,  in  Afghanistan  relaxed,   70; 

in  French   Congo,   83;   in   Portuguese 

East  Africa,  84;  toward  Christianity  in 

Japan,  53 
Organization  and  life,  (Bibl.),  144 
Orient-Mission,  (72)  193 
Oriental  Missionary  Society,  258 
Oriental  Orphanage,  Brousa,  259 
Oriental  pohcy  of  the  United  States,  The, 

(Bibl.),  112 
Orphans,  Syria  and  Palestine,  65-66 
Osterlands-Missionen,  243 
Outbreaks,  pohtical,  India,  43-44;  Pun- 

jab,  43-44 
Outlook,  China,  38;  French  Indo-China, 

42 
Outlook  among  Turkish  Moslems,  The, 

(Bibl.),  133 
Outlook  in  Japan,  The — 1918  and  1919, 

(Bibl.),  131 
Overlach,  T.  W.,  (Bibl.),  124 
Overlapping,  South  Africa,  87 
Oxford  Mission  to  Calcutta,  23s 

Pacific  Conference,  Mennonite  Brethren 

in  Christ,  (79)  194 
Pacific  Islands,  Bibliography,  135-136 
Palestine,  see  Syria  and  Palestine 
Palestme  Village  Mission,  236 
Pan-Lutheran     Missionary     Society    for 

Latin  America,  193 
Pantheism   and   the   value   of   life   with 

special  reference  to  Indian  philosophy, 

(Bibl.),  137 


Paris  Evangelical  Missionary  Society,  244 

Passive  resistance,  Chosen,  40 

Passport  Committee,  13 

Passport  problem,  13-14 

Passport  restrictions,  Negro  Africa,  77 

Patel  Bill,  47;  allows  inter-caste  marriage, 
India,  47 

Paton,  William,  (Bibl.),  121 

Patton,  C.  H.,  (Bibl.),  140 

Patton,  C.  H.,  and  Hayward,  J.  N., 
(Bibl.),  143 

Paul,  Kanakarayan,  (Bibl.),  121-122 

Peace  Conference,  Ajnerican  delegation 
at,  10;  China  and  the,  33-34;  Con- 
ference of  Missionary  Societies  in  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  recommendations 
to,  16;  Emergency  Committee,  16;  Ger- 
man mission  property  "trust  property," 
10;  Japan's  position  at  the,  51;  safe- 
guarding religious  liberties  at,  10-16 

Peace  Conference,  Shanghai,  33 

Peace  Treaty,  149-155;  arms  traffic,  pro- 
hibition of,  151;  astronomical  instru- 
ments, Germany  to  return,  153;  Bis- 
marck Archipelago,  disposition  of,  153; 
Bismarck  Archipelago,  present  status 
of,  153;  Bo.xer  indemnity,  Germany  re- 
nounces, 153;  Canary  Islands  and 
Germany,  clauses  affecting,  154;  "Ca- 
pitulations," revocation  of,  155;  Caro- 
line Islands,  disposition  of,  153; 
Caroline  Islands,  present  status  of, 
153;  China  and  Germany,  clauses  af- 
fecting, 153;  Cyprus,  present  status  of, 
15s;  Egypt,  Germany,  abrogation  of 
treaties  between,  154;  Egypt,  Germany, 
clauses  affecting,  154;  Egypt,  Germany 
recognizes  British  protectorate  in,  154; 
freedom  of  conscience  undor  manda- 
tary, 151;  general  provisions  affecting 
missions,  149-150;  German  colonies, 
disposition  of  under  mandataries,  150- 
153;  German  colonies,  Germany  re- 
nounces all  title  to,  150;  German  East 
Africa,  disposition  of,  152;  German 
East  Africa,  present  administration  of, 
152;  German  mission  property  to  con- 
tinue in  mission  hands,  149;  German 
nationals,  conditions  on  which  they 
shall  reside  in  former  colonies,  150-151; 
German  Southwest  Africa,  disposition 
of,  152;  German  Southwest  Africa, 
present  condition  of,  152;  German 
Southwest  Africa,  special  condition  of 
mandatary  over,  152;  government  con- 
trol of  missionaries,  149;  Hankow  con- 
cession, 150;  The  Hedjaz,  present  status 
of,  154;  Kaiser  Wilhclm's  Land,  dis- 
position of,  152-153;  Kaiser  Wilhelm's 
Land,  present  condition  of,  152-153; 
Kamerun,  disposition  of,  151-152; 
Kamerun,  payment  for  damages  in, 
152;  Kamerun,  present  administration 
of,    151-152;    Kiau-Chau,   transfer  of. 


Note.— The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies. 


INDEX 


333 


ISO;  Liberia,  Germany,  clauses  aflfect- 
ing,  154;  Liberia,  Germany  renounces 
all  privileges  in,  154;  liquor  traffic,  pro- 
hibition of,  isi;  mandataries,  151-152; 
Marianne  Islands,  disposal  of,  1535 
Marianne  Islands,  present  status  of, 
153;  Marshall  Islands,  disposition  of, 
153;  Marshall  Islands,  present  status 
of,  153;  military  training  of  natives, 
prohibition  of,  151;  mission  trading 
companies,  149;  Morocco,  Germany, 
clauses  affecting,  154;  Morocco,  Ger- 
many recognizes  French  protectorate 
in,  154;  Nejd  and  Hasa,  present  status 
of,  155;  Opium  Convention,  ratifica- 
tion of,  149-150;  opium  trade,  149- 
150;  Pelew  Islands,  disposition  of,  153; 
Pelew  Islands,  present  status  of,  153; 
refusal  of  China  to  sign,  34;  Samoa 
(German),  present  status  of,  IS3; 
Shantung,  transfer  of  rights  in,  150; 
Siam  and  Germany,  clauses  affecting, 
153;  slave  trade,  prohibition  of,  151; 
Solomon  Islands,  present  status  of,  153; 
Sultan  Mkwawa,  return  of  skull  of, 
152;  Tientsin  concession,  transfer  to 
China,  150;  Togo,  present  administra- 
tion of,_  150;  Turkey  and  Germany, 
abrogation  of  treaties  between,  154; 
Turkey  and  Germany,  clauses  affecting, 
154;  Turkish  Empire,  disposition  of, 
154;  Turkish  Empire,  disposition  of 
independent  portions  of,  154-155 

Peking  dust,  (Bibl.),  123 

Peking  Medical  School,  36 

Peking  University,  (146)  222,  36 

Pelew  Islands,  disposition  of,  153;  present 
status  of,  153 

Pell,  E.  L.,  (Bibl.),  113 

Peniel  Missionary  Society,  (100)  202 

Pennsylvania,  University  of,  Y.  M.  C.  A., 
Foreign  Department,  (178)  228 

Pentecost  Bands  of  the  World,  (loi)  202- 
203 

Pentecost  Faith  Mission,  (loia)  203 

Pentecostal  Missionary  Union  for  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  239 

Peons  in  Latin  America,  condition  of,  25 

People  of  Latin  America,  24 

Peril  of  Persia,  The,  (Bibl.),  I33  . 

Persia,  69-70;  Afghanistan,  political  op- 
position relaxed,  70;  Anglo-Persian 
treaty,  70;  Azerbaijan,  70;  Azerbaijan, 
affected  by  war,  70;  education,  69;  in- 
dependence, 70;  Meshed,  advance,  69- 
70;  Meshed,  medical  work,  69-70; 
Tabriz,  retirement  of  missionaries,  70; 
Urumia  destroyed,  70;  war,  effect  of, 
69  .         . 

Personal  relationships  between  Indians 
and  Europeans,  (Bibl.),  121 

Pettee,  J.  H.,  (Bibl.),  131 

Pharaohs,  The  modern  sons  of  the,  (Bibl.), 
114 


Philippines,  89-93;  American  occupation, 
results  of,  92;  Buddhist  educational 
commission  from  India,  90;  Christian 
Service  League,  92;  departmentalized 
government,  90;  education,  91;  govern- 
ment cooperation,  _  91;  interpreting 
America  to  the  Orient,  89;  "manda- 
tary," 89;  Protestantism,  growing  effect 
of,  93;  Protestantism,  two  decades 
under,  90;  Student  Conference,  91-92; 
work  still  incomplete,  93 

Phonetic  script,  35 

Pierson  Memorial  Bible  School,  Seoul, 
(147)  222 

Pilgrim  in  Palestine,  A,  (Bibl.),  131 

Pioneer  Mission,  (British  and  Continen- 
tal) 23  s 

Plymouth  Brethren,  (39)  I77;  Swiss,  in 
French  Indo-China,  41-42 

Pole,  G.  H.,  (Bibl.),  131 

Policy  for  the  distribution  of  Chinese 
Christian  literature.  A,  (Bibl.),  127 

Political  changes,  India,_  42-45 

Political  outbreaks,  India,  4,3-44 

Political  outlook,  Negro  Africa,  77 

Political  Reform  and  Hinduism,  (Bibl.), 
120 

Political  union.  India,  42-43 

Polynesia,  work  in,  20 

Poona  and  Indian  Village  Mission,  255 

Popley,  H.  A.,  (Bibl.),  122 

Population  of  earth,  by  continents,  155; 
by  continents  and  religion,  157;  by 
race,  156;  by  religion,  156 

Portuguese  East  Africa,  government  op- 
position, 84 

Postal  rates,  from  Canada,  157;  from  the 
United  States,  iS7 

Practical  plans  for  the  introduction  of 
agriculture  into  our  middle  and  primary 
schools,  China,  (Bibl.),  125-126 

Presbyterian  and  Reformed  Church 
Building  Association,  258 

Presbyterian,  Associate  Reformed,  (202) 
203 

Presbyterian,  Associate  Synod,  (103) 
203 

Presbyterian  Church  in  Canada,  Board 
of  Foreign  Missions,  (9)  166 

Presbyterian  Church  in  Ireland,  Con- 
tinental Mission,  240 

Presbyterian  Church  in  Ireland,  Foreign 
Mission,  240 

Presbyterian  Church  in  Ireland,  Jewish 
Mission,  240 

Presbyterian  Church  in  Ireland,  Jungle 
Tribes  Mission,  240 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  United 
States,  (South)  203-204 

Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  A., 
(North)  204-207 

Presbyterian  Church  of  Jamaica,  251 

Presbyterian,  Cimiberland,  (104)  203 

Presbyterian,  Reformed,  (109)  207 


Note. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies''as'found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies. 


334 


INDEX 


Presbyterian,  Reformed,  General  Synod, 
(no)  207 

Presbyterian,  United.  208 

Presbyterian,  Welsh  Calvinistic  Meth- 
odist, (112)  208 

Presentation  of  Christianity  in  Ceylon, 
119-120 

Press  Bureau,  Conference  of  Missionary 
Societies  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
IS 

Primitive  Methodist  Missionary  Society, 
236;  American  Auxiliary,  (91)  199 

Prince  Royal's  College,  Siam,  cutting 
down  of  classes,  60 

Princeton  University  Center  in  China, 
(141a)  221 

Principle  of  alliance  in  missionary  work, 
The,  (BibL),  117 

Prison  reform,  India,  47 

"Problem  areas,"  study  of,  106-107 

Problem  of  Japan,  The,  (BibL).  130 

Problem  of  the  South  American  Indian, 
The,  (Bibl.).  I34-I3S 

Progress  in  Corea.  (Bibl.),  131 

Progress,  industrial,  China,  34;  indus- 
trial, India,  45-46;  material,  Anglo- 
Egyptian  Sudan,  74;  social,  in  China, 
35        . 

Prohibition,  Nigeria,  82 

Prohibition  of  alcohol  in  Africa,  (Bibl.), 
117 

Protestantism,  Philippines,  growing  ef- 
fect of,  93;  two  decades  under,  90 

Prowling  about  Panama,  (Bibl.),  133 

Punjab,  outbreaks  in,  43-44 

Qua  Iboe  Mission,  240 

Rabindranath  Tagore,  44 

Race  consciousness,  Negro  Africa,  76 

Race  problem.  South  Africa,  85 

Racial  factors  in  democracy,  (Bibl.),  139 

Railroad,  country  opened  by,   Malaysia, 

55;      extension      of,      Anglo-Egyptian 

Sudan,  74;  extension  of,  Malaysia,  54- 

55;  trans-continental,  Mesopotamia,  69 
Railroad  construction,  Africa,  80;  condi- 
tions of,  81 
Rangoon  Karen  Home  Mission  Society, 

256 
Reconstruction,  Armenian,  65 
Reenforccments,  need  of,  Japan,  54 
Reform  Bill,  India,  42-43 
Reform,  prison,  India,  47 
Reformed  Church,  Christian,  (113)  208 
Reformed  Church  in  America,  209 
Reformed  Church  in  the  United  States, 

210 
Reformed  Episcopal,  183-184 
Reformed  Presbyterian,  (109)  207 
Refuge  for  Chinese  Slave  Children,  253 
Refugees,  Turkey,  62 
Regional  Conferences,   Central  America, 

32;  Negro  Africa,  77 

Nole. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  fouq 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies. 


Regions  Beyond  Missionary  Union,  239 

Regulations,  British,  governing  missions, 
10 

Relation  of  the  institutional  church  to 
other  Christian  organizations  with  in- 
stitutional features.  The,  (Bibl.), 
129 

Relief  work,  Russian  Caucasus,  63;  Syria 
and  Palestine,  64 

Religion  and  common  life,  (Bibl.),  115 

Religion,  indifference  to  in  Latin  Amer- 
ica, 27 

Religions,  Bibliographical.  136-138 

Religious  conditions,  Europeans,  South 
Africa,  85;  Latin  America,  26-27 

Religious  freedom,  Turkey,  63 

Religious  liberties,  safeguarding,  at  Peace 
Conference,  10,  16 

Religious  Movements,  non-Christian, 
India,  48-49 

Religious  thinking,  eflfect  of  war  on,  in 
Latin  America,  29-30 

Religious  Tract  Society,  239 

Religious  Tract  Society  of  North  and 
Central  China,  253 

Reports  on  the  Korean  uprising,  (Bibl.), 
131 

Resources  of  Latin  America,  23 

Restrictions  on  missions  among  Moham- 
medans, Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan,  74 

Retirement  of  missionaries,  Tabriz,  70 

Rev.  D.  M.  Steams'  Church  and  Bible 
Classes,  (183)  229 

Revival  of  Buddhism,  Siam,  59-60 

Revolt  in  Chosen,  51;  outbreak  and 
spread  of,  39;  suppression  of,  39 

Rheinisch  -  westfalischer  Diakonissen- 
verein,  246 

Rheinische  Missionsgcsellschaft,  246 

Riggs,  H.  H.,  (Bibl.).  133 

Rioting,  Egypt,  71 

Ritson,  J.  H.,  (Bibl.),  143 

Robert  College.  (19s)  231 

Roman  Catholic  Church,  Missions  of, 
97-103 

Roots,  L.  H.,  (Bibl.).  128 

Rowlatt  Act,  native  opposition  to.  India, 
44 

Rowling.  F.,  (Bibl.),  116 

Russian  Caucasus,  permanent  work  asked 
in,  63;  relief  work  in,  63 

St.  John,  Burton,  (Bibl.).  145 

St.  Paul's  Institute.  (45h)  181 

Salatiga-Zending  op  Java  (Salatiga  Mis- 
sion in  Java)  259 

Salt  and  its  savor  in  China — An  answer  to 
the  question:  Do  the  Chinese  make 
good  Christians?  (Bibl.).  129 

Salvation  Army.  239;  American  Branch, 
(116)  210 

Samoa  (Gcnnan).  disposition  of.  153 

San  Pedro  Mission  to  the  Indians,  (21) 
169;  English  Committee,  239 


INDEX 


335 


Santal  Mission  of  the  Northern  Churches , 
256;  American  Committee,  (180)  228; 
Danish  Board,  243;  Norwegian  Board, 
248 

Santiago,  Union  Book  Depository,  33 

Santo  Domingo,  survey,  32 

Sarawak,  AngUcan  mission,  55 

Sarikat  Islam,  East  Indies,  58 

Satyagraha  Sabha,  India,  48-49 

Scandinavian  AUiance  Mission  of  North 
America,  (117)  211 

vScandinavian  Independent  Baptist  De- 
nomination, (32)  174 

Schleswig-holsteinische  evangelisch-Luth- 
erische  Missionsgesellschaft  zu  Brek- 
lum,  246 

Schools,  eagerness  for,  Turkey,  62-63; 
language  for,  Syria  and  Palestine,  64; 
self-support  in  South  Siam,  60;  Syria 
and  Palestine,  need  of,  66 

Schwenkf elder,  (119)  211 

Scott,  C.  E.,  (Bibl.),  129 

Scripture  Union  of  Japan,  258 

Seisho  No  Tomo,  258 

Self-government,  India,  42-43;  Philip- 
pines, (Bibl.),  13s 

Self-support,  Chosen,  40-41;  Egypt,  73; 
Natal,_  88;  South  Siam  schools,  60 

Seminaries,  foreign  mission.  Catholic, 
102 

Seventh-Day  Adventist,  (25)  170-17 1 

Seventh  Day  Baptist  Missionary  Society, 
(33>  174-175 

Shall  China  have  an  alphabet,  (Bibl.). 
129 

Shanghai  Mission  to  Ricksha  Men  and 
Coolie  Class,  254 

Shanghai  Missions  Building,  38 

Shanghai  Peace  Conference,  33 

Shantung  question,  33-34.  Si.  ISO 

Sheffield,  Mrs.  D.  Z.,  (Bibl.),  143 

Shillito,  Edward,  (Bibl.),  143-144 

Ships  of  peace,  The,  (Bibl.).  139 

Siam,  59-61;  and  Germany,  clauses  af- 
fecting, 153;  Bangkok  Christian  Col- 
lege, 61;  Bangkok  Christian  College, 
Chinese  liberality,  61;  Bangkok  Chris- 
tian College,  department  for  Chinese, 
61;  Bangkok  Christian  College,  in- 
creased enrollment,  61;  Buddhism 
adopting  Christian  features,  60;  Bud- 
dhism, revival  of,  59-60;  education, 
60-61;  education,  high  standard  of,  60; 
mission  advance,  60;  Prince  Royal's 
College,  cutting  down  of  classes,  60; 
schools,  self-support  in  South  Siam,  60; 
union  of  Presbyterian  (North)  missions, 
proposed,  59 

dierra  Leone  Mission,  236 

Significance  of  Arabia  and  Mesopotamia, 
67 

Signs  of  progress  in  Alaska,  (Bibl.), 
144 

"Silent  revolution,"  India,  43-44 


Sinclair,  R.,  (Bibl.).  122 

Singapore,  Methodist  University,  56 

Slave  trade,  prohibition  of,  151 

Slavery,  abolition  of,  resented  in  South 
Africa,  19 

Smallpox,  British  East  Africa,  84;  Negro 
Africa,  79 

Social  application  of  Gospel,  China,  37 

Social  groups  in  Latin  America,  25-26 

Social  problems  and  the  East,  (Bibl.),  113 

Social  progress  in  China,  35 

Social  service,  need  for,  Japan,  53 

Socialism,  anti- Christian,  growth  of  in 
Latin  America,  27 

Societe  Beige  des  Missions  Protestantes 
au  Congo,  242  _ 

Societe  des  Missions  Evangeliques  chez 
les  Peuples  non  Chretiens,  244 

Society  for  the  Furtherance  of  the  Gospel 
among  the  Heathen,  236 

Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gos- 
pel in  Foreign  Parts,  235 

Society  of  the  United  Brethren  for  Propa- 
gating the  Gospel  Among  the  Heathen, 
(97)  201  .  -  , 

Solomon  Islands,  disposition  of,  153; 
present  status  of,  153 

South  Africa,  19-20,  84-88;  abolition  of 
slavery  resented,  19;  American  Board, 
compound  work,  86;  attitude  toward 
missions,  changing,  20,  85-86;  Bible, 
Zulu,  revised,  78;  churches,  neglected 
task  of,  19;  cooperation,  87;  education, 
support  from  Natal  government,  87; 
effect  of  Kaffir  Wars  on  missionary 
enterprise,  19;  General  Mission  Con- 
ference of  South  Africa,  87 ;  home  base, 
19-20;  increase  of  interest  in  missions, 
19-20;  Johannesburg,  compound  Work, 
86;  Johannesburg,  need  of  cooperation, 
86;  labor  propaganda  among  natives, 
76;  liquor  traffic,  85;  missions  of  Dutch 
Reformed  Church,  19;  Natal,  self-sup- 
port, 88;  race  problem,  85;  religious 
condition  of  Europeans,  85;  South 
Africa  Native  College,  87;  temperance, 
85;  war  effect  on  native  character,  87; 
Wesleyan  Methodist  Church,  missions 
of,  19 

South  Africa  General  Mission,  232;  Amer- 
ican Home  Council,  (181)  228-229; 
English  Council,  239;  South  Africa, 
250 

South  Africa  Native  College,  87 

South  Africa,  The  native  question  in, 
(Bibl.),  114 

South  African  Baptist  Missionary  Society, 
249 

South  African  Compounds  and  Interior 
Mission,  250 

South  African  Council  of  the  Sudan 
United  Mission,  250 

South  African  Home  Base,  The,  19-20  . 
See  also  South  Africa 


Note. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  nximber  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies. 


336 


INDEX 


South  African   National  Council  of  the 
Young  Women's  Christian  Association, 

250 

South  America,  future  field  for  German 

missions,  19 
South  American  Missionary  Society,  235 
South  Chih-li  Mission,  254 
South  China  Boat  Mission,  (182)  229 
South  China  Christian  Book  Company, 

254 
South  China  Holiness  Mission,  254 
South  China  Religious  Tract  Society,  254 
South  Fukien  Religious  Tract  Society,  254 
South  India  Blind  School,  256 
South  Indian  Missionary  Association,  256 
South  Sea  Evangelical  Mission,  234 
South  Siam  Mission,  joint  council  with 

North  Siam,  59 
South  Yunnan  Mission,  254 
Southern     Baptist     Convention,     Home 

Board,  (35)  176 
Southern  Morocco  Mission,  242 
Speer,  Robert  E.,  Persia,  69-70;  (Bibl.), 

144 
S.  P.  G.,  235 

Spirit  of  enquiry  in  Latin  America,  30 
Spiritual  basis  of  the  new  world  order. 

The,  (Bibl.).  141 
Spoken    Arabic    of    Mesopotamia,    The, 

(Bibl.),  140 
Springer,  John  M.,  Negro  Africa,  74-88; 

(Bibl.).  117 
Staff,  increase,  Africa  Inland  Mission,  84; 

lessened.  Great  Britain,  13 
Staffs,  depleted,  Negro  Africa,  77 
Starr,  Frederick,  (Bibl.),  137 
Statistics,  Europe,  272 
Statistics,  Field,  Europe,  272-273;  Field, 

Latin  America,    272-279;    Field,  Non- 
Christian    World,    278-289;     incomes, 

Canada,  264;  incomes,  United  States. 

26s 
Steams'  Church  and  Bible  Classes,  (183) 

229 
Stock,  Eugene,  (Bibl.),  128-129 
Stonelake.  Alfred.  (Bibl.),  116 
Stories 9f  liberated  Armenians,  (Bibl.),  133 
Strategic    centers    for    mission    work    in 

Latin  America,  29 
Strict  Baptist  Mission,  235 
Strikes,  China,  34;  Egypt,  72 
Stuart,  J.  L.,  (Bibl.),  129 
Student  Conference,  Philippines,  91-92 
Student  Volunteer  Movement  for  Foreign 

Missions.  (138)  219;  Convention,  11 
Students,     Latin    American,     in     North 

America,  30-31 
Sudan  Interior  Mission,  (22)  170 
Sudan  Pionier  Mission,  246 
Sudan    United    Mission,    232;    American 

Council,    (184)    229;    Australian    and 

New    Zealand    Council,    234;    British 

Council,    239;    Danish    Council,    243: 

South  African  Council,  250 


Suk-el-Gharb,  conference  at,  64 
Sunday  School  Association,  World's,  (139) 

220;  Convention,  Tokyo,  1920,  52 
Sunday  School  in  India.  The,  (Bibl.),  118 
Sunday  schools.  Chosen,  40 
Supernationality  of  missions.  17-18 
Support,     Catholic     missions,     loo-ioi; 

from  United  States,  101-102 

Survey,  China,  Christian  education,  36; 

Continuation  Committee  of  China,  37; 

Egypt,  73;  Haiti  and  Santo  Domingo,  32 

Survey   of  the   effect  of  the   war  upon 

missions.  A,  (Bibl.),  144 
Suspension  of  mission  work,  Egypt,  71- 

72 
Suspicion  in  Gennany,  18 
Suzuki,  Takashi,  (Bibl.),  131 
Svenska  Alliansmissionen,  249 
Svenska    Baptisternas    Kommittens    for 

Missionen  Utom  Landet,  249 
Svenska  Kyrkans  Missionsstryrelse,  249 
Svenska  Missionen  i  Kina,  248 
Svenska  Missionsforbundet,  249 
Svenska  Mongolmissionen,  249 
Sweden  increasing  work  in  China,  36 
Swedish  Alliance  Mission,  249 
Swedish  American  Mission,  (120)  211 
Swedish  American  Missionary  Covenant, 

(121)  211 
Swedish  Baptist  Foreign  Missions  Com- 
mittee, 249 
Swedish  Evangelical  Free  Church,  (120) 

211 
Swedish  Evangelical  Free  Church  of  the 
United  States  of  North  America,  (120) 
211 
Swedish  Evangelical  Mission  Covenant, 

(121)  211 
Swedish   Evangelical   Mission   Covenant 

of  America,  (121)  211 
Swedish  Mission  in  China,  248 
Swedish  Mission  to  Jews,  248 
Swedish  Missionary  Society,  249 
Swedish  Mongol  Mission,  249 
Swedish  Society  of  Jerusalem,  259 
Sweet,  W.  W.,  (Bibl.),  134 
Swiss  Committee  for  the  Lebanon  Hos- 
pital, 249 
Swiss  Plymouth  Brethren  in  French  Indo- 

China,  41-42 
Swiss  Romande  Mission,  249 
Switzerland,  depression  in,  19 
Syria  and  Palestine,  63-66;  Armenian  re- 
construction,   65;    church    union,    65; 
conserving   the   children,    65-66;   con- 
ference recommendations,  64-65;  con- 
tinuation committee,    64;   educational 
institutions,  need  of,  66;  language  for 
schools,  64;  Mission  Conference  at  Suk- 
el-Gharb,     64-65;    occupation    inade- 
quate,   64;   opportunity    for   Christian 
work,  64;  outlook,  66;  raising  the  moral 
tone,  66;  relief  work,  64;  unification,  63 
Syrian  Protestant  College,  (196)  231 

Note. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  iMission  Societies. 


INDEX 


337 


Tables   Showing  the  Population  of  the 
Earth  According  to  Continental  Dis- 
tribution, Race  and  Religion,  155-157 
Tabriz,  retirement  of  missionaries,  70 
Taylor,  Hugh,  Siam,  S9-6i 
Taylor.  J.  D.,  (Bibl.),  117 
TaylOT,  W.  C,  (Bibl.),  I35 
Tehri  Anjuman-I-Basharat,  256 
Tehri  Border  Village  Mission,  256 
Teltmissionen,  243 
Telugu  Baptist  Mission  Society,  256 
Telugu  Baptist  Publication  Society,  256 
Temperance,  India,  46;  South  Africa,  85 
Thado-Kookie  Pioneer  Mission,  242 
Thirty  years  in  tropical  Australia,  (Bibl.), 

135-136 
Throop,  F.  H..  (Bibl.),  130 
Tibet,  opening  of  work  in,  36 
Tibetan  Mission,  242 
Tientsin  concession,  transfer  to  China,  150 
Togo,  disposition  of,  under  a  mandatary, 

151;  present  administration  of,  150 
Tokyo,    1920,    World's    Sunday    School 

Convention  in,  52 
Toronto    Committee    of    the    Women's 
Christian  Medical  College,  Ludhiana, 
Punjab,  India,  (12)  168 
Toronto    Office,    China    Inland    Mission, 

(15)  168 
Toyo  Senkyokwai,  (Oriental  Missionary 

Society)  258  _ 

Trade,  Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan,  increase, 
74;   China,   35;   East   Indies,   increase 
with  United  States,  57 
Trading  companies,  mission,  149 
Training  of  missionaries,  (Catholic)  98- 

99 
Tranquebar  Tamil  Bible  Society,  256 
Trans-continental  railway,  Mesopotamia, 

69        . 
Translation,   Bible,   French   Indo-China, 

42;  Nyasaland,  79 
Treaty  of  Peace  as  Affecting  Foreign  Mis- 
sions, The,    149-155.     See  also  Peace 
Treaty 
Trollope,  M.  N.,  (Bibl.),  131 
Trowbridge,  Stephen,  (Bibl.),  133 
"Trust  property,"  German  mission  prop- 
erty to  be,  10 
Trustees  of  Central  Turkey  College,  Ain- 

tab,  (45e)  180 
Trustees    of    Euphrates    College    Funds, 

(45f)  180 
Trustees  of  Jaffna  College  Funds,  (45g)  181 
Trustees  of  Mackenzie  College,  Sao  Paulo, 

Brazil,  (194)  231 
Trustees  of  Peking  University,  (146)  222 
Trustees  of  Robert  College,  (195)  231 
Trustees   of   Syrian   Protestant   College, 

Beirut,  Syria,  (196)  231 
Trustees   of   the    American    College   for 

Girls  at  Constantinople,  (191)  230 
Trustees  of  the  Canton  Christian  College, 
(190)  230 


Trustees  of  the  Endowment  Fund  of  the 
American  College,  Madura,  India, 
(45d)  180 

Trustees  of  the  University  of  Nanking, 
(14s)  222 

Tsehchowfu  Mission,  254 

Tsjilimissionen,  248 

Tuberculosis  Association,  Anti-,  report  for 
Bombay,  46 

Turkey,  61-69;  advance  in  Arabia,  68; 
advance  in  Mesopotamia,  68;  Arabia 
and  Mesopotamia,  67-69;  Arabian  Mis- 
sion, founding  of,  67;  Bible  circulation, 
Arabia  and  Mesopotamia,  67;  British 
occupation  in  Mesopotamia  helpful, 
68-69;  church  union,  Syria,  65;  con- 
ference recommendations,  Syria,  64- 
65;  conserving  the  children,  Syria,  65- 
66;  continuation  committee,  Syria,  64; 
disposition  of  Turkish  Empire,  154; 
education,  Arabia  and  Mesopotamia, 
67 ;  educational  institutions,  Syria,  need 
of,  66;  Germany  and,  clauses  affecting, 
154;  Greek  friendUness  toward  mis- 
sions, 62-63;  The  Hedjaz,  68;  The 
Hedjaz,  present  status  of,  154;  The 
Hedjaz,  significance  of  recognition  of, 
68 ;  interruption  of  educational  work,  62 ; 
interruption  of  mission  work,  61-62; 
Kurds  eager  for  schools,  63;  Kurds 
friendly  toward  Armenians  and  mis- 
sionaries, 63;  language  for  schools, 
Syria,  64;  medical  work,  62;  medical 
work,  Arabia  and  Mesopotamia,  67- 
68;  Mission  Conference  at  Suk-el- 
Gharb,  64-65;  Mohammedan  attitude 
toward  Christianity,  63 ;  native  pastors, 
martyrdom  of,  62;  occupation,  Arabia 
and  Mesopotamia,  67;  occupation, 
Syria,  64;  opening  of  Mesopotamia  by 
British  army,  68-69;  opportunity  for 
Christian  work,  Syria,  64;  outlook, 
Syria,  66;  raising  the  moral  tone, 
Syria,  66;  reconstruction,  Armenia,  65; 
refugees,  62;  relief  work,  Russian  Cau- 
casus, 63;  relief  work,  Syria,  64;  reli- 
gious freedom,  63;  revocation  of 
"Capitulations,"  155;  Russian  Cau- 
casus, permanent  work  asked  in,  63; 
schools,  eagerness  for,  62;  significance 
of  Arabia  and  Mesopotamia,  67 ;  Turk- 
ish Empire,  status  of  the  independent 
portions  of,  Treaty  of  Peace,  154-155; 
Syria  and  Palestine,  63-66;  trans- 
continental railway,  69;  unification  of 
Syria  and  Palestine,  63;  war,  effect  on 
Arabia  and  Mesopotamia,  68 

Turkey  in  Europe,  Armenia  and  Anatolia, 
61-63 

Twenty-five  years  in  the  black  belt, 
(Bibl.),  139 

Udvalget  for  L.  P.  Larsens  Mission- 
sarbejde  blandt  indiske  Studenter,  243 


Note.—The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies. 


338 


INDEX 


Uganda  cathedral,  The  building  of  the, 
(Bibl.).  ii6 

Union  American  Methodist,  (94)  200 

Union  among  societfes  of  Great  Britain, 
14 

Union,  Bible  version,  China,  38;  church, 
China,  36-37;  church,  Syria  and  Pales- 
tine, 6s;  mission,  India,  48;  political, 
India,  42-43;  Presbyterian  (North) 
missions,  Siam,  59;  Union  Book  De- 
pository, Santiago,  33;  Union  Evan- 
geUcal  seminaries  in  Latin  America,  33; 
Union  Lutheran  College  in  China,  pro- 
posed, 37 

Union  Missionary  Medical  School  for 
Women,  South  India,  (148)  222 

Unitas  Fratrum,  (97)  201 

United  Baptist  Woman's  Missionary 
Union  of  the  Maritime  Provinces,  (ic) 
163 

United  Brethren  in  Christ,  (121)  212 

United  Brethren  in  Christ,  (Old  Consti- 
tution) (123)  212 

United  Christian  Missionary  Society,  (47) 
181 

United  EvangeUcal  Mission,  (53)  184- 
185 

United  Free  Church  of  Scotland,  Jewish 
Mission,  241 

United  Holy  Church  of  America,  Mis- 
sionary Department,  (123b)  213 

United  Lutheran,  190-192 

United  Methodist  Church  Missionary 
Society,  236 

United  Original  Secession  Church  of 
Scotland,  Foreign  Mission  Committee, 
241 

United  Orphanage  and  Mission  Society, 
(76)  194 

United  Presbyterian,  208 

United  Society  of  Christian  Endeavor  for 
China,  254 

United  States,  advance,  9-12;  aid  for 
German  Missions,  11;  directory  of 
Foreign  Mission  Societies,  170-231; 
German  missions  in  Cameroun  taken 
over  by,  83;  growing  friendship  of 
Latin  America  with,  30;  home  base, 
9-12;  Japan's  attitude  toward,  51-52; 
postal  rates  from,  157;  statistics,  263- 
289;  Europe,  272-273;  incomes,  262- 
271;  Latin  America,  272-279;  non- 
Christian  World,  278-289;  support  of 
Catholic  missions,  101-102;  trade  ex- 
pansion with  East  Indies,  57.  See  also 
North  American  Home  Base 

United  Synod  of  the  Evangelical  Luth- 
eran Church  in  the  South,   Board  of 
Foreign  Missions,  192 
Univcrsalist   General   Convention,    (124) 

Universities'   Mission  to  Central  Africa, 

235 
University  of  Nanking,  (145)  222 


University  reform  in  India,  (Bibl.),  120 
Unoccupied  fields  at  the  home  base.  Some, 

(Bibl.),  142 
Uprising,  Chosen,  51;  Chosen,  outbreak 
and  spread  of,  39;  Chosen,  suppression 
of,    39;   Egypt,    71-72;   Egypt,   causes 
for,  71;  Egypt,  effect  on  mission  work, 
71-72;  Egypt,  significance,  71 
Urquhart,  W.  S.,  (Bibl.),  137 
Urumia  destroyed,  70 
Utrechtsche  Zendingsvereeniging,  247 

Value  of  Industrial  training  in  missions, 
(Bibl.),  144 

Van  Ess.  John,  (Bibl.),  140 

Vereeniging  het  Java-Comite  te  Amster- 
dam, 247 

Vereeniging  tot  Uibreiding  van  het  Evan- 
gelic in  Egypt.  247 

Verein  fur  das  Syrische  Waisenhaus  in 
Jerusalem,  246 

Vereinigte  Gemeinden  der  deutschen 
Kirchen  A.  C.  in  Paris,  244 

Vienna  Gustav  Adolph  Verein,  242 

Waldensian  Aid  Society,  American,  (187) 

229 
Walker-Arnott  Tabeetha  Mission,  241 
War,  Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan,  unaffected 

by,    73;    Azerbaijan,    affected   by,  70; 

effect,   Arabia  and    Mesopotamia,   68; 

effect.  Bibliography,  A  survey  of  the 

effect  of  the  war  upon   missions,  144; 

effect,  Malaysia,  54;  effect,  Malaysia, 

on  commerce,  54;  effect,  Negro  Africa, 

74-76;     effect    on     Mohammedanism, 

(Bibl.),     Zwemer,     S.     M.,     132-133; 

effect  on  religious  thinking  in   Latin 

America,     29-30;    effect,     Persia,    69; 

Egypt,  labor  corps,  72-73;  Egypt  quiet 

during,  71;  India,  50;  missionaries  on 

war  duty,  77 
War's   contribution  to   Christian   unity, 

The,  (Bibl.),  144 
Warne,  F.  W.,  (Bibl.),  122 
Watson,    Charles    R.,    North    American 

Home  Base,  9-12;  (Bibl.),  144 
Weimar  Mission,  244 
Welsh     Calvinistic     Methodist,     United 

States,  (112)  208 
Welsh    Calvinistic     Methodists'    Foreign 

Missions,  England,  237 
Wenli  union  version  of  Bible,  38 
Werner,  Alice,  (Bibl.),  140 
Werner,  E.  T.  C,  (Bibl.),  124-125 
Wesleyan .  Methodist,     (United    States) 

200-201* 
Wesleyan    Methodist    Church    of   South 

Africa,  mi.ssions  of,  19 
Wesleyan  Methodist  Missionary  Society, 

England,  236 
West  Africa,  81-83;  Bible  translation  in 

Yoruba,  78;  education,  interest  in,  81; 

industrial   development,    West   Africa, 

Note. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies. 


INDEX 


339 


8i;  Kamerun,  82-83;  Kameran,  French 
substituted  for  German,  82-83;  Kam- 
erun, German  missions,  taken  over  by 
Americans  and  French,  83;  Liberia,  82; 
Mohammedan  advance,    81;    Moham- 
medan advance,    Nigeria,    81-82;    Ni- 
geria,   82;    Nigerian    government    en- 
courages education,  82;  prohibition  in 
Nigeria,  82 
West    Central    Africa,     83-84;    Belgian 
Congo,  conference,  83;  Belgian  Congo, 
deputation    from    Baptist    Missionary 
Society,   (English)   84;  Belgian  Congo, 
deputation  from  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  84;  Belgian  Congo,  Katanga 
mineral  fields,  76;  Belgian  Congo,  oc- 
cupation inadequate,  83 ;  French  Congo, 
83;  French  Congo,  government  oppo- 
sition, 83 
West  China  Religious  Tract  Society,  254 
West  Indies  Mission  Board  of  the  United 
Lutheran  Church  in  America,  (70)  191 
Wheeler,  W.  R.,  (Bibl.),  124-130 
"White  Australia,"  (Bibl.),  136 
White,  Gilbert,  (Bibl.),  135-136 
White,  Stanley,  Former  Turkish  Empire 
and  Persia,  61-71;  Syria  and  Palestine, 
63-66 
Williams,  M.  N.,  (Bibl.),  134 
Willis,  J.  J.,  (Bibl.),  117 
Wingate,  Sir  Andrew,  (Bibl.),  132 
Winnipeg    Committee    of    the    Women's 
Christian   Medical   College,   Ludhiana, 
Punjab,  India,  (13)  168 
Witch  doctors,  lessened  influence  of,  be- 
cause of  influenza,  79 
Wives  of  missionaries.  The,  (Bibl.),  143 
Woman's  Algerian  Mission  Band,  Amer- 
ican, (151)  223 
Woman's  American  Baptist  Foreign  Mis- 
sion Society,  (29a)  173 
Woman's  American  Baptist  Home  Mis- 
sion Society,  (31)  174 
Woman's  Auxiliary  of  the  General  Bap- 
tist   Foreign    Mission    Society,    (26a) 

Woman's  Auxiliary  of  the  Lott  Carey 
Baptist  Foreign  Mission  Convention  of 
the  United  States,  (27a)  172 

Woman's  Auxiliary  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  in  the  United  States,  (105a) 
204 

Woman's  Auxiliary  to  the  Domestic  and 
Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the 
United  States  of  Ajnerica,  (50a)  183 

Woman's  Auxiliary  to  the  Missionary 
Society  of  the  Church  of  England  in 
Canada,  (2a)  164 

Woman's  Board  for  Foreign  Missions  of 
the  Christian  Church,  (41a)  178 

Woman's  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of 
the  Reformed  Church  in  America, 
(114b)  209 


Woman's  Board  of  Home  Missions  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  in  the  United 
States  of  America,  (108)  207 

Woman's  Board  of  Missions,  Boston, 
(45a)  180 

Woman's  Board  of  Missions  for  the 
Pacific,  (4Sc)  180 

Woman's  Board  of  Missions  of  the  Cum- 
berland Presbyterian  Church,  (104) 
203 

Woman's  Board  of  Missions  of  the  In- 
terior, (45b)  180 

Woman's  Boards,  deputations  sent  by 
Federation  of,  11 

Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union 
of  Japan,  258 

Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union, 
World's,  232;  England,  239;  United 
States,  (140)  220 

Woman's  Convention,  Auxiliary  National 
Baptist  Convention,  (28a)  172 

Woman's  Executive  Board,  Seventh  Day 
Baptist  General  Conference,  (33a)  175 

Woman's  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of 
the  Free  Methodist  Church  of  North 
America,  (90a)  199 

Woman's  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  (84a) 
196 

Woman's  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of 
the  Methodist  Protestant  Church,  (93) 
200 

Woman's  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church,  (io6c)  205- 
206 

Woman's  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of 
the  Reformed  Episcopal  Chtirch,  (51a) 
184 

Woman's  General  Missionary  Society  of 
the  Churches  of  God,  (44a)  179 

Woman's  Home  and  Foreign  Mission  So- 
ciety of  the  Advent  Christian  De- 
nomination, (24)  170 

Woman's  Home  and  Foreign  Missionary 
Society  of  the  African  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Zion  Church,  (88a)  198 

Woman's  Home  and  Foreign  Missionary 
Society  of  the  General  Synod  of  the 
Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  in  the 
United  States  of  America,  192 

Woman's  Home  and  Foreign  Missionary 
Society  of  the  United  Evangelical 
Church,  (S3a)  185 

Woman's  Home  and  Foreign  Missionary 
Society  of  the  Wesleyan  Methodist 
Church  of  America,  (9Sa)  201 

Woman's  Home  Missionary  Society  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  (86) 
196-197 

Woman's  Missionary  Association  of  the 
United  Brethren,  (123a)  212 

Woman's  Missionary  Conference  of  the 
United  Synod  of  the  Evangelical  Luth- 
eran Church  in  the  South,  192 

Note.— The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies. 


340 


INDEX 


Women's  Home  and  Foreign  Missionary 
Society  of  the  African  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church,  (87a)  197 

Women's  Missionary  Association  of  the 
United  Brethren  in  Christ,  (122a) 
212 

Women's  Missionary  Federation  of  the 
Lutheran  Free  Church,  (64a)  189 

Women's  Missionary  Society  of  The 
United  Lutheran  Church  in  America, 
(69a)  191   .    . 

Women's  Missionary  Society  (Western 
Division)  Presbyterian  Church  in  Can- 
ada, (9b)  167 

Women's  National  Missionary  Associa- 
tion of  the  Universalist  Church,  (124a) 
213 

Women's  University,  Madras,  proposed, 
50 

Wood,  M.  D.,  (Bibl.),  139 

Woodbridge,  S.  L,  (Bibl.).  125 

Work  among  Japanese  Seamen  in  the 
Port  of  London,  239 

Working  in  Mexico  under  difficulties, 
(Bibl.),  135 

World  facts  and  America's  responsibility, 
(Bibl.),  140 

World's  Christian  Endeavor  Union,  (127) 
214 

World's  Faith  Missionary  Association, 
(189)  230 

World's  Sunday  School  Association,  232, 
China  Sunday  School  Union,  254;  Eng- 
land, 239;  Foreign  Sunday  School  As- 
sociation, (139a)  220;  India  Sunday 
School  Union,  256;  National  Sunday 
School  Association  of  Japan,  258; 
United  States,  (139)  220 

World's  Woman's  Christian  Temperance 
Union,  232;  England,  239;  United 
States,  (140)  220 

Yale  Foreign  Missionary  Society,  (197) 
231 

Yale  in  China,  (197)  231 

Yale  University.  School  of  Religion.  Day 
Missions  Library,  (163)  225 

Year  of  Latin  American  Missions,  A, 
(Bibl.),  135 

Yoruba,  Bible  translation  in,  78 

Yoruba  country.  The  mass  movement  in 
the.  (Bibl.),  IIS 

Yotsuya  Mission,  258 

Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  Aus- 
tralia and  New  Zealand,  234;  English 
National  Council,  239;  extension  of 
work  in  Europe,  11;  Scottish  National 
Council,  242;  United  States,  (141)  220- 
221 

Young  Women's  Cliristian  Associations, 
Australasia,  234;  Canada,  (11)  167: 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  240;  United 
States,  (142)  221 

Yui,  D.  Z.  T..  (Bibl.),  129 

Note. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies. 


Woman's  Missionary  Council  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South, 
(89a)  198 

Woman's  Missionary  Society  of  the  Evan- 
gelical Association,  (52a)  184 

Woman's  Missionary  Society  of  the  Gen- 
eral Council  of  the  Evangelical  Luth- 
eran Church  in  North  America,  192 

Woman's  Missionary  Society  of  the  Gen- 
eral Synod  of  the  Reformed  Church  in 
the  United  States,  (115a)  210 

Woman's  Missionary  Society  of  the  Meth- 
odist Church,  (8a)  166 

Woman's  Missionary  Society  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  in  Canada,  (East- 
tern  Section)  (9a)  167 

Woman's  Missionary  Union,  (Auxiliary 
to  the  Southern  Baptist  Convention) 
(34a)  17S-176 

Woman's  Missionary  Union  of  Friends 
in  America,  (s6a)  186 

Woman's  North  Pacific  Presbyterian 
Board  of  Missions,  (io6e)  206 

Woman's  Occidental  Board  of  Foreign 
Missions  of  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
(io6b)  205 

Woman's  Parent  Mite  Missionary  So- 
ciety of  the  African  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church,  (87b)  197 

Woman's  Presbyterian  Board  of  Foreign 
Missions  of  the  Southwest,  (io6d) 
206 

Woman's  Presbyterian  Board  of  Missions 
of  the  Northwest,  (io6f)  206 

Woman's  Union  Missionary  Society  of 
America,  (188)  230 

Women,  education  for,  India,  49-50 

Women  of  the  Meiji  era,  (Bibl.),  130 

Women's  Auxiliary  of  the  Wesleyan 
Methodist  Missionary  Society,  236 

Women's  Baptist  Foreign  Missionary  So- 
ciety of  Eastern  Ontario  and  Quebec, 
(lb)  163 

Women's  Baptist  Foreign  Missionary  So- 
ciety of  Ontario,  (West)  (la)  163 

Women's  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church,  (io6a)  20s 

Women's  Christian  College,  Madras,  256 

Women's  Christian  College,  Madras, 
Board  of  Governors,  American  Section, 
(144)  221;  British  Section,  239 

Women's  Christian  Medical  College,  256; 
American  Committee,  (149)  223;  Dub- 
lin Committee,  240;  Edinburgh  Com- 
mittee, 242;  London  Committee,  239; 
Toronto  Committee,  (12)  168;  Winni- 
peg Committee,  (13)  168 

Women's  Christian  Temperance  Union  of 
India,  256 

Women's  General  Missionary  Society  of 
the  Churches  of  God,  (162)  225 

Women's  General  Missionary  Society  of 
the  United  Presbyterian  Church,  (ma) 
208 


INDEX  341 

Yunnan,  Chinese  home  mission  in,  38  in  Nederland  onder  Heidenen  en  Mo- 

hammedanen,  247 
Zambesi  Industrial  Mission,  240  Zendinggenootschap  der  Broedergemeente 

Zenana  Bible  and  Medical  Mission,  240  te  Zeist,  247  . 

Zenana  Training  Home,  Poona,  257  Zulu,  revised  Bible  m,  78 

Zending  van  de  Gereformeerde  Kerken       Zwemer,  S.  M.,  (Bibl.),  132-133 

2Voie. — The  figures  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  number  of  the  societies  as  found  in  the 
Directory  of  Mission  Societies. 


THE   CONTINENTAL   HOME   BASE 

Dr.  J.  W.  Gunning* 

The  interest  in  Mission  Work  is  certainly  increasing  in  Holland. 
More  than  in  any  other  European  country,  however,  the  moneyed 
classes  are  estranged  from  the  Church  and  its  work.  It  was  there- 
fore a  pleasing  sign  that  this  year  a  number  of  people  not  belonging 
to  any  church  urged  their  friends  to  support  the  Mission  Work.  But 
the  result  was  not  encouraging,  so  that  the  Societies  for  Mission 
Work  still  cannot  meet  the  requirements  of  the  work  in  the  Dutch 
Colonies.  It  is  therefore  desirable  that  consideration  be  given  to  the 
question  of  whether  any  use  can  be  made  of  the  German  Societies. 

Important  facts  are  to  be  noted  regarding  the  cooperation  of  the 
different  Dutch  societies.  The  "Committee  of  Advice,"  correspond- 
ing to  the  "Committee  of  Reference  and  Counsel"  in  America,  which 
was  formed  some  years  ago,  continues  to  develop  in  the  right  way. 
In  March,  1919,  the  "Nederlandsche  Zendingsvereeniging"  at  Rotter- 
dam, established  in  1858,  decided  to  close  its  training  school,  and 
for  the  instruction  of  their  prospective  missionaries  to  combine  with 
the  "Nederlandsch  Zendelinggenootschap"  and  the  "Utrechtsche 
Zendingsvereeniging,"  which  together  founded  the  Dutch  College  for 
Missionaries.  Now  that  the  first  mentioned  society  has  become 
affiliated  with  this  college,  unity  in  the  instruction  of  missionaries 
has  been  established  after  sixty  years.  The  council  for  the  study 
of  missionaries,  the  "Zendingsstudieraad,"  bought  the  land  and 
erected  the  necessary  buildings  for  its  yearly  conferences.  They 
were  occupied  this  summer  and  were  so  satisfactory  that  for  1920 
three  conferences  are  planned. 

Among  the  German  Societies  it  is  especially  the  "Rheinische  Mis- 
sionsgesellschaft"  which  has  extensive  work  in  the  Netherlands 
East  Indies.  However,  because  of  the  decrease  of  the  value  of 
German  money  to  the  tenth  part  of  what  it  was  this  work  is  en- 
dangered too.  With  the  help  of  the  Government  a  Committee  has 
been  formed  to  prevent  the  Rheinische  Missionsgesellschaft  from 
being  compelled  to  change  its  funds  for  Dutch  money.  It  seems  that 
in  this  way  it  will  be  made  possible  to  continue  this  salutary  and 
blessed  work. 

Field  Review;  Political  Reform 

In  1918  in  the  Dutch  Indies  an  important  step  was  taken  in  the 
decision  for  self-government  for  the  Colonies.  A  "Volksraad,"  a 
"Council  for  the  People,"  was  formed,  consisting  of  nearly  forty 
members,  half  of  whom  are  elected  by  different  local  authorities  and 
the  other  half  by  the  Government.     The  general  opinion  is  that  the 


♦Unfortunately,  Dr.  Gunning's  article  on  the  Continental  Home  Base  was  received 
from  Holland  too  late  for  insertion  in  its  proper  place  under  the  Home  Base  Review?. 

342 


THE  CONTINENTAL  HOME  BASE  343 

Governor  General  has  made  a  very  good  choice  in  the  persons  he 
appointed  members  of  the  "Volksraad.  The  expectations  were  not 
great,  especially  in  Holland,  but  in  its  first  year  the  "Volksraad" 
has  put  to  shame  all  those  who  were  pessimistic  about  it.  The  work 
done  by  it  was  widely  appreciated  and  it  has  already  acquired  such  a 
position  that  an  extension  of  its  power  (at  the  present  only  advisory) 
is  in  consideration,  making  it,  if  possible,  at  the  same  time  more 
representative. 

What  the  influence  of  this  will  be  on  Mission  Work  is  not  to  be 
seen  as  yet.  It  is  not  impossible  that  the  position  of  missions  will 
become  more  difficult;  it  is  even  probable.  All  education  given  by 
the  state,  in  Holland  as  well  as  in  the  colonies,  is  absolutely  non- 
religious,  and  is  generally  given  by  people  who  have  broken  entirely 
with  the  Church.  The  opposition  to  this  unreligious  school  with  its 
often  anti-religious  teachers  has  led  in  Holland  to  action  pn  the  part 
of  the  parents  who  wanted  religious  education  for  their  children, 
and  the  result  has  been  an  Act_  of  Parliament  causing^  the  expenses 
of  private  schools  under  certain  conditions  to  be  paid  (nearly  or 
quite)  by  the  state.  This  same  principle,  it  is  expected,  will  be 
followed  in  the  East  Indies.  But  it  cannot  there  be  urged  that  the 
conscience  of  the  parents  compels  them  to  demand  religious  instruc- 
tion. The  Mohammedans  will  rather  oppose  _  Christian  Schools, 
i.  e..  Mission  schools,  or  at  any  rate  be  easily  instigated  to  opposition. 
The  animistic  heathen  will  not  be  driven  to  opposition,  because 
they  have  no  leaders,  but  on  the  other  hand  they  can  never  be  said  to 
want  Christian  education.  If  then  in  the  ^  East  Indies,  Private 
Schools,  instead  of  receiving  the  present  subsidies,  are  to  be  treated 
financially  as  on  the  same  footing  as  State  Schools,  there  is  reason 
to  ask  what  principles  must  guide  the  Government  in  supporting 
private  instruction.  The  answer  seems  to  be  an  appeal  to^  thf* 
results  of  the  Private  Schools.  They  have  succeeded  in  acquiring 
a  position  in  the  life  of  the  people.  We  are  speaking  now  of 
elementary  schools,  for  the  secondary  schools,  which  enable  their 
pupils  to  get  a  place  in  the  service  of  the  Government,  are  certainly 
popular  in  the  Indies.  But  the  elementary  schools,  teaching  only  read- 
ing, writing  and  principles  of  arithmetic,  must  always  be  established 
and  kept  up  by  force. 

Our  Missions,  however,  have  succeeded  in  making  this  school 
popular.  The  Government,  then,  as  it  desires  to  extend  education, 
cannot  do  better  than  support  the  initiative  which  for  the  greater 
part  is  the  work  of  our  Mission.  For  the  future  of  Mission  Schools 
in  the  East  Indies  much  will  depend  on  the  question,  whether 
thoughts  such  as  the  above  will  be  entertained  in  a  body  like  the 
"Volksraad,"  and  in  the  Local  Councils  which,  too,  must  gain  in 
importance. 

Spiritual  Currents  in  the   East  Indies 

While  in  general  the  attitude  of  the  "Volksraad"  is  appreciated 
and  the  Indian  members  satisfactorily  cooperate  with  their  European 
colleagues,  outside  this  (Council  the  spiritual  leaders  of  the  people, 


344  THE  CONTINENTAL  HOME  BASE 

more  and  more,  are  beginning  to  take  up  an  attitude  of  opposition 
to  the  Government,  and  socialism  begins  to  spread  among  them. 
There  have  already  been  occasional  disturbances  as  a  result  of  this. 
Not  that  there  is  any  serious  undermining  of  the  position  of  Dutch 
authority.  But  there  have  been  victims,  a  few  Europeans,  too,  but 
mostly  natives  who  were  instigated  by  unscrupulous  leaders  and 
paid  for  it  with  their  lives.  This  makes  the  position  of  the  Govern- 
ment, which  is  inclined  to  look  favorably  on  the  efforts  of  the  people 
to  become  politically  more  independent,  very  difficult;  it  is  either 
considered  too  progressive  or  too  conservative.  Still  others  think 
that  in  general  it  knows  how  to  find  the  golden  mean.  Many 
Europeans,  though,  hearing  the  revolutionary  speeches  of  the  leaders 
and  seeing  the  actions  to  which  they  lead,  are  seriously  alarmed,  and 
it  is  perhaps  owing  to  this  that  the  European  Press  in  the  Indies 
has  of  late  taken  a  favorable  attitude  toward  Mission  Work.  We 
will  try  to  profit  by  this  without  attaching  too  much  importance  to 
the  minor  value  of  this  favorable  attitude.  On  the  other  hand  we 
have  to  consider  that  the  Government  will  be  compelled  to  take  into 
consideration  the  currents  among  the  people  (which  not  long  ago 
could  be  disregarded  because  they  did  not  find  utterance)  and  that 
the  result  may  be  a  more  reserved  attitude  toward  Mission  Work. 

Animistic  Tribes 

The  work  among  the  animistic  heathen  in  the  Dutch  Indies  con- 
tinues prosperously.  Their  conversion  to  Christianity  seems  to  be 
only  a  matter  of  time.  With  the  growth  of  the  parishes  comes  the 
question  of  how  to  bring  them  to  financial  independence  and  also  to 
spiritual  independence.  It  seems  that  for  the  former  it  will  be 
necessary  to  establish  funds,  because  the  social  position  of  the  native 
Christians  is  such  that  they  cannot  afford  to  keep  up  their  churches 
by  annual  gifts.  We  are  considering  encouraging  them  to  buy  and 
cultivate  ground  by  advancing  the  money ;  they  will  have  to  pay 
this  back  from  the  profits  in  the  first  years,  while  later  on  these 
profits  must  serve  to  support  the  parish.  All  efforts  to  educate  them 
to  greater  spiritual  independence  meet  a  great  obstacle  in  the 
mentality  of  the  natives,  who  generally  lack  will-power.  As  soon  as 
they  have  taken  the  missionaries  for  their  leaders,  they  let  them- 
selves be  guided,  which  means  for  them  that  they  obey  them  implicitly, 
without  asking  the  wherefore,  and  without  trying  to  learn  how  to 
apply  the  principles  of  Christianity  in  any  particular  case.  Many 
decennaries  will  have  to  go  by  before  we  shall  find  independent 
Christian  parishes  and  Church  life.  Sometimes  this  final  end  seems 
hopelessly  far  off;  but  there  is  the  more  reason  not  to  overlook  the 
signs,  certainly  not  wanting,  which  show  that  there  is  progress,  and 
a  possibility  of  reaching  the  aim. 

Mohammedans 

Referring  to  what  was  said  in  the  preceding  Year  Book  about  the 
two  currents  in  the  Mohammedan  world,  it  can  be  stated  here  that 


THE  CONTINENTAL  HOME  BASE  345 

the  prospects  of  mission  work  among  Moslems  are  really  more 
favorable  than  ten  years  ago.  Concentrating  all  energy  on  the 
animistic  tribes  was  then  often  seriously  considered.  At  present 
a  proposal  in  this  direction  is  not  thought  of.  We  do  not  mean  to 
say  that  a  conversion  "en  masse"  among  the  Mohammedans  may  be 
expected.  But  among  the  more  cultured  Mohammedans  in  Java, 
where  civilization  is  greater  than  among  the  animistic  tribes  in 
the  other  islands,  there  are  more  points  of  contact  than  before,  and 
there  is  among  them  a  curiosity  concerning  Christianity,  which  must 
be  satisfied.  Some  medical  missionaries  and  teachers  have  succeeded 
in  camping  out  in  the  mountains  these  last  three  years  with  some 
civilized  and  Dutch-speaking  Javanese,  as  is  the  custom  among  young 
people  in  America  and  in  Europe.  The  results  are  mutual  trust  and 
ties  of  friendship,  which  are  kept  up  by  correspondence.  At  the 
Mission  Conference  held  at  Soerabaja  in  September,  1918,  a  Com- 
mittee was  appointed  which  will  consider  the  means  of  getting  into 
touch  with  the  ex-pupils  of  the  Dutch  schools  for  natives,  especially 
with  the  Christians  among  them.  More  indirect  mission  work  seems 
necessary,  not  aiming  at  increasing  the  number  of  Christian  mem- 
bers of  the  Church  so  much  as  at  pervading  the  natives  of  Java  with 
Christian  principles  to  prevent  the  civilized  Javanese  from  passing 
Christianity  or  rather  Christ,  without  stopping  to  think  of  Him. 

Dutch  Schools  for  Natives 

The  demand  for  these  schools  is  increasing,  and  our  mission 
must  try  to  meet  this  demand.  But  there  are  drawbacks  which  must 
not  be  overlooked.  The  Mission  has  always  tried  to  let  the  natives 
preserve  their  nationality.  Now  that  they  want  complete  Dutch 
instruction  there  is  the  danger  that  they  will  lose  their  national 
character  and  incur  all  the  misery  which  is  involved  in  this  loss. 
It  must  be  required  of  every  Dutch  teacher  in  a  native  school  that 
he  study  the  language  of  his  pupils  and  their  culture.  This  is,  alas, 
often  impossible,  because  these  schools  have  to  be  established  in  so 
short  a  time.  Yet  it  does  not  seem  advisable  that  our  Mission  should 
stop  founding  them  because  it  can  better  neutralize  the  dangers 
connected  with  these  schools  than  the  Government  can. 


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